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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Avaliação do sistema de mobilização de poli-3-hidroxibutirato em Burkholderia sacchari. / Evaluation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) mobilization system in Burkholderia sacchari.

Castellanos, Nuri Andrea Merchan 19 October 2010 (has links)
O sistema de mobilização intracelular de poli-3-hidroxibutirato (P3HB) em Burkholderia sacchari foi analisado. A busca em genomas de Burkholderia spp. identificou duas oligômero hidrolases (PhaY1 e PhaY2) e pelo menos três P3HB despolimerases intracelulares (PhaZa1, PhaZa2 e PhaZd1). Mutantes de B. sacchari afetados na mobilização de P3HB e complementados com genes de Ralstonia eutropha apresentaram um aumento expressivo nas taxas de mobilização de P3HB, especialmente quando o gene phaZa1 foi superexpresso. A superexpressão dos genes phaZa2 ou phaZa3 também conduziu a aumentos nas taxas de mobilização embora em um grau menor que os valores obtidos com phaZa1. Dois mutantes afetados na mobilização de P3HB foram obtidos utilizando o transposon mini-Tn5 (NAM03 e NAM04). NAM03 apresentou interrupção em gene que codifica uma P3HB despolimerase intracelular (PhaZa1). NAM04 apresentou interrupção em gene anotado como serino peptidase LonA. Este pode representar um ativador da mobilização ou uma nova P3HB despolimerase intracelular. / The intracellular poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) mobilization system in Burkholderia sacchari was analyzed. A search in Burkholderia spp. genomes identified two oligomer hydrolases (PhaY1 and PhaY2) and at least three intracellular P3HB depolymerase (PhaZa1, PhaZa2 e PhaZd1). B. sacchari mutants affected on P3HB mobilization and complemented by Ralstonia eutropha genes showed an expressive increase on P3HB mobilization rates, especially when phaZa1 was overexpressed. The overexpression of phaZa2 or phaZa3 also increased the mobilization rates though to a lesser extent than phaZa1. Two mutants affected on P3HB mobilization were obtained using the transposon mini-Tn5 (NAM03 and NAM04) .NAM03 was disrupted in a gene encoding an intracellular P3HB depolymerase (PhaZa1). NAM04 was disrupted in a gene annotated as a serine peptidase LonA. This could be a mobilization activator or a new intracellular P3HB depolymerase.
72

The Impact of Growth Hormone and Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) on Systems Related to Cognition

Johansson, Jenny January 2012 (has links)
Drug dependence is a serious and increasing problem in our society, especially among adolescents. The use of the large variety of substances available can result in a range of physiological and psychological adverse effects on individuals and negative consequences on the society overall. Several different types of drugs induce neurotoxicological damages, which in turn can generate impairment in for example the reward system and affect cognitive parameters.  The drug gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is usually considered a harmless compound among abusers, but has now shown to be highly addictive. Furthermore, GHB can cause memory impairments in both humans and animals. On the contrary, growth hormone (GH) and its main mediator insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have recently been suggested to improve memory and learning in several studies. The hormones exhibit certain neuroprotective capabilities and have also previously been demonstrated to reverse opioid induced apoptosis in hippocampal cells. These effects and the fact that GHB is shown to increase GH secretion, which attracted considerable attention among body builders, led us to initiate studies on GHB and its impact on relevant systems in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the main purpose of the present investigation was to elucidate some of the underlying mechanisms that could account for the effects exerted by GH and GHB in the CNS. We found that a) GH affects the density and functionality of GABAB-receptors and opioid receptors in the male rat brain, b) GHB induces cognitive deficits and down-regulates GABAB-receptors, c) GHB treatment creates an imbalance between the endogenous opioids Met-enkaphalin-Arg6Phe7 (MEAP) and dynorphin B and increases the levels of MEAP in regions of the brain that are associated with drug dependence, and d) GHB affects the expression of IGF-1 receptors but not the plasma levels of IGF-1. In conclusion, the present work demonstrates that GH interacts with both opioid and GABAB-receptors in the male rat CNS and that GHB has an impact on brain regions associated with cognition and the development of dependence. These observations may be of relevance in many aspects related to addiction and might be translated into humans.
73

Prepara??o e caracteriza??o de sistemas constitu?dos por Poli(3-hidroxibutirato) para libera??o controlada de S-nitrosoglutationa

Souza, Regina In?z 05 July 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-12T20:11:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) regina_inez_souza.pdf: 2322505 bytes, checksum: fb22e286692f3f78b323a1aa5767c86b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-18T13:03:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) regina_inez_souza.pdf: 2322505 bytes, checksum: fb22e286692f3f78b323a1aa5767c86b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T13:03:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) regina_inez_souza.pdf: 2322505 bytes, checksum: fb22e286692f3f78b323a1aa5767c86b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Na ind?stria farmac?utica, os pol?meros s?o bastante utilizados em sistemas para libera??o controlada de f?rmacos, por serem capazes de liber?-los efetivamente no local alvo, aumentando os benef?cios terap?uticos e minimizando os efeitos colaterais. Entre os pol?meros utilizados para essa finalidade, tem-se o poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) pertencente a classe dos poli(hidroxialcanoatos), sendo um pol?mero de origem microbiana, que destacase por ser biorreabsorv?vel e biocompat?vel. Quando utilizado em misturas f?sicas com outros pol?meros, as denominadas blendas, modifica-se propriedades f?sicas, mec?nicas e biol?gicas do PHB para aumentar sua aplicabilidade. Nesse sentido, o propilenoglicol (PPG) foi utilizado para prepara??o de blendas PHBPPG (90/10). O objetivo do trabalho foi preparar e estudar filmes polim?ricos constitu?dos por PHB e PHBPPG (90/10) contendo 1% e 5% de Snitrosoglutationa (GSNO), um doador de ?xido n?trico (NO) bem como sintetizar o f?rmaco e avaliar sua estabilidade ap?s armazenamento a 23?C, 4?C e -18?C durante 90 dias por an?lise t?rmica e por espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho. Os filmes obtidos contendo GSNO foram caracterizados por an?lise t?rmica, espectroscopia no infravermelho e avaliou-se o perfil de libera??o in vitro dos mesmos. A citotoxicidade dos extratos das matrizes constitu?das somente por PHB e PHBPPG (90/10) foi avaliada sobre c?lulas mononucleares do sangue perif?rico (PBMC) e leuc?citos totais pelo m?todo de exclus?o com azul de Tripan e sobre hem?cias pela avalia??o da atividade hemol?tica. Os resultados da an?lise t?rmica e infravermelho mostraram que a melhor forma de armazenamento de GSNO ? em 4?C e -18?C. As matrizes polim?ricas de PHB e da blenda PHBPPG (90/10) contendo 1% e 5% de GSNO, avaliadas por an?lise t?rmica foram capazes de liberar NO e apresentaram-se mais est?veis termicamente quando comparados aos filmes de PHB e da blenda sem o f?rmaco. O perfil de libera??o dos filmes de PHB e da blenda PHBPPG (90/10) mostrou que h? uma libera??o r?pida inicial de GSNO nas 24 horas iniciais seguido por um padr?o de libera??o controlada no per?odo de 1 a 8 dias para os filmes contendo 5% de GSNO, sendo o filme da blenda PHBPPG (90/10) contendo 5% de f?rmaco, o que apresentou maior porcentagem de libera??o no per?odo avaliado. Extratos provenientes dos filmes de PHB e da blenda PHBPPG (90/10) n?o apresentaram car?ter citot?xico por n?o induzirem hem?lise das hem?cias e n?o reduzirem a viabilidade celular de PBMCs e leuc?citos totais. As blendas desenvolvidas neste trabalho possuem a capacidade de libera??o controlada e in situ de ?xido n?trico, e possuem aplica??o potencial, por exemplo, no revestimento de stents coronarianos para preven??o da restenose p?s-angioplastia. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Polymers are widely used for controlled drug release systems improving the therapeutic benefits and minimizing side effects by the pharmaceutical industry due their capability of releasing it effectively at the target site. Among the polymers used for this purpose there is poly(3-hydroxybutyrate, PHB), a polymer from microbial origin of the poly(hydroxyalkanoate) class that is both bioresorbable and biocompatible. When used as a physical blends with other polymers several properties of PHB (physical, mechanical and biological) could be modified to increase their applicability. To produce blends with PHB the propyleneglycol (PPG) was used to prepare PHBPPG blends (90/10). The aim of this work was to prepare and study polymeric films composed by PHB and PHBPPG (90/10) containing 1% and 5% S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. The GSNO was synthesized and had its stability evaluated after storage at 23 ? C, 4 ? C and -18 ? C for 90 days by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The polymer materials containing GSNO were characterized by thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and also their drug release capability was evaluated. The cytotoxicity of matrices constituted by PHB and PHBPPG (90/10) was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and total leukocytes by the exclusion method with Tripan blue and on red blood cells by the evaluation of hemolytic activity. The thermal and infrared analysis showed that the best form of GSNO storage is at 4 ? C and -18 ? C. Polymeric matrices of PHB and PHBPPG (90/10) containing 1% and 5% of GSNO, were able to release NO and were more thermally stable when compared to PHB and blends without the drug. The release profile of the PHB and PHBPPG blends (90/10) showed an initial fast release of GSNO at the initial 24 hours followed by a controlled release pattern in the period of 1 to 8 days for materials containing 5% of GSNO. The PHBPPG (90/10) blends containing 5% of drug presented the highest percentage of release in the evaluated period. The PHB and PHBPPG (90/10) blends did not present cytotoxic effects. The studied materials did not induced hemolysis of the red blood cells and did not reduced the cellular viability of PBMCs and total leukocytes. The developed blends are capable to exert the in situ controlled-release of nitric oxide and can potentially be used for example to coat coronary stents and thus help to prevent post-angioplasty restenosis.
74

Avaliação in vitro de polímeros de PHBV, PCL e blendas (75/25 e 50/50) para engenharia de tecidos ósseos

Silva, Amália Baptista Machado January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Rodrigues dos Santos Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociência, 2014. / Na engenharia de tecidos, a utilização de uma fonte de celular juntamente com um biomaterial, representa uma alternativa clínica a ser aplicada a pacientes com graves lesões no tecido ósseo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar células Vero, uma linhagem de célula fibroblásticas, e uma linhagem de células-tronco mesenquimais (Rat (SD) Mesenchymal Stem Cells) em testes de biocompatibilidade in vitro com polímeros de poli(hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) (PHBV), poli(caprolactona) (PCL) e blendas 75/25 e 50/50 desenvolvidos para a bioengenharia de tecido ósseo. A diferenciação osteogênica das CTMs sobre os polímeros também foi analisada. Os biomateriais foram caracterizados morfologicamente através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Estereoscópio e Micrômetro. Polímeros porosos se mostram mais espesso que os densos. Através das imagens obtidas nota-se a distribuição, tamanho e morfologia dos poros, notando que os polímeros se mostram com características condizentes a de outros trabalhos. As células Vero e células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) foram cultivadas sobre as amostras citadas. Realizamos o ensaio com o MTT, análise morfológica e citoquímica. Para as CTMs fizemos ainda ensaios para avaliar a diferenciação osteogênica (fosfatase alcalina e vermelho alizarina). Nenhum dos polímeros foi considerado tóxico para as células Vero e na maioria deles foi notada atividade celular, camadas de células bem distribuídas. As blendas 50/50 mostraram resultados um pouco inferiores, quanto ao MTT, essa blenda porosa demonstrou ser a uma amostra onde adesão ocorre de forma bem mais lenta, os demais polímeros apresentaram resultados semelhantes e até superiores ao controle positivo de adesão, principalmente o PCL denso. Apesar das amostras 50/50 densa e porosa não se mostrarem tóxicas, aparentemente não funcionam com bons substratos como os demais polímeros, também apresentaram várias dificuldades na técnica de preparação, sendo assim descartadas. A relação das CTMs com os biomateriais se mostrou semelhante aos resultados com Vero. As células foram capazes de se espalhar por quase toda a superfície dos polímeros inclusive entre os poros dos materiais porosos. As CTMs apresentaram resultados de adesão (MTT) sobre os polímeros, mais rápido do que a Vero, demonstrando também maior afinidade pelo PCL denso. Através da análise da atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina (usada como marcador de diferenciação), notamos que as células-tronco se mostraram capazes de se diferenciar em contato com os polímeros. Esses dados foram confirmados com o vermelho de alizarina, que também mostrou que a diferenciação celular se mostra um pouco mais lenta nos materiais do que nas placas. De uma forma geral os polímeros com exceção das blendas 50/50 se mostraram como bons substratos para as células, com ausência de toxicidade, características morfológicas dentro do recomendado e, além disso, não bloqueiam respostas biológicas específicas, como a diferenciação osteogênica. / In tissue engineering, the use of a cell source coupled with biomaterial represents a clinical alternative which can be applied to patients with severe bone damage. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility between Vero a fibroblastic cell line and Mesenquymal stem cells (Rat (SD) MSC) with biomaterials developed as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, bioresorbable polymers composed of poly ( hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate ) [ PHVB ] and poly ( caprolactone ) [ PCL ] pure and ratios of (75 /25) and (50 /50) blends. The osteogenic differentiation of MSCs on the polymers was also analyzed. Morphological characterization of the materials was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Stereoscope and micrometer. The porous polymers are thicker than dense. Through the images obtained it is possible to note distribution, morphology and pore size. The biomaterials seem to the same consistent characteristics of other studies. Vero cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured on the samples mentioned. We performed the assay with MTT, morphological and histochemical analysis. About MSCs we also evaluated the osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin red). None of the polymers was considered toxic to Vero cells and most of them presented cellular activity, layers of well-distributed cells was noted in most of them. However 50/50 blends showed no such significant results as other. In the MTT assay, this porous blend demonstrated to be the only sample where adhesion occurs more slowly, other polymers showed similar and even higher results than the adhesion positive control, especially the dense PCL. Although the dense and porous 50/50 samples do not show toxic, apparently they are not good substrates as the other polymers, also presented several difficulties in their preparation thus being discarded. The ratio of MSCs with biomaterials was similar to the Vero cells results. They were able to spread to almost all surface of the polymers including into the pores of porous materials. MSCs showed adhesion (MTT) faster than the Vero cell, also demonstrated a greater affinity for dense PCL sample. Through analysis of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase activity (used as a marker for differentiation), we noticed that the stem cells showed differentiation into contact with the polymers. These data were confirmed by alizarin red, which also showed that the cell differentiation was slower on the materials than on the plates. In general all the polymer blends but the 50/50 proved to be good substrates for cells, with no toxicity, morphological characteristics within recommended and in addition do not block specific biological responses, such as osteogenic differentiation.
75

Comportamento de celulas osteoblasticas sobre biomateriais polimericos / Osteoblast cells behavior on polymeric biomaterial

Lucchesi, Carolina 02 August 2010 (has links)
Orientadores: Paulo Pinto Joazeiro, Eliana Aparecida de Rezende Duek / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:20:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucchesi_Carolina_D.pdf: 5696358 bytes, checksum: 89bc8546c0a1d6b5a11d7260168dd236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os polímeros biorreabsorvíveis, tais como, PHB, PCL e PLGA, têm sido estudados como dispositivo para engenharia de tecidos por serem biocompatíveis, suportarem o crescimento e diferenciação celular e os produtos de sua degradação serem atóxicos. No entanto, a escolha do biomaterial depende das necessidades exigidas para uma determinada aplicação. Os suportes para engenharia de tecidos devem se basear na construção de réplicas biológicas in vitro, como que o biomaterial se tornasse parte integrada para transplante in vivo para a recuperação de perdas ou mau funcionamento de tecidos ou órgãos, devendo subseqüentemente, atuar sem agredir o restante do organismo, isto é, sem o risco de rejeição ou complicação. Muitas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas com o intuito de substituir tecidos ou órgãos danificados, incluindo a aplicação de suportes tridimensionais (3D), os quais devem possuir características estruturais e mecânicas para guiar a proliferação e espalhamento de células in vitro e in vivo. Os suportes, feitos de materiais sintéticos ou naturais, servem como substitutos para a matriz extracelular (MEC) nativa. Ênfase especial é dada as técnicas com controle computadorizado, como a fabricação sólida com forma livre (SFF), conhecida como prototipagem rápida (RP), a qual permite preparar suportes 3D com geometrias complexas, tanto externamente como internamente, além de ser uma técnica rápida e de baixo custo. Além disso, grande parte dos polímeros possuem superfície hidrofóbica, característica inadequada para a maior parte dos diferentes tipos celulares, o que dificulta aplicação na engenharia de tecidos. Uma alternativa a este problema é o tratamento da superfície por plasma. Este tratamento induz modificação restrita ao topo da superfície, conferindo carater hidrofílico à superfície, dependendo do gás utilizado. Neste estudo, arcabouços de polímeros biorreabsorvíveis PCL, PLGA e PHB foram preparados por diferentes técnicas, casting e sinterização seletiva a laser, avaliando-se o comportamento de células osteoblásticas diferenciadas sobre os biomateriais poliméricos tridimensionais. Inicialmente o trabalho foi desenvolvido com os polímeros PCL e PLGA preparando-se blendas poliméricas, as quais demonstraram melhorar as características gerais dos polímeros, quando utilizados como dispositivos para tecido ósseo, como as propriedades mecânicas. Com o intuito de aprimorar o design tridimensional do material, optou-se pela realização da técnica de sinterização seletiva a laser. No entanto, a técnica exige uma grande quantidade de material e devido ao alto do custo do PCL e PLGA, este foi substituído pelo polímero PHB, o qual é produzido pela indústria nacional Biocycle possuindo um baixo custo e ainda ser biocompatível. Os dados são apresentados em capítulos independentes. Arcabouços porosos de PCL, PLGA e suas blendas foram preparados pela técnica de evaporação do solvente, onde sais de citrato de sódio com granulometria de 180-250 µm, foram adicionados a solução para a promoção dos poros, sendo posteriormente lavados do arcabouço. Células osteoblásticas provenientes de calota craniana de ratos Wistar foram semeadas sobre os arcabouços, sendo avaliado o comportamento de citoxicidade do material e o comportamento de adesão e morfologia celular através de ensaios bioquímicos e MEV. Os arcabouços de PHB foram obtidos por uma das técnicas de RP, a sinterização seletiva a laser (SSL), sendo sua superfície modificada por plasma pelos gases oxigênio e nitrogênio. Células osteoblásticas provenientes de calota craniana de coelhos foram semeadas sobre os arcabouços realizando-se o estudo in vitro, através de análises bioquímicas pela técnica do MTT, para viabilidade e adesão celular, quantificação de colágeno por Sírius Red e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Para o estudo in vivo, após o cultivo celular sobre os arcabouços, defeitos ósseos foram provocados em coelhos e os arcabouços contendo as células foram então implantados, avaliando-se a interação PHB/osteoblasto/tecido, através da análise histológica. Todos os arcabouços estudados, PCL, PLGA e suas blendas, assim como o PHB, não apresentaram índices de citotoxicidade, permitiram às células a capacidade de adesão, proliferação e síntese de matriz, mantendo seu fenótipo osteoblástico. As amostras de PHB tratadas por plasma de Nitrogênio mostrou melhorar a capacidade de adesão celular. Os arcabouços de PHB contendo células mostraram-se os mais adequados para o preenchimento de defeitos ósseos, melhorando o processo de regeneração apresentando uma boa osteointegração. A sinterização seletiva a laser apresentou-se uma excelente técnica para a obtenção de PHB 3D para a Engenharia de Tecidos. / Abstract: The bioresorbable polymers as, PHB, PCL and PLGA have been studied as device for Tissue Engineering for their biocompatibility and to support the cell growth and differentiation and their degradation products are nontoxics. However, the choice of the biomaterial depends on the needs demanded for a certain application. The scaffolds for tissue engineering have to be designed to mimetize the biological conditions in vitro to became part integrated for transplant for the recovery of tissue or organs lost or without function, and subsequently, to work in a cordial way with the remaining of the organism without the rejection risk or complication. A lot of strategies have been developed with to substitute damaged tissues or organs, and it has been used the application of three-dimensional supports (3D), which should possess structural and mechanical applications to guide the cells proliferation and spread in vitro and in vivo. The scaffolds, made from synthetic or natural materials, serve as substitutes for the extracellular matrix (ECM) native. Special emphasis is given the techniques with computerized control, as the free solid form (SFF), known as rapid prototyping (RP), which allows to prepare three-dimensional supports with complex geometries, so much externally as internally, besides to be a fast technique with low cost. Besides, great part of the polymers possess hydrophobic surface, inadequate characteristic for most of the different cell types, which is not desirable for tissue engineering applications. An alternative to this problem is the surface treatment by plasma. Plasma treatment induces restricted modification to the top of the surface, improving the surface hydrophilicity, depending on the gas used. In this study, scaffolds of bioresorbable polymer PCL, PLGA e PHB were prepared by different techniques, casting and selective laser sintering, being evaluated the osteoblast cells behavior on the 3D polymer scaffolds. Previously we developed the studies preparing the polymeric blends with PCL and PLGA, which demonstrated improve the general characteristic of the material, as the mechanical properties, as devices for bone tissue. With the intention to improve the design of the scaffolds, we chose for the selective laser sintering technique. However, the technique demands a great amount of material and due to the high cost of PCL and PLGA, those weres substituted by PHB polymer, which is produced by Brazilian industry Biocycle with low cost and still to be biocompatible. For those reasons the data are presented in independent chapters. PCL, PLGA porous scaffolds and their blends were prepared those scaffolds by casting solvent, and sodium citrate with 180-250 µm were added to the solution for porous formation when the salt was washed later of the scaffolds. Osteoblast cells from rat Wistar calvaria were seemed on the scaffolds, being evaluated the behavior of cell adhesion and viability behavior, cell morphology through biochemical assays, and scanning electron microscopy. Three-dimensional PHB scaffolds were obtained by selective sintering laser (SSL), with the surface modified by nitrogen and oxygen plasma. Osteoblast cells obtained from rabbit calvaria were seemed on the scaffolds to the in vitro studies, through biochemical analyses by MTT test for cell viability and cell adhesion, collagen quantification of by Sirius Red colorimetric assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the in vivo studies, bone defects were provoked in rabbits and they were filling out with 3D PHB with osteoblast cells culture prior implant. We evaluated the PHB/osteoblast/tissue, interaction through the histological analysis. All the scaffolds studied PCL, PLGA and their blends, as well as the PHB did not showed cytotoxicity effects, allowed cells adhere, proliferated, and matrix synthesized, maintaining their osteoblastic phenotype. The PHB samples treated by nitrogen plasma have been showed to improve the cell adhesion. The PHB scaffolds with cell seeded previously demonstrated to be more suitable for filling out bone defects, improving the regeneration process showing a good osteointegration. The selective laser sintering was excellent technique to obtain PHB scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
76

Estratégias de cultivo utilizando resíduos das indústrias processadoras de alimentos e óleo de soja para produção de Poli (3-Hidroxibutirato) / Cultivation strategies using wastes of food processing industries and soybean oil for the production Polyhidroxybutyrate

Zortéa, Manoela Estefânea Boff 16 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoela E Boff Zortea.pdf: 4020211 bytes, checksum: 0f828faa5dff1470fa28c16252974f2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The diversity of use of polymeric materials causes concern because the use of non-renewable source for its production, as well as the environmental problems caused by the accumulation of the volume of solid waste generated. Seeking to minimize this problem were sought alternative products similar to plastics of petrochemical origin, one of them is the biodegradable polymer. The polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters synthesized by microorganisms from natural substances such as carbon and energy reserves, and accumulated by microbial cell in the form of intracellular granules, which may represent up to 80 % of the dry cell. The most studied polymer of this class is the polyhydroxybutyrate (P(3HB)) a biodegradable polymer that has similar features to the plastics from petroleum. This study aimed to develop for growth of bacteria Cupriavidus necator for the production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) using medium supplemented with cassava bagasse, whey and soybean oil. The first crops were carried out using a 2³ factorial design, to obtain the best condition at this stage of growth with the supplements tested. Other experiments used medium limited in nitrogen and higher amounts of supplements. The results obtained from the experimental design showed that the highest biomass production during growth was obtained in experiments which showed through the three supplements in their central levels, followed by testing supplements containing cheese whey and soybean oil combined or the presence of only one of these two components. Four experiments with increasing concentrations of supplement showed that waste and cheese whey hydrolyzed starch presented as good culture media for growth of C. necator, and the increased production of cell biomass (5,8 g.L-1) at the time of the nutrient nitrogen limitation occurred in the culture containing 100 % hydrolyzed starch conversion factor and the best substrate was obtained in cells in medium containing the highest amount supplement cheese whey (50 %). / A diversidade de utilização de materiais poliméricos acarreta preocupação devido a utilização de fonte não renovável para a sua produção, bem como os problemas ambientais causados pelo acúmulo do volume de lixo sólido gerado. Procurando minimizar este problema buscaram-se alternativas de produtos semelhantes aos plásticos de origem petroquímica, uma delas é o polímero biodegradável. Os polihidroxialcanoatos (PHAs) são poliésteres sintetizados por micro-organismos como substâncias naturais de reserva de carbono e energia, sendo acumulados pela célula microbiana na forma de grânulos intracelulares, podendo representar até 80% da massa seca celular. O polímero mais estudado desta classe é o polihidroxibutirato (P(3HB)) um polímero biodegradável que possui características semelhantes às dos plásticos provenientes de petróleo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver estratégias de crescimento da bactéria Cupriavidus necator para produção de poli (3-hidroxibutirato), utilizando meio suplementado com bagaço de mandioca, soro de queijo e óleo de soja. Os primeiros cultivos foram realizados seguindo um planejamento experimental 2³, visando obter nesta etapa a melhor condição de crescimento com os suplementos testados. Os demais experimentos utilizaram meio limitado em nitrogênio e maior quantidade de suplementos. Os resultados obtidos através do planejamento experimental mostraram que as maiores produções de biomassa na fase de crescimento foram obtidas nos experimentos cujo meio apresentava os três suplementos em seus níveis centrais, seguido pelos ensaios que continham os suplementos soro de queijo e óleo de soja combinados ou somente a presença de um destes dois componentes. Quatro experimentos com aumento nas concentrações de suplemento mostraram que os resíduos soro de queijo e hidrolisado amiláceo apresentaram-se como bons meios de cultivo para o crescimento de C. necator, sendo que a maior produção de biomassa celular (5,8 g.L-1) no momento da limitação do nutriente nitrogênio ocorreu no cultivo contendo 100 % de hidrolisado amiláceo e o melhor fator de conversão de substrato em células foi obtido no meio contendo maior quantidade do suplemento soro de queijo (50 %).
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The interaction between the intracellular endophytic bacterium, Methylobacterium extorquens DSM13060, and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Koskimäki, J. (Janne) 17 May 2016 (has links)
Abstract To date, plant endophytic bacteria have mainly been studied in roots of crop plants. However, shoot-associated endophytes are less diverse than root-associated ones. Hence, endophytic bacteria of plant shoots evolved different traits, than root colonizers, especially with types of host tissues infected and patterns of growth and development. This study found Methylobacterium extorquens colonized pine seedlings similarly to stem-colonizing rhizobia of other plants. M. extorquens DSM13060 was isolated from meristematic cells in shoot tip cultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). M. extorquens infected the plant stem through epidermis or stomatal apertures, forming infection pockets in the root and stem epidermis, or cortex. Post-infection, thread-like infection structures passed through the endoderm, invading vascular tissues. This led to systemic colonization of above and below ground-parts, observed in in vitro grown Scots pine. A novel mechanism enabling development of endophyte-host symbiosis is discovered within the M. extorquens – Scots pine model. This mechanism involves ability of M. extorquens to produce polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB) to protect itself from host-induced oxidative stress during infection. Upon initial colonization on the host surface, M. extorquens DSM13060 consumes methanol as a carbon source, using it to biosynthesize PHB. PHB are then degraded, upon host infection, by PHB depolymerases (PhaZ) to yield methyl-esterified 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers. These oligomers have substantial antioxidant activity towards host-induced oxidative stress, enabling the bacterium to bypass host defenses and colonize further tissues. The bacteria can also store PHBs for future protection. The capacity for PHB production and, thus, protection from oxidative stress, is discovered in a wide taxonomic range of bacteria. This study also shows meristematic endophytes are important in growth and development of their hosts. Unlike many bacterial root endophytes, M. extorquens DSM13060 does not induce plant growth through hormones. However, this bacterium can colonize the interior of living host cells, where it aggregates around the nucleus of the host plant. M. extorquens DSM13060 genome encodes nucleomodulins, eukaryotic-like transcription factors, which may intervene in host transcription and metabolism. / Tiivistelmä Kasvin sisällä elävien endofyyttisten bakteerien tutkimus on perinteisesti keskittynyt viljelykasveihin ja niiden juuristoon. Kasvien maanpäällisissä versoissa elävät endofyytit eroavat merkittävästi juuriston bakteereista lajirikkauden suhteen. Versoissa eläville bakteereille on todennäköisesti kehittynyt erilaisia sopeumia kuin juuriston endofyyttilajeille. Endofyyttinen Methylobacterium extorquens DSM13060 elää männyn silmujen kasvusolukossa lisäten isäntäkasvin kasvua. Tässä tutkimuksessa M. extorquens –bakteerin todettiin siirtyvän männyn taimiin samoja mekanismeja käyttäen kuin Rhizobium –suvun typensitojabakteerit. Metylobakteeri tunkeutui isäntäkasviin aktiivisesti soluseinien läpi tai varren ilmarakojen kautta muodostaen mikropesäkkeitä juuren ja varren pinnoille, sekä infektiotaskuja kuorisolukkoon. Bakteeri eteni infektiolankojen avulla endodermin ohi johtosolukoihin, mikä mahdollisti bakteerin siirtymisen muualle taimeen. M. extorquens käytti kasvin pinnalla runsaana olevaa metanolia hiilenlähteenään, varastoiden sen solujen sisäiseksi polyhydroksibutyraatti (PHB) polymeeriksi. Infektion myöhemmissä vaiheissa bakteeri hajotti varastoidun polymeerin PHB-depolymeraasientsyymien (PhaZ) avulla lyhyiksi rasvahappoketjuiksi. Nämä metyloidut 3-hydroksibutyraatin oligomeerit suojasivat bakteeria isäntäkasvin puolustuksen tuottamilta happiradikaaleilta mahdollistaen infektion etenemisen. Tutkimuksessa saatujen tulosten perusteella endofyytin solunsisäinen energiavarasto, PHB, toimii pelkistävänä varastona ympäristön hapettavaa stressiä vastaan. Löytö osoitti uudenlaisen antioksidatiivisen puolustumekanismin, joka on levinnyt laajalle bakteerikunnassa ja liittyy yleisesti bakteerien kykyyn sietää vaikeita olosuhteita. Toisin kuin useat juurissa elävät bakteeriendofyytit, M. extorquens ei lisää isäntäkasvin kasvua tuottamalla kasvihormoneja. Bakteeri kykenee elämään männyn elävien solujen sisällä tumien läheisyydessä. M. extorquens DSM13060 genomi sisältääkin useita geenejä, jotka koodaavat nukleomoduliineja, eukaryoottisolujen säätylytekijöiden kaltaisia entsyymejä, joiden avulla bakteeri todennäköisesti vaikuttaa isäntäkasvin aineenvaihduntaan. Vastaavaa vaikutusmekanismia ei ole aikaisemmin kuvattu endofyyteillä. Tutkimus korostaa aiemmin tuntemattomien meristemaattisten bakteeriendofyyttien merkitystä isäntäkasvin kasvussa ja erilaistumisessa.
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Avaliação do sistema de mobilização de poli-3-hidroxibutirato em Burkholderia sacchari. / Evaluation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) mobilization system in Burkholderia sacchari.

Nuri Andrea Merchan Castellanos 19 October 2010 (has links)
O sistema de mobilização intracelular de poli-3-hidroxibutirato (P3HB) em Burkholderia sacchari foi analisado. A busca em genomas de Burkholderia spp. identificou duas oligômero hidrolases (PhaY1 e PhaY2) e pelo menos três P3HB despolimerases intracelulares (PhaZa1, PhaZa2 e PhaZd1). Mutantes de B. sacchari afetados na mobilização de P3HB e complementados com genes de Ralstonia eutropha apresentaram um aumento expressivo nas taxas de mobilização de P3HB, especialmente quando o gene phaZa1 foi superexpresso. A superexpressão dos genes phaZa2 ou phaZa3 também conduziu a aumentos nas taxas de mobilização embora em um grau menor que os valores obtidos com phaZa1. Dois mutantes afetados na mobilização de P3HB foram obtidos utilizando o transposon mini-Tn5 (NAM03 e NAM04). NAM03 apresentou interrupção em gene que codifica uma P3HB despolimerase intracelular (PhaZa1). NAM04 apresentou interrupção em gene anotado como serino peptidase LonA. Este pode representar um ativador da mobilização ou uma nova P3HB despolimerase intracelular. / The intracellular poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) mobilization system in Burkholderia sacchari was analyzed. A search in Burkholderia spp. genomes identified two oligomer hydrolases (PhaY1 and PhaY2) and at least three intracellular P3HB depolymerase (PhaZa1, PhaZa2 e PhaZd1). B. sacchari mutants affected on P3HB mobilization and complemented by Ralstonia eutropha genes showed an expressive increase on P3HB mobilization rates, especially when phaZa1 was overexpressed. The overexpression of phaZa2 or phaZa3 also increased the mobilization rates though to a lesser extent than phaZa1. Two mutants affected on P3HB mobilization were obtained using the transposon mini-Tn5 (NAM03 and NAM04) .NAM03 was disrupted in a gene encoding an intracellular P3HB depolymerase (PhaZa1). NAM04 was disrupted in a gene annotated as a serine peptidase LonA. This could be a mobilization activator or a new intracellular P3HB depolymerase.
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Estudos das propriedades mecânicas e térmicas do polímero biodegradável poli-3-hidroxibutirato (PHB) e de compósitos PHB/pó de madeira. / Study of mechanical and thermal properties of the biodegradable polymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and PHB/wood flour composites.

Miriam Lúcia Chiquetto Machado 30 June 2008 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo das propriedades mecânicas e térmicas do PHB e de compósitos de PHB/pó de madeira processados, reprocessados e irradiados. Foram preparados compósitos com PHB e pó de madeira com concentrações de PHB/pó de madeira de 90/10, 80/20 e 70/30 (m/m). Foram realizados ensaios de propriedades mecânicas, HDT, ponto de amolecimento Vicat, TGA e DSC. A incorporação do pó de madeira aumentou o grau de cristalinidade e a temperatura de cristalização do polímero, e nos compósitos PHB/pó de madeira 80/20 e 70/30 a rigidez do material aumentou em relação ao polímero puro. O compósito PHB/pó de madeira 70/30 apresentou os melhores resultados em termos econômicos, de processamento e de estabilidade em relação ao reprocessamento. A irradiação após o processamento, em dose de 30 kGy, provocou aumento da rigidez do PHB puro e dos compósitos PHB/pó de madeira 90/10 e 80/20, embora as outras propriedades tenham decrescido. O compósito PHB/pó de madeira 70/30 apresentou queda de todas as propriedades com a irradiação. / The purpose of this work was the study of the mechanical and thermal properties of processed, reprocessed and irradiated PHB, as well as PHB/wood flour composites. PHB/wood flour composites were prepared with PHB/wood relation of 90/10, 80/20 e 70/30 (w/w). Mechanical properties, HDT, Vicat melting point and thermo analyses (TGA and DSC) tests were carried out. The introduction of the wood flour increased both polymer crystallinity and crystallization temperature. The material stiffness increased in PHB/wood flour composites (80/20 and 70/30) resulting in higher values in some properties when compared with pure PHB. The PHB/wood flour composite 70/30 showed the best results in terms of economy, processing and stability during reprocessing. The irradiation after processing in 30kGy doses led to a stiffness increasing of pure PHB and PHB/wood flour composites (90/10 and 80/20) while other properties have decreased. The PHB/wood flour 70/30 showed decreasing in all properties after irradiation.
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Izolace ligninu z hroznových semen a jeho aplikace jako plniva pro polyhydroxyalkanoáty (PHA) / Isolation of lignin from grape seeds and its application as filler for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Vostrejš, Pavel January 2020 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with 1) the preparation of biodegradable polymer films based on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and 2) their modification by lignin as an active additive. The motivation for this work was to prepare active packaging material for food packaging. Polymer films were prepared by blending of neat crystalline poly(3hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) and amorphous polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). The lignin was isolated from grape seeds derived from grape pomace. The solubility of lignin in chloroform was improved by acetylation. The properties of the isolated lignin were determined by elemental analysis, ash content, and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Lignin was used as an active additive for the modification of polymeric films prepared by solution casting of P3HB or P3HB blended with amorphous polyhydroxyalkanoate. The effect of different concentrations of lignin in the range of 1 to 10 % was tested. The lignin type and concentration had a different influence on the final thermal and mechanical behaviour of polymeric films. Lignin increased the values of the Young modulus and tensile strength of the prepared films. Differential scanning calorimetry data confirmed that lignin positively modified crystallization kinetics of P3HB. Thermogravimetry was used to analyse the thermal stability of PHA films. Lignin markedly increased the thermal stability of PHA films. However, acetylated lignin harms the mechanical properties of films. Moreover, this work showed that lignin isolated from grape seeds and added into PHA films proved its high antioxidant capacity. PHA films with lignin displayed much better gas barrier properties compared with PHA films without lignin. The prepared bioactive PHA films fulfil the requirements for sustainable food packaging with high antioxidant capacity and excellent gas barrier properties.

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