Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_chc_me_rcla.pdf: 2932269 bytes, checksum: 1e45fc0c15f5b8a57fc78738542b7ad5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A metrópole paulista desempenha papel central no comando da economia do Brasil, configurando-se como ponto de interligação e comunicação entre o mundo e nosso país, sendo a porta de entrada, consolidação e expansão dos mais diversos tipos de investimentos de capital. No comércio varejista esse movimento se torna claro quando se analisa o papel das grandes empresas brasileiras e das multinacionais a partir da força que os supermercados, hipermercados e lojas de conveniência desempenham hoje no cotidiano das cidades. A distribuição alimentar passou por inúmeras modificações nos últimos cinquenta anos introduzindo novas formas de comércio que foram adaptando-se às novas características da sociedade brasileira. O comércio 24 horas metropolitano é um atribuito novo dentro do espaço urbano brasileiro e tem propiciado a construção de novos elementos para a reprodução do espaço urbano. O comércio 24 horas é o ponto central de análise desta dissertação, que ao longo de três capítulos trata de apresentar, desenvolver, analisar e concluir como que o comércio varejista brasileiro criou novos métodos para distribuir as mercadorias no espaço urbano, sendo as lojas de funcionamento 24 horas, uma das últimas novidades criadas pelo comércio na busca da ampliação do lucro. / The metropolis of São Paulo has a central role in the Brazilian economy command, configuring as an interconnection and communication point between world and our country, being the entrance door, consolidation and expansion of many kinds of capital investments. In the retail commerce that progress becomes clear when we investigate the Brazilian big corporations and the transnational corporations from the power that the supermarket, hypermarket and convenience stores have in the urban daily routine nowadays. The food distribution has been through many changes in the last fifteen years introducing new ways of commerce whose have been adapted to the new characteristics of the Brazilian society. The metropolitan 24-hour commerce is a new attribute inside the Brazil urban space and it allows new elements construction to the urban space reproduction. The 24-hours commerce is the central point of this dissertation analyzes, which through three chapters shows, develop, analyze and conclude how the Brazilian retail commerce has created new ways to distribute goods in the urban space, being the 24-hours stores, one of the last news made by the commerce to make the income bigger.

Orientador: Pompeu Figueiredo de Carvalho / Banca: Beatriz Ribeiro Soares / Banca: Silvia Aparecida Guarniere Ortigoza / Banca: Roberto Braga / Banca: José Francisco / Resumo: Estudando a história do comércio vemos que a localização sempre foi considerada como um pré-requisito para a sua instalação. Por isso, o comércio sempre ocupou um lugar estratégico no espaço das cidades. Atualmente, em função das importantes transformações que têm ocorrido com o sistema produtivo mundial, têm-se novas modalidades comerciais que necessitam de grandes áreas para se instalarem. Na busca de novos espaços, antes considerados periféricos, as grandes redes de comércio criam novas espacialidades urbanas, novas centralidades ligadas à natureza das trocas de mercadorias, valorizam áreas no seu entorno. Como manifestação das necessidades de diferentes sociedades e em diferentes momentos, o desenvolvimento do comércio varejista deu-se de forma espontânea. De uma função social a uma função econômica, o comércio foi inventando e adotando novas técnicas, expandindo, incorporando e promovendo mudanças nas relações de troca e, principalmente, no espaço onde elas ocorrem. Nesse sentido, este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as novas espacialidades urbanas criadas a partir da instalação de grandes superfícies comerciais, em especial dos hipermercados, no Brasil e na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Considerada como uma cidade média, com mais de 578 mil habitantes, no início de 2005, após a instalação do Hipermercado Carrefour e do Shopping Center, a cidade passou a apresentar um "novo centro" comercial, de consumo, de serviços, de idéias, de lazer, de valores sociais e culturais. / Abstract: Studying the history of commerce, we note that the localization has invariably been a prerequisite for its installation. Because of this, commerce has always occupied a strategic place in city space. Nowadays, due to important changes that have taken place in the global production system, new commercial concepts have arisen that requires large areas for their installation. In search of new areas, previously considered as outlying, large commercial networks create new urban spaces, increase the value of surrounding land and new centers that are appropriate for the nature of the enterprise. Demonstrating the needs of different societies and on different occasions, the developments of retail commerce came about spontaneously. From social to economic functions, commerce invented and adopted new commercial techniques, expanding, incorporating and promoting changes in exchange relationship and principally, in the areas where these changes occur. Within this aspect, this study proposes to analyze the new urban spaces that have been created as a result of large commercial areas, especially the hypermarkets in Brazil and in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Classified as a medium-sized town having more than 578.000 inhabitants. At the beginning of the year 2005, after the establishment of the Hypermarket Carrefour and the Shopping Center, the town has presented a new "commercial center" for consumption, technical assistance, ideas, recreation and social and cultural values. / Doutor

Orientador: Silvana Maria Pintaudi / Banca: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza / Banca: Eliana Guerreiro Rossetti Padovani / Resumo: A metrópole paulista desempenha papel central no comando da economia do Brasil, configurando-se como ponto de interligação e comunicação entre o mundo e nosso país, sendo a porta de entrada, consolidação e expansão dos mais diversos tipos de investimentos de capital. No comércio varejista esse movimento se torna claro quando se analisa o papel das grandes empresas brasileiras e das multinacionais a partir da força que os supermercados, hipermercados e lojas de conveniência desempenham hoje no cotidiano das cidades. A distribuição alimentar passou por inúmeras modificações nos últimos cinquenta anos introduzindo novas formas de comércio que foram adaptando-se às novas características da sociedade brasileira. O comércio 24 horas metropolitano é um atribuito novo dentro do espaço urbano brasileiro e tem propiciado a construção de novos elementos para a reprodução do espaço urbano. O comércio 24 horas é o ponto central de análise desta dissertação, que ao longo de três capítulos trata de apresentar, desenvolver, analisar e concluir como que o comércio varejista brasileiro criou novos métodos para distribuir as mercadorias no espaço urbano, sendo as lojas de funcionamento 24 horas, uma das últimas novidades criadas pelo comércio na busca da ampliação do lucro. / Abstract: The metropolis of São Paulo has a central role in the Brazilian economy command, configuring as an interconnection and communication point between world and our country, being the entrance door, consolidation and expansion of many kinds of capital investments. In the retail commerce that progress becomes clear when we investigate the Brazilian big corporations and the transnational corporations from the power that the supermarket, hypermarket and convenience stores have in the urban daily routine nowadays. The food distribution has been through many changes in the last fifteen years introducing new ways of commerce whose have been adapted to the new characteristics of the Brazilian society. The metropolitan 24-hour commerce is a new attribute inside the Brazil urban space and it allows new elements construction to the urban space reproduction. The 24-hours commerce is the central point of this dissertation analyzes, which through three chapters shows, develop, analyze and conclude how the Brazilian retail commerce has created new ways to distribute goods in the urban space, being the 24-hours stores, one of the last news made by the commerce to make the income bigger. / Mestre

by Kwan Sau-Fan. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-129). / Questionnaire also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEGEMENT --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- CATEGORIZATION OF SUPERMARKETS --- p.6 / Conventional Supermarket --- p.7 / Super Store/Combination Store --- p.7 / Warehouse Store --- p.8 / Hypermarket --- p.8 / Chapter III. --- THE SUPERMARKET INDUSTRY IN HONG KONG --- p.10 / Historical Development --- p.10 / Introductory Stage --- p.10 / Growth Stage --- p.11 / Maturity Stage --- p.12 / Recent Development --- p.17 / Influx of New Retailing Concept --- p.17 / Weed Out of the Traditional Store and Grocery --- p.21 / Competitive Environment --- p.23 / The Five Forces --- p.23 / Chapter IV. --- COMPANY PROFILE OF CARREFOUR --- p.36 / The Carrefour S.A --- p.36 / Carrefour in Hong Kong --- p.37 / Chapter V. --- SWOT ANALYSIS OF HYPERMARKET AND CARREFOUR IN HONG KONG --- p.40 / Strengths of Hypermarket and Carrefour --- p.40 / Weaknesses of Hypermarket and Carrefour --- p.42 / Threats to Hypermarket and Carrefour --- p.43 / Opportunities for Hypermarket --- p.47 / Chapter VI. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.50 / Design of Questionnaire --- p.50 / Sampling Method --- p.53 / Chapter VII. --- FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY --- p.55 / Most-Frequently-Visited Supermarket and Patronage Motive --- p.57 / Patronage Habit --- p.72 / Frequently Purchased Items --- p.75 / Amount of Spending --- p.78 / Transportation Means --- p.81 / Attitudes towards Carrefour --- p.82 / Purchase of Durable Items --- p.83 / Level of Satisfaction --- p.83 / Preferred Retail Outlets for Buying Fresh Food and Durable Items --- p.87 / For Purchase of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables --- p.87 / For Purchase of Fresh Meats --- p.89 / For Purchase of Electrical Appliances --- p.91 / For Purchase of Compact Disc --- p.93 / For Purchase of Furniture --- p.95 / Summary --- p.97 / Chapter VIII. --- IMPLICATIONS --- p.101 / Performance of Carrefour --- p.101 / One-Stop-Shopping is Not An Attraction --- p.103 / Chapter IX. --- RECOMMENDATIONS TO CARREFOUR AND TO HYPERMARKET IN GENERAL --- p.105 / Modify Their “One-Stop-Shopping´ح Strategy --- p.105 / Concentrate on Low-Priced Electrical Appliances --- p.106 / Improve After-Sales Services for Durable Items --- p.106 / "Focus on Apparels for Babies, Children and Pets or on Pajamas" --- p.107 / Develop Better Differentiation Strategies --- p.108 / Highlight the Store's Uniqueness --- p.108 / Educate the Public by Advertising --- p.109 / Develop Core Competence --- p.109 / Compete on Location and Price --- p.110 / Adopt New Marketing Strategies --- p.111 / Bonus Point Scheme --- p.111 / Membership Scheme --- p.112 / Store Design Should Suit with Local Tastes --- p.113 / Chapter X. --- CONCLUSION --- p.114 / Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research --- p.116 / APPENDIX --- p.118 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.127

In 1973, the French government, in response to considerable pressure from small retailer interest groups, introduced legislation aimed at restricting the future growth of large area retail stores. The "Loi Royer" established a series of departmental planning commissions composed of retailer, locally elected, and consumer representatives. These commissions were given the power to authorise or reject planning applications for large retail units and extensions to existing stores, above certain size thresholds dependent upon the size of the commune in which development was to take place. The law allowed for an appeal procedure in which the Minister of Commerce and Crafts, advised by a national commission of similar composition, was the final arbiter. This thesis examines the impact of the "Loi Royer", with particular reference to hypermarket development in France. The spatial and structural growth of large stores, and large retail organisations is assessed, with case studies undertaken on the application of the law in the Brittany region, and the growth of the Carrefour group. The role and form of public policy in the retail sector in general is also considered. The composition of the commissions and proceedures established by the legislation provided considerable potential for influencing the development of large stores in France. However, whilst the legislation has had some short term and localised impact upon hypermarket development, in the long term, the restrictive effects of the law must be questioned. By exploiting various loopholes and failings in the legislation, hypermarket openings have continued, and the large retail groups have maintained their growth largely at the expense of the small retailer, whom the law was intended to protect. The legislation may also have indirectly encouraged numerous strategic adaptions, on the part of the larger retail organisations, which have served to further improve their position vis a vis smaller retailers, or introduced large retail groups into sectors traditionally dominated by independent traders.

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o visual merchandising como ferramenta capaz de alterar a percepção e disposição dos shoppers para o consumo de moda em hipermercados. Dessa forma, colabora com o delineamento de estratégias que sejam determinantes na oferta da categoria moda para o segmento supermercadista, haja vista o desafio da gestão de categorias antagônicas (produtos hedônicos e utilitários) em um mesmo ponto de venda, prática crescente no segmento varejista alimentar de grandes superfícies. Para atender tal objetivo foram definidas cinco etapas: (1) levantamento através da revisão bibliográfica dos parâmetros ideais para o uso das ferramentas de visual merchandising configurando um modelo das melhores práticas; (2) identificação do panorama geral das estratégias da atmosfera de loja atualmente empregadas nos hipermercados para comercialização de artigos na seção moda; (3) correlação das práticas do mercado-alvo obtidas no estudo in loco com os dados oriundos da revisão bibliográfica; (4) questionamento do público consumidor feminino acerca de suas impressões em relação aos hipermercados estudados correlacionando-se os dados de satisfação com o overview teórico e aqueles identificados no mercado; e (5) verificação junto ao público consumidor sobre a capacidade do ambiente de loja alterar as percepções de valor dos produtos e sua disposição à compra. O estudo, portanto, é de caráter descritivo e qualitativo, utilizando-se dos métodos de observação e entrevista. A análise dos dados permitiu concluir, entre outros aspectos, que os recursos de visual merchandising que compõe a atmosfera de loja são relevantes na decisão de compra e que a imagem de marca (sobretudo de preço baixo) e a possibilidade de pouca variedade de produtos altamente especializados, afetam a definição de uma missão de compra hedônica. Logo, a missão de compra utilitarista, tradicionalmente vinculada aos hipermercados, tem na atmosfera de loja um contraponto positivo para estimular o consumo de vestuário de moda, sendo que, quanto maior o conteúdo de moda da categoria de produtos comercializados, mais importante será uma atmosfera de loja com identidade e linguagem próprias do varejo especializado de moda, diferenciando o setor do restante do hipermercado / The main goal of this study is to evaluate the visual merchandising as a tool capable of changing the perception and disposition of shoppers for the purchase of fashion products in hypermarkets. In this way, it collaborates with the definition of strategies that are determinant in the offer of fashion for the supermarket segment, given the challenge of managing antagonistic categories (hedonic and utilities products) at the same place, a growing practice in the food retail segment of great surfaces. To meet that goal, five steps were defined: (1) data collection through the bibliographic review of the ideal parameters for the use of visual merchandising tools, setting up an ideal theoretical model for the practice; (2) Identification of the general panorama of the stores atmosphere strategies currently used in hypermarkets for the retail of fashion items; (3) correlation of target markets practices, obtained in the study in loco with the data from the bibliographic review; (4) questions presented to the female customers about their impressions of the hypermarkets analyzed, correlating the satisfactory elements with the theoretical model and those identified in the market. And (5) examination of the consumers opinion about the ability that the stores environment have in changing their perceptions regarding the value of products, and their willingness of purchasing of such items. Therefore, this study is descriptive and qualitative, using observation methods and interview. The analysis of the data has allowed a conclusion that shows that the visual merchandising features that set up a stores atmosphere are relevant in the purchase decision, and that the brand image (especially with a low price characteristic) and the offer of a small variety of products, change the definition of a hedonic buying mission, among other aspects. Therefore, a utilitarian buying mission, traditionally linked to hypermarkets, has a positive counterpoint in the stores atmosphere to encourage the purchase of fashion clothing, being that: the greater the fashion content in the category of products, the more important is a stores atmosphere that presents identity and specialized characteristics from the fashion commerce, differentiating the section from the rest of the hypermarket

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cleps_gdg_dr_rcla.pdf: 3504919 bytes, checksum: c42d8bc1e644ca7b9b8b536f7fab4cc1 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estudando a história do comércio vemos que a localização sempre foi considerada como um pré-requisito para a sua instalação. Por isso, o comércio sempre ocupou um lugar estratégico no espaço das cidades. Atualmente, em função das importantes transformações que têm ocorrido com o sistema produtivo mundial, têm-se novas modalidades comerciais que necessitam de grandes áreas para se instalarem. Na busca de novos espaços, antes considerados periféricos, as grandes redes de comércio criam novas espacialidades urbanas, novas centralidades ligadas à natureza das trocas de mercadorias, valorizam áreas no seu entorno. Como manifestação das necessidades de diferentes sociedades e em diferentes momentos, o desenvolvimento do comércio varejista deu-se de forma espontânea. De uma função social a uma função econômica, o comércio foi inventando e adotando novas técnicas, expandindo, incorporando e promovendo mudanças nas relações de troca e, principalmente, no espaço onde elas ocorrem. Nesse sentido, este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as novas espacialidades urbanas criadas a partir da instalação de grandes superfícies comerciais, em especial dos hipermercados, no Brasil e na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Considerada como uma cidade média, com mais de 578 mil habitantes, no início de 2005, após a instalação do Hipermercado Carrefour e do Shopping Center, a cidade passou a apresentar um novo centro comercial, de consumo, de serviços, de idéias, de lazer, de valores sociais e culturais. / Studying the history of commerce, we note that the localization has invariably been a prerequisite for its installation. Because of this, commerce has always occupied a strategic place in city space. Nowadays, due to important changes that have taken place in the global production system, new commercial concepts have arisen that requires large areas for their installation. In search of new areas, previously considered as outlying, large commercial networks create new urban spaces, increase the value of surrounding land and new centers that are appropriate for the nature of the enterprise. Demonstrating the needs of different societies and on different occasions, the developments of retail commerce came about spontaneously. From social to economic functions, commerce invented and adopted new commercial techniques, expanding, incorporating and promoting changes in exchange relationship and principally, in the areas where these changes occur. Within this aspect, this study proposes to analyze the new urban spaces that have been created as a result of large commercial areas, especially the hypermarkets in Brazil and in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Classified as a medium-sized town having more than 578.000 inhabitants. At the beginning of the year 2005, after the establishment of the Hypermarket Carrefour and the Shopping Center, the town has presented a new commercial center for consumption, technical assistance, ideas, recreation and social and cultural values.

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o visual merchandising como ferramenta capaz de alterar a percepção e disposição dos shoppers para o consumo de moda em hipermercados. Dessa forma, colabora com o delineamento de estratégias que sejam determinantes na oferta da categoria moda para o segmento supermercadista, haja vista o desafio da gestão de categorias antagônicas (produtos hedônicos e utilitários) em um mesmo ponto de venda, prática crescente no segmento varejista alimentar de grandes superfícies. Para atender tal objetivo foram definidas cinco etapas: (1) levantamento através da revisão bibliográfica dos parâmetros ideais para o uso das ferramentas de visual merchandising configurando um modelo das melhores práticas; (2) identificação do panorama geral das estratégias da atmosfera de loja atualmente empregadas nos hipermercados para comercialização de artigos na seção moda; (3) correlação das práticas do mercado-alvo obtidas no estudo in loco com os dados oriundos da revisão bibliográfica; (4) questionamento do público consumidor feminino acerca de suas impressões em relação aos hipermercados estudados correlacionando-se os dados de satisfação com o overview teórico e aqueles identificados no mercado; e (5) verificação junto ao público consumidor sobre a capacidade do ambiente de loja alterar as percepções de valor dos produtos e sua disposição à compra. O estudo, portanto, é de caráter descritivo e qualitativo, utilizando-se dos métodos de observação e entrevista. A análise dos dados permitiu concluir, entre outros aspectos, que os recursos de visual merchandising que compõe a atmosfera de loja são relevantes na decisão de compra e que a imagem de marca (sobretudo de preço baixo) e a possibilidade de pouca variedade de produtos altamente especializados, afetam a definição de uma missão de compra hedônica. Logo, a missão de compra utilitarista, tradicionalmente vinculada aos hipermercados, tem na atmosfera de loja um contraponto positivo para estimular o consumo de vestuário de moda, sendo que, quanto maior o conteúdo de moda da categoria de produtos comercializados, mais importante será uma atmosfera de loja com identidade e linguagem próprias do varejo especializado de moda, diferenciando o setor do restante do hipermercado / The main goal of this study is to evaluate the visual merchandising as a tool capable of changing the perception and disposition of shoppers for the purchase of fashion products in hypermarkets. In this way, it collaborates with the definition of strategies that are determinant in the offer of fashion for the supermarket segment, given the challenge of managing antagonistic categories (hedonic and utilities products) at the same place, a growing practice in the food retail segment of great surfaces. To meet that goal, five steps were defined: (1) data collection through the bibliographic review of the ideal parameters for the use of visual merchandising tools, setting up an ideal theoretical model for the practice; (2) Identification of the general panorama of the stores atmosphere strategies currently used in hypermarkets for the retail of fashion items; (3) correlation of target markets practices, obtained in the study in loco with the data from the bibliographic review; (4) questions presented to the female customers about their impressions of the hypermarkets analyzed, correlating the satisfactory elements with the theoretical model and those identified in the market. And (5) examination of the consumers opinion about the ability that the stores environment have in changing their perceptions regarding the value of products, and their willingness of purchasing of such items. Therefore, this study is descriptive and qualitative, using observation methods and interview. The analysis of the data has allowed a conclusion that shows that the visual merchandising features that set up a stores atmosphere are relevant in the purchase decision, and that the brand image (especially with a low price characteristic) and the offer of a small variety of products, change the definition of a hedonic buying mission, among other aspects. Therefore, a utilitarian buying mission, traditionally linked to hypermarkets, has a positive counterpoint in the stores atmosphere to encourage the purchase of fashion clothing, being that: the greater the fashion content in the category of products, the more important is a stores atmosphere that presents identity and specialized characteristics from the fashion commerce, differentiating the section from the rest of the hypermarket

Yes / In this article we examine the industrial relations practices of three large European food retailers when they transfer the hypermarket format to other countries. We ask, first, how industrial relations in hypermarkets differ from those in other food retailing outlets. Second, we examine how far the approach characteristic of each company’s country-of-origin (Germany, France and the UK) shapes the practices adopted elsewhere. Third, we ask how they respond to the specific industrial relations systems of each host country (Turkey, Poland, Ireland and Spain).

Cette histoire est celle d'un remembrement commercial (par analogie au remembrement agricole), encouragé dès 1963 par Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, ministre des Finances. En effet, prédominant jusqu'au début des années 1960, le petit commerce indépendant décline ensuite de manière continue et la grande distribution capitaliste se renforce, grâce notamment à des mesures d'aides au financement des investissements ou à des incitations fiscales (TVA). À partir de la fin des années 1960, l'effort de remembrement commercial n'est cependant plus univoque, car le mécontentement des petits commerçants s'amplifie et s'illustre parfois par des protestations violentes. Votée en 1973, la loi Royer est alors censée inaugurée une nouvelle politique d'équilibre entre les différentes formes de commerces. Elle se distingue cependant par ses effets pervers contraires aux objectifs annoncés et sa réforme revient de manière récurrente dans l'agenda politique jusqu'en 1996. / This thesis looks at retail trades' transformations in France, from 1945 to 1996. It opts for an institutional perspective and examines the state intervention in the sector. Archival collections from ministries, from the presidency of the Republic and from different central administrations were explored, and the state's action toward retail trades was studied as a sectorial policy. Hence, this work analyses, among other subjects, urban planning, commercial relationships between retailers and suppliers, professional training or the question of Sunday openings. This is the story of a retail amalgamation (remembrement commercial), encouraged as early as 1963 by Finance Minister Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Indeed, predominant until the 1960s, small independent retailers then declined continuously while hypermarkets and big capitalistic retail developed, thanks notably to credit facilities and fiscal incentives (V AT). From the end of the 1960s, this amalgamation policy became Jess unequivocal as the discontent of small shopkeepers was rising, sometimes resulting in violent protests. In 1973, the Royer law was voted and claimed to insure an equilibrium policy for different forms of retail. Yet, this law was characterized by its unanticipated effects and the will to reform the law became recurrent in the political agenda until 1996.