The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of training each sheriff's office requires in North Carolina and if that training includes multiagency exercises designed to mitigate a critical-incident response and identify any concerns from those training events. The study also compared departmental strength (number of sworn officers per agency) with county populations and geographic area of the state the agency is located in with the number of hours required annually by each agency. Finally, each agency was asked if it had participated in a multiagency exercise and a multiagency incident and to identify any issues that occurred within that training or response. This research indicated that over half of the sheriffs' offices had completed mandated training beyond what North Carolina requires. Only slight differences between regions of the state (mountains, piedmont, or coastal plain) were detected as well as slight differences within the county populations. However, it was discovered that the size of a sheriff's office did have significance; larger sheriff's offices often required more training than smaller offices. Sheriff's offices that had experienced multiagency exercises and multiagency incidents were more likely to exceed the North Carolina minimum training requirements as well. Finally, respondents who had participated in either a multiagency exercise or a multiagency incident indicated common problems and concerns within those responses. The reoccurring problems and concerns were; communications, training, and organization or combinations of the three.

Master of Science in Medicine / Rationale: Asthma management aims to achieve optimal control on the minimal effective dose of medication. We assessed the effectiveness of two algorithms to guide ICS dose in well-controlled patients on ICS+LABA in a double-blind study, comparing dose adjustment guided by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) to clinical care algorithm(CCA) based on symptoms and lung function. Methods: We randomised non-smoking adult asthmatics on minimum FP dose 100μgs daily +LABA to ICS adjustment using eNO or CCA, assessed over 5 visits during 8 months treatment. Primary endpoints were asthma-free days and asthma related quality of life (QOL). Analysis was by mixed model regression and generalised estimating equations with log link. Results: 69 subjects were randomised (eNO:34, CCA:35) and 58 completed the study. At baseline mean FEV1 was 94% pred., mean eNO (200ml/sec) 7.1 ppb, median ACQ6 score 0.33. Median ICS dose was 500 μg (IQR 100-500) at baseline and 100 μg on both eNO (IQR 100-200) and CCA arms (IQR 100–100) at end of study. There were no significant differences between eNO and CCA groups in asthma-free days (RR=0.92, 95% CI 0.8–1.01), AQL (RRAQL<median = 0.95, 95% CI 0.8–1.1) or exacerbation-free days (HR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.6–1.7). Neither clinic FEV1 (overall mean difference FEV1 % pred. -0.24%, 95% CI -2.2–1.7) nor a.m. PEF (mean difference 1.94 L/min (95% CI -2.9–6.8) were significantly different. Similar proportions of subjects were treated for ≥1 exacerbation (eNO: 50%, 95% CI 32.1–67.9; CCA: 60%, 95% CI 43.9–76.2). Conclusion: Substantial reductions in ICS doses were achieved in well controlled asthmatics on ICS+LABA, with no significant differences in outcomes between eNO or clinically based algorithms.

The objective of this research is to explore the feasibility of addressing the major performance and reliability problems or issues, such as wirelength, stress-induced carrier mobility variation, temperature, and quality trade-offs, found in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) that use through-silicon vias (TSVs) at placement stage. Four main works that support this goal are included. In the first work, wirelength of TSV-based 3D ICs is the main focus. In the second work, stress-induced carrier mobility variation in TSV-based 3D ICs is examined. In the third work, temperature inside TSV-based 3D ICs is investigated. In the final work, the quality trade-offs of TSV-based 3D-IC designs are explored. In the first work, a force-directed, 3D, and gate-level placement algorithm that efficiently handles TSVs is developed. The experiments based on synthesized benchmarks indicate that the developed algorithm helps generate GDSII layouts of 3D-IC designs that are optimized in terms of wirelength. In addition, the impact of TSVs on other physical aspects of 3D-IC designs is also studied by analyzing the GDSII layouts. In the second work, the model for carrier mobility variation caused by TSV and STI stresses is developed as well as the timing analysis flow considering the stresses. The impact of TSV and STI stresses on carrier mobility variation and performance of 3D ICs is studied. Furthermore, a TSV-stress-driven, force-directed, and 3D placement algorithm is developed. It exploits carrier mobility variation, caused by stress around TSVs after fabrication, to improve the timing and area objectives during placement. In addition, the impact of keep-out zone (KOZ) around TSVs on stress, carrier mobility variation, area, wirelength, and performance of 3D ICs is studied. In the third work, two temperature-aware global placement algorithms are developed. They exploit die-to-die thermal coupling in 3D ICs to improve temperature during placement. In addition, a framework used to evaluate the results from temperature-aware global placements is developed. The main component of the framework is a GDSII-level thermal analysis that considers all structures inside a TSV-based 3D IC while computing temperature. The developed placers are compared with several state-of-the-art placers published in recent literature. The experimental results indicate that the developed algorithms help improve the temperature of 3D ICs effectively. In the final work, three block-level design styles for TSV-based die-to-wafer bonded 3D ICs are discussed. Several 3D-IC layouts in the three styles are manually designed. The main difference among these layouts is the position of TSVs. Finally, the area, wirelength, timing, power, temperature, and mechanical stress of all layouts are compared to explore the trade-offs of layout quality.

Ultrashort, nearly monochromatic hard X-ray pulses enrich the understanding of the dynamics and function of matter, e.g., the motion of atomic structures associated with ultrafast phase transitions, structural dynamics and (bio)chemical reactions. Inverse Compton backscattering of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons not only allows for the generation of bright X-ray pulses which can be used in a pump-probe experiment, but also for the investigation of the electron beam dynamics at the interaction point. The focus of this PhD work lies on the detailed understanding of the kinematics during the interaction of the relativistic electron bunch and the laser pulse in order to quantify the influence of various experiment parameters on the emitted X-ray radiation. The experiment was conducted at the ELBE center for high power radiation sources using the ELBE superconducting linear accelerator and the DRACO Ti:sapphire laser system. The combination of both these state-of-the-art apparatuses guaranteed the control and stability of the interacting beam parameters throughout the measurement. The emitted X-ray spectra were detected with a pixelated detector of 1024 by 256 elements (each 26μm by 26μm) to achieve an unprecedented spatial and energy resolution for a full characterization of the emitted spectrum to reveal parameter influences and correlations of both interacting beams. In this work the influence of the electron beam energy, electron beam emittance, the laser bandwidth and the energy-angle-correlation on the spectra of the backscattered X-rays is quantified. A rigorous statistical analysis comparing experimental data to ab-initio 3D simulations enabled, e.g., the extraction of the angular distribution of electrons with 1.5% accuracy and, in total, provides predictive capability for the future high brightness hard X-ray source PHOENIX (Photon electron collider for Narrow bandwidth Intense X-rays) and potential all optical gamma-ray sources. The results will serve as a milestone and starting point for the scaling of the X-ray flux based on available interaction parameters of an ultrashort bright X-ray source at the ELBE center for high power radiation sources. The knowledge of the spatial and spectral distribution of photons from an inverse Compton scattering source is essential in designing future experiments as well as for tailoring the X-ray spectral properties to an experimental need. / Ultrakurze, quasi-monochromatische harte Röntgenpulse erweitern das Verständnis für die dynamischen Prozesse und funktionalen Zusammenhänge in Materie, beispielsweise die Dynamik in atomaren Strukturen bei ultraschnellen Phasenübergängen, Gitterbewegungen und (bio)chemischen Reaktionen. Compton-Rückstreuung erlaubt die Erzeugung der für ein pump-probe-Experiment benötigten intensiven Röntgenpulse und ermöglicht gleichzeitig einen Einblick in die komplexen kinematischen Prozesse während der Wechselwirkung von Elektronen und Photonen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, ein quantitatives Verständnis der verschiedenen experimentellen Einflüsse auf die emittierte Röntgenstrahlung bei der Streuung von Laserphotonen an relativistischen Elektronen zu entwickeln. Die Experimente wurden am ELBE - Zentrum für Hochleistungs-Strahlenquellen des Helmholtz-Zentrums Dresden - Rossendorf durchgeführt. Der verwendete supraleitende Linearbschleuniger ELBE und der auf Titan-Saphir basierende Hochleistungslaser DRACO garantieren ein Höchstmaß an Kontrolle und Stabilität der experimentellen Bedingungen. Zur Messung der emittierten Röntgenstrahlung wurde ein Siliziumdetektor mit 1024x256 Pixeln (Pixelgröße 26μm × 26μm) verwendet, welcher für eine bisher nicht erreichte spektrale und räumliche Auflösung sorgt. Die so erfolgte vollständige Charakterisierung der Energie-Winkel-Beziehung erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf Parametereinflüsse und Korrelationen von Elektronen- und Laserstrahl. Eine umfassende statistische Analyse, bei der ab-initio 3D Simulationen mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen und ausgewertet wurden, ermöglichte u.a. die Bestimmung der Elektronenstrahldivergenz mit einer Genauigkeit von 1.5% und erlaubt Vorhersagen zur zu erwartenden Strahlung der zukünftigen brillianten Röntgenquelle PHOENIX (Photon electron collider for Narrow bandwidth Intense X-rays) und potentiellen lasergetriebenen Gammastrahlungsquellen. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Fixpunkt für die Skalierung des erwarteten Photonenflusses der Röntgenquelle für die verfügbaren Ausgangsgrößen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. Das Wissen um die räumliche und spektrale Verteilung der Röntgenstrahlung ist entscheidend für die Planung zukünftiger Experimente sowie zur Anpassung der Quelle an experimentelle Bedürfnisse.

Ultrashort, nearly monochromatic hard X-ray pulses enrich the understanding of the dynamics and function of matter, e.g., the motion of atomic structures associated with ultrafast phase transitions, structural dynamics and (bio)chemical reactions. Inverse Compton backscattering of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons not only allows for the generation of bright X-ray pulses which can be used in a pumpprobe experiment, but also for the investigation of the electron beam dynamics at the interaction point. The focus of this PhD work lies on the detailed understanding of the kinematics during the interaction of the relativistic electron bunch and the laser pulse in order to quantify the influence of various experiment parameters on the emitted X-ray radiation. The experiment was conducted at the ELBE center for high power radiation sources using the ELBE superconducting linear accelerator and the DRACO Ti:sapphire laser system. The combination of both these state-of-the-art apparatuses guaranteed the control and stability of the interacting beam parameters throughout the measurement. The emitted X-ray spectra were detected with a pixelated detector of 1024 by 256 elements (each 26μm by 26μm) to achieve an unprecedented spatial and energy resolution for a full characterization of the emitted spectrum to reveal parameter influences and correlations of both interacting beams. In this work the influence of the electron beam energy, electron beam emittance, the laser bandwidth and the energy-anglecorrelation on the spectra of the backscattered X-rays is quantified. A rigorous statistical analysis comparing experimental data to ab-initio 3D simulations enabled, e.g., the extraction of the angular distribution of electrons with 1.5% accuracy and, in total, provides predictive capability for the future high brightness hard X-ray source PHOENIX (Photon electron collider for Narrow bandwidth Intense X-rays) and potential all optical gamma-ray sources. The results will serve as a milestone and starting point for the scaling of the Xray flux based on available interaction parameters of an ultrashort bright X-ray source at the ELBE center for high power radiation sources. The knowledge of the spatial and spectral distribution of photons from an inverse Compton scattering source is essential in designing future experiments as well as for tailoring the X-ray spectral properties to an experimental need. / Ultrakurze, quasi-monochromatische harte Röntgenpulse erweitern das Verständnis für die dynamischen Prozesse und funktionalen Zusammenhänge in Materie, beispielsweise die Dynamik in atomaren Strukturen bei ultraschnellen Phasenübergängen, Gitterbewegungen und (bio)chemischen Reaktionen. Compton-Rückstreuung erlaubt die Erzeugung der für ein pump-probe-Experiment benötigten intensiven Röntgenpulse und ermöglicht gleichzeitig einen Einblick in die komplexen kinematischen Prozesse während der Wechselwirkung von Elektronen und Photonen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, ein quantitatives Verständnis der verschiedenen experimentellen Einflüsse auf die emittierte Röntgenstrahlung bei der Streuung von Laserphotonen an relativistischen Elektronen zu entwickeln. Die Experimente wurden am ELBE - Zentrum für Hochleistungs-Strahlenquellen des Helmholtz-Zentrums Dresden - Rossendorf durchgeführt. Der verwendete supraleitende Linearbschleuniger ELBE und der auf Titan-Saphir basierende Hochleistungslaser DRACO garantieren ein Höchstmaß an Kontrolle und Stabilität der experimentellen Bedingungen. Zur Messung der emittierten Röntgenstrahlung wurde ein Siliziumdetektor mit 1024x256 Pixeln (Pixelgröße 26μm × 26μm) verwendet, welcher für eine bisher nicht erreichte spektrale und räumliche Auflösung sorgt. Die so erfolgte vollständige Charakterisierung der Energie-Winkel-Beziehung erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf Parametereinflüsse und Korrelationen von Elektronen- und Laserstrahl. Eine umfassende statistische Analyse, bei der ab-initio 3D Simulationen mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen und ausgewertet wurden, ermöglichte u.a. die Bestimmung der Elektronenstrahldivergenz mit einer Genauigkeit von 1.5% und erlaubt Vorhersagen zur zu erwartenden Strahlung der zukünftigen brillianten Röntgenquelle PHOENIX (Photon electron collider for Narrow bandwidth Intense X-rays) und potentiellen lasergetriebenen Gammastrahlungsquellen. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Fixpunkt für die Skalierung des erwarteten Photonenflusses der Röntgenquelle für die verfügbaren Ausgangsgrößen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. Das Wissen um die räumliche und spektrale Verteilung der Röntgenstrahlung ist entscheidend für die Planung zukünftiger Experimente sowie zur Anpassung der Quelle an experimentelle Bedürfnisse.

Master of Science in Medicine / Rationale: Asthma management aims to achieve optimal control on the minimal effective dose of medication. We assessed the effectiveness of two algorithms to guide ICS dose in well-controlled patients on ICS+LABA in a double-blind study, comparing dose adjustment guided by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) to clinical care algorithm(CCA) based on symptoms and lung function. Methods: We randomised non-smoking adult asthmatics on minimum FP dose 100μgs daily +LABA to ICS adjustment using eNO or CCA, assessed over 5 visits during 8 months treatment. Primary endpoints were asthma-free days and asthma related quality of life (QOL). Analysis was by mixed model regression and generalised estimating equations with log link. Results: 69 subjects were randomised (eNO:34, CCA:35) and 58 completed the study. At baseline mean FEV1 was 94% pred., mean eNO (200ml/sec) 7.1 ppb, median ACQ6 score 0.33. Median ICS dose was 500 μg (IQR 100-500) at baseline and 100 μg on both eNO (IQR 100-200) and CCA arms (IQR 100–100) at end of study. There were no significant differences between eNO and CCA groups in asthma-free days (RR=0.92, 95% CI 0.8–1.01), AQL (RRAQL<median = 0.95, 95% CI 0.8–1.1) or exacerbation-free days (HR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.6–1.7). Neither clinic FEV1 (overall mean difference FEV1 % pred. -0.24%, 95% CI -2.2–1.7) nor a.m. PEF (mean difference 1.94 L/min (95% CI -2.9–6.8) were significantly different. Similar proportions of subjects were treated for ≥1 exacerbation (eNO: 50%, 95% CI 32.1–67.9; CCA: 60%, 95% CI 43.9–76.2). Conclusion: Substantial reductions in ICS doses were achieved in well controlled asthmatics on ICS+LABA, with no significant differences in outcomes between eNO or clinically based algorithms.

Diploma thesis deals with monitoring critical infrastructure, critical information infrastructure and network monitoring in energetic industry. The goal is to create analytical environment for processing logs from the network, to map the most critical segments of the network and implementation of monitoring and network devices, that increase security and mitigate risks of security events or security incidents

This diploma thesis is focused on problematics of the industrial networks and offered security by the industrial protocols. The goal of this thesis is to create specific methods for detection of security incidents. This thesis is mainly focused on protocols Modbus/TCP and DNP3. In the theoretical part, the industrial protocols are described, there are defined vectors of attacks and is described security of each protocol. The practical part is focused on the description and simulation of security incidents. Based on the data gathered from the simulations, there are identified threats by the introduced detection methods. These methods are using for detecting the security incident an abnormality in the network traffic by created formulas or machine learning. Designed methods are implemented to IDS (Intrusion Detection System) of the system Zeek. With the designed methods, it is possible to detect selected security incidents in the destination workstation.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of the LTE radio part using the ICS Designer program. First, the work describes the signal processing in the physical layer LTE system, for downlink and uplink. Subsequently, it was made simple block diagram. The next part deals with models of signal propagation in the radio environment. The last part is an introduction to the ICS Designer. This section describes the base station design and demonstration of some simulations. The last part is devoted to the design of the mobile network in the given area, its simulation and subsequent comparison with the existing mobile network.

Industrial Control Systems are essential to modern life. They are utilized in hundreds of processes including power distribution, water treatment, manufacturing, traffic management, and amusement park ride control. These systems are an essential part of modern life and if compromised, could result in significant economic loss, safety impacts, damage to the environment, and even loss of life. Unfortunately, many of these systems are not properly secured from a cyber attack. It is likely that a well-funded and motivated attack from a nation-state will successfully compromise an industrial control system's network. As cyber war becomes more prevalent, it is becoming more critical to find new and innovative ways to reduce the physical impacts from a cyber attack.This thesis presents a new architecture for a secure industrial controller. This architecture protects the integrity of the controller logic, including the safety logic which is responsible for keeping the process in a safe condition. In particular, it would prevent malicious or accidental modification or bypassing of the controller logic. This architecture divides the controller into three components; the logic controller, the interface controller and the SAP link. The logic controller is responsible for controlling the equipment and contains the safety logic. The interface controller communicates with the rest of the control system network. The Simple As Possible (SAP) link is a bridge between the logic and interface controllers that ensures the integrity of the logic controller by drastically limiting the external interface of the logic controller. We implement this new architecture on a physical controller to demonstrate the process of implementing the architecture and to demonstrate its feasibility.