Keywords: ID-method, internet, security, digitzing, bank Background: The digitizing of our society continues to grow and more parts of our lives is spent on the internet. The banks are one of the institutions that is at the forefront of this development since they established themselves on a early basis. The banks meeting points have since this establishment moved from the regular bank office out on the internet. A problem that has occurred during this transfer is the possibility to positive ID a customer in a virtual world. It is essential to offer the customer methods to identify themselves that are both safe and easy to use. Objective: The objective with this study is to describe the methods and technique that banks use to today and may use in the future. Method: A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of four different persons that from different angles is in contact with ID-methods. Result: The study shows some different security techniques that is used within ID-methods and safe communication today. The study gives an overview how encryption, SSL and digital signatures work. It also gives an overview over the most common threats against e-banking and its ID-methods. In the end the interviews is summarized. These interviews are conducted with people who look on ID-methods from different angles. Conclusion: ID-methods are already a part of people’s everyday lives and a development is inevitable to respond the increased demands which are placed on the users. / Nyckelord: ID-metod, internet, säkerhet, digitalisering, bank Bakgrund: Digitalisering av samhället tar allt större steg och allt mer av våra liv tar plats på internet. En av samhällsinstitutionerna som ligger i framkant när det gäller detta är bankerna som var tidigt ute med att etablera sig på internet. Bankernas mötesplatser har efter denna etablering allt mer flyttat ut från dem vanliga bankkontoren och ut på internet. En flaskhals för att denna flytt ska kunna utvecklas än mer är hur bankerna på ett säkert sätt ska kunna identifiera sina kunder. Det för att kunna ge kunderna den säkerhet som krävs, men ändå en så pass användarvänlig metod att den är intuitiv för kunderna att använda. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva den teknik och de metoder som banker använder inom identifieringskontroll nu och vad som kan tänkas användas i framtiden. Metod: En kvalitativ studie där det använts semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet har bestått i olika personer som på olika sätt kommer i kontakt med ID-metoderna. Resultat: Studien visar på en rad olika säkerhetstekniker som används inom ID-metoder och säker kommunikation idag. Studien visar översiktligt hur kryptering, SSL och digitala signaturer fungerar. Dessutom gås de vanligaste hoten mot internetbanker och deras identifieringsmetoder igenom. I slutet redovisas också de fyra intervjuerna som har genomförts med människor som på olika sätt använder och arbetar med dessa ID-metoder.  Slutsats: ID-metoder är en del av mångas vardag och en utveckling är oundviklig för att tillmötesgå de allt hårdare krav som ställs på användarna.

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Vi befinner oss idag i en tid av digitalisering där vi jagar en allt mer bekvämare vardag. Detta exemplifieras av möjligheten att idag kunna lägga in betalkort och medlemskort digitalt i mobilen och på så sätt kunna lämna stora delar av plånboken hemma. När det kommer till våra ID-handlingar behöver vi emellertid fortfarande ha med oss dessa endast i syfte att identifiera oss. De fysiska handlingarna innebär dock inte bara en minskad bekvämlighet, de kommer även med säkerhetsrisker som inkräktar på den personliga integriteten när personlig information överlämnas oskyddat till främlingar och metoderna för att kontrollera handlingarnas äkthet brister. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att utveckla ett digitalt alternativ (dID) som är likställt dagens fysiska handlingar (ID) samt att undersöka hur detta förhåller sig till dagens lösning i form av fördelar och nackdelar. För att undersöka området har dagens system observerats, en omfattande litteraturunderssökning gjorts, ett par intervjuer med aktörerna PostNord och Freja eID genomförts samt har redan existerande digitala system sammanställts. Arbetet har resulterat i ett antal kunskapsprodukter som bland annat modellerar dagens system för fysisk autentisering samt ett likvärdigt digitalt alternativ. Vidare har arbetet även resulterat i en kravspecifikation för hur ett sådant alternativ bör utformas ihop med en implementeringsanalys som föreslår hur de olika kraven kan uppfyllas. Genom en digitalisering av IDhandlingen kan valideringen av den göras med en kryptografisk kontroll av dokumentets digitala signatur. En godkänd kryptografisk kontroll garanterar handlingens validitet då resultatet antingen är godkänt eller inte, det finns inget nästan. Slutligen konstateras att dID:n inte kommer att ersätta fysiska ID-handlingar i närtid utan är i dagsläget att se som ett komplement. / Today we’re in an era of digitalization pursuing more comfort in our daily lives. This is exemplified by the fact that we nowadays can collect our credit and membership cards and put them in our mobile phones leaving large parts of our wallets at home. However, when it comes to our IDs we still need to bring them with us just as a mean of identification. Not only does these physical IDs mean less comfort for the user, they also lack in security putting your personal integrity at risk when your information is shared unprotected and the means for verifying it is insufficient. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the opportunity for developing a digital alternative (dID) equal to today’s physical ID and examine it’s pros and cons compared to the current system. To research this field today’s system has been observed, an extensive literature study has been performed, a couple of interviews with informants at PostNord and Freja eID been conducted and lastly already existing digital systems have been compiled. The thesis has resulted in several knowledge products that, among other, model today’s system for physical identification as well as an equal digital alternative. Moreover, it has resulted in a list of demands for how such a digital alternative should be developed in addition to an analysis of how it could be implemented. By digitizing the ID it can be verified using cryptographic signatures that guarantees it’s validity, as the signature is either valid or not, there is no almost. Finally, it’s concluded that dIDs will not replace regular IDs in the near future but rather complement them.

Univ., Diss.--Düsseldorf, 1998. / Literaturangaben.

A case study has been conducted on an electronic identification service called “Svensk e-legitimation”. The service has been developed on behalf of the Swedish government and is provided by a board created in 2011, E-legitimationsnämnden. The service, whose purpose is to assist with identification at Swedish authorities, also increases the competitiveness between the issuers of e-ID. By reviewing the documents published on websites regarding the service a risk area has been identified. To demonstrate the importance of addressing the risks four attack scenarios were created, scenarios which potential attackers might use. Finally, a solution which aims to secure the identified risks is presented. / En fallstudie har utförts på den elektroniska legitimeringstjänsten Svensk e-legitimation vilken tillhandahålls av E-legitimationsnämnden på uppdrag av Sveriges riksdag. Tjänsten, vars syfte är att bistå med legitimeringsmöjligheter för svenska myndigheter, ökar dessutom konkurrenskraften mellan utfärdare av e-legitimation. Genom att granska dokument publicerade på hemsidor för tjänsten har en hotbild identifierats. För att demonstrera vikten av att åtgärda riskerna inom hotbilden framställdes fyra angreppsscenarion vilka potentiella angripare skulle kunna använda. Slutligen presenterades en lösning vilken ämnar säkerställa de risker som identifierats.

Este trabalho descreve o projeto de um modulador Analógico-Digital (A/D) Sigma-Delta de 16 bits (98 dB de SNR) de baixo consumo em tecnologia CMOS para a aquisição de sinais de áudio. Para projetar o modulador foi utilizada a metodologia top down, a qual consiste em projetar desde o nível de sistema até os blocos básicos em nível de transistores. O sistema foi analizado e projetado utilizando equacões e modelos comportamentais para obter as especificações de cada bloco do modulador. Considerando um baixo consumo de potência foi escolhida a topologia CIFF (do inglês Chain of Integrator with FeedForward) de terceira ordem e quatro bits implementado com capacitores chaveados. O modulador projetado é composto por três integradores chaveados, um somador analógico, um weigthed DAC e um quantizador de quatro bits. A técnica de Chopper é incluida no modulador para diminuir o ruído Flicker na entrada do modulador. Os blocos de maior consumo dentro do modulador são as OTAs. Por esta razão eles são projetados utilizando a metodologia gm/ID reduzindo assim o consumo de potência. O projeto foi realizado na tecnologia IBM 0,18 \'mü\'m sendo utilizado o simulador spectre do Cadence. O modulador Sigma-Delta atinge um SNR de 98 dB para uma banda de 20 kHz e um consumo de potência de 2,4 mW para uma fonte de alimentação de 1,8 V. / This work describes the design of a 16 bits low power Sigma-Delta modulator (98 dB SNR) in a CMOS technology for the acquisition of audio signals. To design the modulator it was used the top-down methodology, which consists on the design from system level to the transistor-level basic blocks. The system was analyzed and designed using behavioral models and equations to obtain the specifications of each block of the modulator. Considering a low power consumption it was chosen a third-order four bits CIFF topology (Chain Integrator with feedforward) implemented with switched capacitors. The modulator is composed by three integrators, one analog adder, one weigthed DAC and one four bit quantizer. The Chopper technique is included in the modulator to reduce the Flicker noise at the input of the modulator. The blocks of higher consumption within the modulator are the OTAs. Hence, they was designed using the methodology gm/ID to reduce power consumption. It was designed on the 0.18 \'mü\'m IBM technology and using the Cadence Spectre simulator. The Sigma-Delta modulator achieves a SNR of 98 dB for a bandwidth of 20 kHz and a power consumption of 2.4 mW with a 1.8 V power supply.

Today, the impact of information technologies on education field is ever more clarified with the integration of new tools and methods to the education. Education has been becoming away from the traditional classroom environment through virtual environment. Besides education of theoretical disciplines, education of practice based disciplines, like design related disciplines are moving toward virtual environments. One of these is Industrial Design (ID) education which also has made the transition to the virtual world. This thesis aims to explore and scrutinize the latest forms of ID education, especially the online distance ID education. In order to comprehend the technological progress of ID education and its possible future, an overview of the origins and an evaluation of the current state of distance online ID education are made. By this study, it is expected to shed light to the design educators and the educational systems&rsquo / developers, for designing these environments. At the end of this research, it is concluded that it is not possible to imagine a future of ID education without technology integration. However, it would be better to apply both technological and traditional methods. In fact, the key people in the development of these educational systems and tools would be the designers themselves.

Univ., Diss.--Wien, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 247 - 253.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 2006.

Universiẗat, Diss--Konstanz, 2008.