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O principal mecanismo de defesa de hospedeiros infectados pelo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), fungo dimórfico que causa a mais importante micose sistêmica da América Latina, é a imunidade celular. Neste processo participam macrófagos ativados por IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g e a IL-10 parece ser a citocina que se contrapõe a esta ativação. Tanto na patologia humana como em modelos experimentais há fortes indicações de que a IL-10 age como supressora da imunidade celular causando efeitos deletérios aos hospedeiros; entretanto, estudos diretos sobre a função da IL-10 na paracoccidiodomicose (PCM) não tinham sido ainda realizados. Então o objetivo fundamental deste trabalho foi estudar a função da IL-10 nos mecanismos da imunidade inata e adaptativa contra o Pb utilizando como modelo experimental camundongos geneticamente deficientes de IL-10 (IL-10 nocaute, IL-10 KO) em comparação com seus controles normais (WT). Demonstramos in vitro que macrófagos peritoneais normais de camundongos IL-10 KO apresentam uma maior atividade fagocítica e fungicida que os macrófagos de camundongos WT e isto esteve associado à maior produção de IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g, TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945, óxido nítrico (NO) e da quimiocina MCP-1. Verificamos, entretanto, que a produção de IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g era realizada por células NKT contaminantes de macrófagos aderentes nos camundongos IL-10 KO, sugerindo uma possível participação destas células na ativação de macrófagos e de células T de camundongos IL-10 KO. Estudos in vivo revelaram que a partir da 2ª semana de infecção os camundongos IL-10 KO apresentaram uma resposta imune precoce em relação aos WT, pois os pulmões dos primeiros apresentavam carga fúngica significativamente menor, associada com aumento da maioria dos isótipos de anticorpos (IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b) específicos contra o fungo. Observamos também a inibição total da produção das citocinas IL-4 e IL-5, mostrando a ação reguladora da IL-10 na síntese de citocinas Th2. Na 4ª semana pós-infecção a carga fúngica continuou menor nos animais IL-10 KO, mas não foram observadas as diferenças quanto à síntese de anticorpos entre as duas linhagens. A análise dos leucócitos infiltrantes nos pulmões revelou um aumento na frequência de linfócitos T CD4+ ativados nos camundongos IL-10 KO em relação aos WT. A partir da 8ª semana, a carga fúngica pulmonar dos camundongos IL-10 KO reduziu consideravelmente e não ocorreu disseminação para outros órgãos. Observou-se também, nesta linhagem, um aumento na resposta de hipersensibilidade do tipo tardio (HTT), confirmando o padrão de resposta desviado para um perfil Th1. A análise histológica dos órgãos dos camundongos IL-10 KO revelou ausência de granulomas e fungos no pulmão em contraste aos seus controles WT que apresentavam elevado número de granulomas e fungos neste órgão. A análise dos linfócitos infiltrantes nos pulmões dos camundongos IL-10 KO mostrou redução na frequência de células B, o que é coerente com a baixa síntese de anticorpos observada. Houve aumento marcante na freqüência de células T CD4+ e T CD8+ memória/efetora, caracterizando mais uma vez a eficiente resposta imune celular nesses animais associada à ausência do papel regulador negativo da IL-10. Em fase mais tardia (16 semanas pós-infecção) a regressão da infecção nos camundongos IL-10 KO continuou evidente pelo pequeno número de fungos recuperados do pulmão, acompanhada de baixa síntese de citocinas (IL-5 e IL-2) e de anticorpos anti- P. brasiliensis. Na 23ª semana de infecção além da baixa carga fúngica nos camundongos IL-10 KO, associada à baixa frequência de células responsáveis pela imunidade celular ocorreu também redução na freqüência de células Treg, indicando o papel regulador da IL-10 nesta subpopulação celular. A elevada sobrevida (90%) dos animais IL-10 KO foi coerente com a baixa carga fúngica e eficiente resposta imune no curso da infecção. Em conjunto, nosso trabalho demonstra o importante papel regulador da IL-10 na imunidade da PCM. / Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism of hosts infected by the Paracoccidioide brasiliensis (Pb), a dimorphic fungus that causes the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g activated macrophages participate in this activity that is antagonized by IL-10 an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Both, in the human pathology and in experimental models, there are a number of evidences indicating that IL-10 acts as a suppressor of cellular immunity leading to deleterious effects to the hosts. However, direct studies aimed at investigating the function of IL-10 in the immunity to paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) have not been performed. Thus, the fundamental objective of this work was to study the function of IL-10 in the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity against Pb using as experimental model IL-10 deficient mice (IL-10 Knockout, IL-10 KO) compared to their respective wild type (WT) controls. We demonstrated in vitro that normal peritoneal macrophages of IL-10 KO mice presented increased phagocytic and microbicidal activities than macrophages of WT mice and this was associated witch an elevated production of IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g, TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945, nitric oxide (NO) and the chemokine MCP-1. However, the production of IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g seen to be performed by NTK cells contaminating adherent macrophages, suggesting a possible participation of these cells in the activation of macrophages and T cells of IL-10 KO mice. In vivo studies revealed that at the second week of infection IL-10 KO mice presented an earlier immune response when compared to wild-type mice, since their lungs exhibited a significantly reduced fungal burden and an increased production of almost all antibodies isotypes (IgM, IgG1, IgGM, IgG2b). This effect was accompanied by a total absence of IL-4 and IL-5, showing a regulatory action of IL-10 in the synthesis of Th2 cytokines. Four weeks post-infection, the fungal load was still lower in the IL-10 KO mice but no differences in antibody synthesis was observed. However, the analysis of lung infiltrating leukocytes revealed an increased frequency of TCD4+ and TCD4+CD44 high lymphocytes in IL-10 KO mice, again demonstrating an early activation of cellular immunity in IL-10 KO mice. When compared with WT mice, the pulmonary fungal loads of IL-10 KO mice at week 8 of infection were drastically reduced and no dissemination to other organs were observed. The histopathological analysis revealed an absence of granulomas and fungi in the lungs of IL-10 KO in comparison with WT mice. The analysis of lung infiltrating leukocytes showed that IL-10 KO mice had a reduction in the frequency of B cells, in agreement with the reduced synthesis of immunoglobulins. An increased frequency of activated T CD4+ and a drastic increase of TCD4+ and T CD8+ effector/memory cells charactering once again an efficient immune response associated with IL-10 deficiency. In later stages, sixteen weeks after infection, a regressive infection of IL-10 KO mice was further characterized by low numbers of fungi in the lung, reduced synthesis of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and anti- P. brasiliensis antibodies. By week 23 after infection, in addition to the characteristic reduction of fungal loads and reduced frequency of immune cells, we observed a decrease in the frequency of Treg cells, demonstrating the implication of IL-10 in the control of this T cell population. The elevated survival (90%) of IL-10 KO mice was in total agreement with the low fungal burdens and efficient immune response observed during infection. In conclusion, our work demonstrates for the first time that IL-10 plays a major role in the control of innate and adaptive immunity to Pb infection.

O principal mecanismo de defesa de hospedeiros infectados pelo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), fungo dimórfico que causa a mais importante micose sistêmica da América Latina, é a imunidade celular. Neste processo participam macrófagos ativados por IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g e a IL-10 parece ser a citocina que se contrapõe a esta ativação. Tanto na patologia humana como em modelos experimentais há fortes indicações de que a IL-10 age como supressora da imunidade celular causando efeitos deletérios aos hospedeiros; entretanto, estudos diretos sobre a função da IL-10 na paracoccidiodomicose (PCM) não tinham sido ainda realizados. Então o objetivo fundamental deste trabalho foi estudar a função da IL-10 nos mecanismos da imunidade inata e adaptativa contra o Pb utilizando como modelo experimental camundongos geneticamente deficientes de IL-10 (IL-10 nocaute, IL-10 KO) em comparação com seus controles normais (WT). Demonstramos in vitro que macrófagos peritoneais normais de camundongos IL-10 KO apresentam uma maior atividade fagocítica e fungicida que os macrófagos de camundongos WT e isto esteve associado à maior produção de IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g, TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945, óxido nítrico (NO) e da quimiocina MCP-1. Verificamos, entretanto, que a produção de IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g era realizada por células NKT contaminantes de macrófagos aderentes nos camundongos IL-10 KO, sugerindo uma possível participação destas células na ativação de macrófagos e de células T de camundongos IL-10 KO. Estudos in vivo revelaram que a partir da 2ª semana de infecção os camundongos IL-10 KO apresentaram uma resposta imune precoce em relação aos WT, pois os pulmões dos primeiros apresentavam carga fúngica significativamente menor, associada com aumento da maioria dos isótipos de anticorpos (IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b) específicos contra o fungo. Observamos também a inibição total da produção das citocinas IL-4 e IL-5, mostrando a ação reguladora da IL-10 na síntese de citocinas Th2. Na 4ª semana pós-infecção a carga fúngica continuou menor nos animais IL-10 KO, mas não foram observadas as diferenças quanto à síntese de anticorpos entre as duas linhagens. A análise dos leucócitos infiltrantes nos pulmões revelou um aumento na frequência de linfócitos T CD4+ ativados nos camundongos IL-10 KO em relação aos WT. A partir da 8ª semana, a carga fúngica pulmonar dos camundongos IL-10 KO reduziu consideravelmente e não ocorreu disseminação para outros órgãos. Observou-se também, nesta linhagem, um aumento na resposta de hipersensibilidade do tipo tardio (HTT), confirmando o padrão de resposta desviado para um perfil Th1. A análise histológica dos órgãos dos camundongos IL-10 KO revelou ausência de granulomas e fungos no pulmão em contraste aos seus controles WT que apresentavam elevado número de granulomas e fungos neste órgão. A análise dos linfócitos infiltrantes nos pulmões dos camundongos IL-10 KO mostrou redução na frequência de células B, o que é coerente com a baixa síntese de anticorpos observada. Houve aumento marcante na freqüência de células T CD4+ e T CD8+ memória/efetora, caracterizando mais uma vez a eficiente resposta imune celular nesses animais associada à ausência do papel regulador negativo da IL-10. Em fase mais tardia (16 semanas pós-infecção) a regressão da infecção nos camundongos IL-10 KO continuou evidente pelo pequeno número de fungos recuperados do pulmão, acompanhada de baixa síntese de citocinas (IL-5 e IL-2) e de anticorpos anti- P. brasiliensis. Na 23ª semana de infecção além da baixa carga fúngica nos camundongos IL-10 KO, associada à baixa frequência de células responsáveis pela imunidade celular ocorreu também redução na freqüência de células Treg, indicando o papel regulador da IL-10 nesta subpopulação celular. A elevada sobrevida (90%) dos animais IL-10 KO foi coerente com a baixa carga fúngica e eficiente resposta imune no curso da infecção. Em conjunto, nosso trabalho demonstra o importante papel regulador da IL-10 na imunidade da PCM. / Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism of hosts infected by the Paracoccidioide brasiliensis (Pb), a dimorphic fungus that causes the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g activated macrophages participate in this activity that is antagonized by IL-10 an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Both, in the human pathology and in experimental models, there are a number of evidences indicating that IL-10 acts as a suppressor of cellular immunity leading to deleterious effects to the hosts. However, direct studies aimed at investigating the function of IL-10 in the immunity to paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) have not been performed. Thus, the fundamental objective of this work was to study the function of IL-10 in the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity against Pb using as experimental model IL-10 deficient mice (IL-10 Knockout, IL-10 KO) compared to their respective wild type (WT) controls. We demonstrated in vitro that normal peritoneal macrophages of IL-10 KO mice presented increased phagocytic and microbicidal activities than macrophages of WT mice and this was associated witch an elevated production of IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g, TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">&#945, nitric oxide (NO) and the chemokine MCP-1. However, the production of IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g seen to be performed by NTK cells contaminating adherent macrophages, suggesting a possible participation of these cells in the activation of macrophages and T cells of IL-10 KO mice. In vivo studies revealed that at the second week of infection IL-10 KO mice presented an earlier immune response when compared to wild-type mice, since their lungs exhibited a significantly reduced fungal burden and an increased production of almost all antibodies isotypes (IgM, IgG1, IgGM, IgG2b). This effect was accompanied by a total absence of IL-4 and IL-5, showing a regulatory action of IL-10 in the synthesis of Th2 cytokines. Four weeks post-infection, the fungal load was still lower in the IL-10 KO mice but no differences in antibody synthesis was observed. However, the analysis of lung infiltrating leukocytes revealed an increased frequency of TCD4+ and TCD4+CD44 high lymphocytes in IL-10 KO mice, again demonstrating an early activation of cellular immunity in IL-10 KO mice. When compared with WT mice, the pulmonary fungal loads of IL-10 KO mice at week 8 of infection were drastically reduced and no dissemination to other organs were observed. The histopathological analysis revealed an absence of granulomas and fungi in the lungs of IL-10 KO in comparison with WT mice. The analysis of lung infiltrating leukocytes showed that IL-10 KO mice had a reduction in the frequency of B cells, in agreement with the reduced synthesis of immunoglobulins. An increased frequency of activated T CD4+ and a drastic increase of TCD4+ and T CD8+ effector/memory cells charactering once again an efficient immune response associated with IL-10 deficiency. In later stages, sixteen weeks after infection, a regressive infection of IL-10 KO mice was further characterized by low numbers of fungi in the lung, reduced synthesis of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and anti- P. brasiliensis antibodies. By week 23 after infection, in addition to the characteristic reduction of fungal loads and reduced frequency of immune cells, we observed a decrease in the frequency of Treg cells, demonstrating the implication of IL-10 in the control of this T cell population. The elevated survival (90%) of IL-10 KO mice was in total agreement with the low fungal burdens and efficient immune response observed during infection. In conclusion, our work demonstrates for the first time that IL-10 plays a major role in the control of innate and adaptive immunity to Pb infection.

Purpose: Familial aggregation and sibling pair studies suggest there is a genetic contribution to the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The aim of this study was to review the evidence of genetics in IBS based on genetic epidemiology, studies of association with intermediate phenotypes and pharmacogenetics. Results: Genetic association studies with IBS symptom phenotype have generally provided inconsistent results for many candidate genes investigated, such as SLC6A4, GNB3, and IL-10. There have been no genome-wide association studies in IBS to date. Studies of associations of candidate genes with intermediate phenotypes suggest associations with pathophysiological mechanisms of motor and sensory functions; however, these results also require replication. Pharmacogenetics studies illustrate the potential of genetics to impact on response to therapy, as observed with SLC6A4 and responses to the 5-HT3 antagonist alosetron and the 5-HT4 agonist, tegaserod. Conclusions: While the heritable component and genetics in the complex disorder of IBS are still poorly understood, studies of the associations of spontaneous genetic variations and altered functions may provide novel insights of the mechanisms contributing to the disease.

Current therapies for the treatment of myocardial infarction and heart failure include medical, surgical, mechanical assist, and transplantation. These therapies have been based on the dogma that ventricular myocytes themselves are terminally differentiated and, therefore, cannot regenerate. This concept has been recently challenged with stem cell therapy. A potential problem is the ability of cardiac tissue to mobilize, recruit, and transdifferentiate adult stem cells from other tissues. We believe that there is a unique failure of the damaged myocardium to provide the appropriate molecular signals for stem cells engraftment related to age. Our hypothesis is that the overexpression of IL-10 in the aged population reduces cardiac cellular proliferation subsequent to myocardial injury. This hypothesis is supported by aging models, where elevated levels of IL-10 are associated with reduced healing response to noncardiac tissue injury. We demonstrated an increased cardiac gene expression of IL-10 that may be associated with a reduced proliferative response in the border regions of the infarcted myocardium that are proportional with age. In conclusion, myocardial infarction and heart failure has presented a significant challenge for the clinician to provide reparative therapies. The use of therapeutics to modulate IL-10 and, thereby, optimizing regenerative processes in the injured myocardium may provide a unique means for the cardiac patient.

L’athérosclérose est une maladie inflammatoire chronique. L’une des caractéristiques des lésions d’athérosclérose est l’accumulation anormale de corps apoptotiques et nécrotiques, due à un défaut d’efferocytose, ceci entraînant la formation du cœur nécrotique. L’évolution de ce cœur nécrotique est également associée à une augmentation de l’inflammation et de la taille des plaques d’athérosclérose, mais aussi dans la survenue de complications telle que la rupture de plaque. Clec9a est un récepteur transmembranaire de type lectine C, majoritairement exprimé par une sous population de cellules dendritiques les DC-CD8α+. Il est capable de reconnaître un ligand spécifiquement exprimé par les corps nécrotiques, l’actine F. L’objectif de notre travail a été de savoir si Clec9a, qui est capable de reconnaître les corps nécrotiques, pouvait être impliqué dans la modulation de l’inflammation observée au cours du développement de l’athérosclérose. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons montré, in vivo partir de deux modèles murins (ApoE-/- et LDLr-/-), que la délétion de Clec9a entraîne une diminution significative de la taille des lésions dans un contexte d’hypercholestérolémie modérée. Cette athéro-protection observée en l’absence de Clec9a, est associée à une augmentation de l’expression de l’IL-10, qui est une interleukine anti-athérogène et anti-inflammatoire. Cet effet athéroprotecteur de l’absence de Clec9a n’est plus observé lorsque l’IL-10 est totalement invalidée. De plus, nous avons montré que l’invalidation de Clec9a spécifiquement dans les DC-CD8α+ entraîne, in vivo, une diminution de l’infiltration des macrophages et des lymphocytes T dans les lésions, ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression de l’IL-10, favorisant une diminution de la taille des lésions. La compréhension des mécanismes inflammatoires dans l’athérosclérose constitue un enjeu majeur pour prévenir les risques de complications comme la rupture de plaque ou la thrombose. Ainsi, ce travail met en évidence un nouveau rôle de Clec9a dans la régulation de l’inflammation dans l’athérosclérose et pourrait donc représenter une cible thérapeutique potentielle. / Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. One of the characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions is the abnormal accumulation of apoptotic and necrotic cells, due to a deficiency of efferocytosis, which leads to the formation of the necrotic heart. The evolution of this necrotic core is also associated with an increase in inflammation and lesions of atherosclerosis, but also in the occurrence of complications such as plaque rupture. Clec9a is a C type lectin receptor, mainly expressed by a subpopulation of dendritic cells, which are the CD8α+ dendritic cells. This receptor is able to recognize a ligand expressed by necrotic cells, the actin F. The aim of our work was to find out if Clec9a, which can sense necrotic cells, could be involved in modulating the inflammation observed during the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we have shown, in vivo with two mouse models (ApoE - / - and LDLr - / -), that the deletion of Clec9a leads to a significant decrease in the incidence of moderate hypercholesterolemia. This athero-protection observed in the absence of Clec9a, is associated with an increase in the expression of IL-10, which is an anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory cytokine. This athero-protective effect of the absence of Clec9a is abolished after total invalidation of IL-10. Furthermore, we report that specific knockdown of Clec9a in CD8α+-DC, in vivo, leads to a decrease in macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in lesions, as well as an increase in IL-1 expression. 10, which promotes a decrease in lesions size. Understanding of inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis is a major challenge to prevent the risk of complications such as plaque rupture or thrombosis. Thus, this work highlights a new role of Clec9a in the regulation of inflammation in atherosclerosis and could be therefore a potential therapeutic target.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A hansenÃase continua sendo um problema de saÃde mundial, sendo o Brasil o segundo paÃs em maior em nÃmero de casos novos. No Cearà a doenÃa à considerada endÃmica e em 2009 foram diagnosticados 1.952 casos novos, alcanÃando um coeficiente de detecÃÃo geral de 22,8/100.00 habitantes. A doenÃa à causada pelo M. leprae, manifesta-se atravÃs de sinais e sintomas dermatoneurolÃgicos e à transmitida de pessoa a pessoa atravÃs do convÃvio de indivÃduos suscetÃveis com doentes bacilÃferos sem tratamento. A interaÃÃo do M. leprae com os subtipos de cÃlulas T produz citocinas do tipo Th1 e Th2, responsÃveis pelas diferentes formas clÃnicas da doenÃa. PadrÃes de citocinas Th1 (IL-2, IFN-&#947; e TNF-&#945;) foram encontrados em lesÃes de pele das formas tuberculÃides e padrÃes de citocinas Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 e IL-10) foram encontrados em lesÃes das formas virchovianas. A hansenÃase à influenciada por vÃrios fatores, sendo os genÃticos os mais estudados no momento. Os genes das citocinas aparecem como fortes candidatos capazes de influenciar a interaÃÃo patÃgeno- hospedeiro e favorecer ou nÃo o desenvolvimento da doenÃa. A IL-10 à uma citocina anti-inflamatÃria e imunomoduladora que possui regiÃes promotoras bastantes polimÃrficas, contendo regiÃes de microssatÃlites e SNPs que formam vÃrios haplÃtipos que estÃo associados a diferentes nÃveis de produÃÃo de citocina in vitro. VÃrios estudos tentam reportar associaÃÃes entre os polimorfismos de IL-10 e o risco ou proteÃÃo para diversas doenÃas. Contudo, os dados relatados tem sido contraditÃrios e a maioria das associaÃÃes entre os polimorfismos e a produÃÃo dessa citocina sÃo baseados em estudos in vitro. Dessa forma o presente estudo teve o objetivo de definir como os polimorfismos da regiÃo promotora da citocina afetam a produÃÃo in vivo frente à infecÃÃo pelo M. leprae. Foram quantificadas as concentraÃÃes sÃricas de IL-10 de 181 indivÃduos, sendo 77 casos Ãndices de hansenÃase, 74 indivÃduos contactantes e 30 controles saudÃveis. Sendo que destes, 31 possuÃam anÃlise genotÃpica de IL-10 no grupo caso, 33 no grupo contactante e 29 no grupo controle. Os pacientes com anÃlise genotÃpica foram estratificados em baixo, mÃdio e alto produtor da citocina. As diferenÃas nos nÃveis da citocina foram comparadas entre os grupos dentro do espectro da hansenÃase (paucibacilar e multibacilar), dos controles externos, dos controles internos, dos genÃtipos e alelos encontrados nos grupos. Foram realizados testes de Kruskall-Wallis e Mann-Whitney para anÃlise das medianas de IL-10 em pg/mL. NÃo foi encontrada diferenÃa significante entre os grupos caso, contactante e controle (p=0,7450), entre os indivÃduos pauci e multibacilar (p=0,7898), entre os fenÃtipos de nÃvel de produÃÃo de citocina (baixo, mÃdio e alto) (p=0,4355). Foi encontrada diferenÃa significante na produÃÃo de IL-10 entre os alelos -1082A,-819C e -592C do grupo caso em relaÃÃo aos controles (p<0,05) e dos alelos -819C e -592C do grupo caso em relaÃÃo aos contactantes (p<0,05). NÃo foi encontrada diferenÃa significante entre os grupos contactante e controle (p>0,05). Em conclusÃo, os genÃtipos de IL-10, -1082G>A, -819C>T e -592G>C nÃo influenciaram a produÃÃo e/ou o desfecho da infecÃÃo pelo M. leprae. Por outro lado, os alelos -1082A,-819C e -592C determinaram menor produÃÃo de IL-10 em indivÃduos com hansenÃase. / Leprosy is a world problem of health and Brazil has the second higher rates of new cases in the world. It is considered an endemic disease at Cearà and a total of 1,952 new cases were detected, reaching a detection rate of 22.8/100,000 inhabitants. The interaction between the M. leprae and different T cells stimulates the production of a Th1 or a Th2 pattern of cytokines, which are responsible for the different clinical forms of leprosy. Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-&#947; and TNF-&#945;) were found in tuberculoid skin lesions while Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were found in lepromatoid lesions. Leprosy is influenced by many distinct factors, among them, genetic factors are the most studied at this moment. Cytokine genes seem to influence the interaction between the pathogen and the host and contribute to the development or not of the disease. The IL-10 is an antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine which has too much polymorphic promoter regions with microsatellites and SNPs. Different haplotypes are associated to distinct levels of cytokine production in vitro. Many studies reported associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and the risk or the protection against many diseases. However, the data reported have been contradictory and most of the associations between these polymorphisms and the production of IL-10 are showed in in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the promoter region polymorphisms of IL-10 influence the cytokine levels production in vivo, during the M. leprae infection. Serum levels of IL-10 were analyzed by ELISA in 181 individuals, 77 of them were leprosy cases, 74 household contacts and 30 healthy controls. Among them, 31 had IL-10 polymorphism typed in the case group, 33 in household contact group and 29 in healthy controls. Cases with polymorphism typed were stratified in low, medium and high levels of cytokine production. Differences in the IL-10 production were compared among leprosy cases (pauci and multibacillary), household contacts, healthy controls, genotypes and alleles distribution found in the groups. Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze mean values of IL-10 levels. No differences were observed between cases, contacts and controls (p=0.7450), pauci and multibacillary (p=0.7898), phenotypes of IL-10 production (low, medium or high) (p=0.4355). A significant difference in the IL-10 levels between cases and controls was found associated to the alleles -1082A,-819C and -592C (p<0.05) and between cases and contacts associated to the alleles -819C and -592C (p<0.05). No differences were found between contacts and controls (p>0.05). In conclusion, the -1082G>A, -819C>T and -592G>C IL-10 genotypes did not influence the IL-10 production or the M. leprae infection outcome. On the other hand, -1082A,-819C e -592C alleles determined a lower production of IL-10 in cases of leprosy. Keywords: Leprosy; Polymorphisms; IL-10; Serum levels; Contacts

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-05-03T12:31:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JACQUELINE FLORES DE OLIVEIRA 2018.pdf: 1047235 bytes, checksum: aa5d647bf60bee68ec295537b66e13f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T12:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JACQUELINE FLORES DE OLIVEIRA 2018.pdf: 1047235 bytes, checksum: aa5d647bf60bee68ec295537b66e13f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-04 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq# / #-2555911436985713659# / #600 / Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder with a prevalence of 8% in the population throughout life. Recent studies have suggested that in PTSD there is the activation of the immune system with the increase of inflammatory mediators, being able to influence the affective behavior and development of comorbidities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of interleukins IL-6 and IL-10 in individuals with PTSD in a population-based sample. This is a case-control study, nested in a populationbased cross-sectional study involving 82 individuals aged 18-35 years living in the urban area of the city of Pelotas / RS. All individuals diagnosed with PTSD were selected, who were not diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), did not report use of psychiatric and anti-inflammatory medications, constituting a group of 41 individuals. Of these, 41 other individuals with the same clinical characteristics of the previous group, differentiated only because they did not have PTSD diagnosis, were matched by sex and age, constituting a control group. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with sociodemographic questions and psychoactive substance use. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used for the diagnosis of PTSD and MDD. After the interview, 10 mL of blood was collected. Serum levels of IL-6 and IL10 were measured by the ELISA technique using commercial kits. The group of individuals with PTSD presented a statistically significant increase in the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.002) when compared to the control group. The results presented here suggest that individuals with PTSD may present an activation of the immune system and may be related to a neuroinflammatory process and the development of several clinical complications. / O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) é um transtorno psiquiátrico com uma prevalência de 8% na população ao longo da vida. Estudos recentes têm sugerido que no TEPT há a ativação do sistema imune com o aumento de mediadores inflamatórios, podendo influenciar no comportamento afetivo e desenvolvimento de comorbidades. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os níveis séricos das interleucinas IL-6 e IL-10 em indivíduos com TEPT em uma amostra de base populacional. Trata-se de um estudo de caso-controle aninhado a um estudo transversal de base populacional, envolvendo 82 indivíduos de 18 a 35 anos, residentes na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas/RS. Foram selecionados todos os indivíduos diagnosticados com TEPT, os quais não foram diagnosticados com transtorno depressivo maior (TDM), não relataram uso de medicações psiquiátricas e anti-inflamatórias, constituindo um grupo de 41 indivíduos. Destes, outros 41 indivíduos com as mesmas características clínicas do grupo anterior, diferenciado apenas por não ter diagnóstico de TEPT, foram pareados por sexo e idade, constituindo um grupo controle. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário autoaplicável com questões sociodemográficas e usos de substâncias psicoativas. Para o diagnóstico de TEPT e TDM foi utilizado o Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Após a entrevista foram coletados 10 mL de sangue. Os níveis séricos de IL - 6 e IL-10 foram mensurados através da técnica de ELISA, utilizando kits comerciais. O grupo de indivíduos com TEPT apresentou um aumento estatisticamente significativo nos níveis séricos da citocina pró-inflamatória IL-6 e anti-inflamatória IL-10 (p=0.002) quando comparados ao grupo de indivíduos controle. Os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que indivíduos com TEPT podem apresentar uma ativação do sistema imunológico, podendo estar relacionado com um processo a neuroinflamatório e o desenvolvimento de diversas complicações clínicas.

A l’instar des lymphocytes T régulateurs, l’étude de populations lymphocytaires B au potentiel immunosuppresseur a émergé ces dernières années. La capacité immunosuppressive des lymphocytes B régulateurs CD24hi CD38hi passant notamment par leur capacité à exprimer l’IL-10 a été mise en évidence dans plusieurs pathologies notamment chez les patients atteints de maladies auto-immunes. En transplantation rénale, le rôle de ces cellules dans la tolérance du greffon a également été suggéré. Néanmoins, la caractérisation de ces cellules semble très controversée et complexe. En effet à ce jour, il n’a été mis en évidence aucun marqueur spécifique permettant d’identifier clairement cette population régulatrice chez l’homme. L’analyse transcriptomique de ces cellules issues de donneurs sains nous a permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux marqueurs qui leur sont associés tels que CD9, CD10, CD5, ICOS-L (inducible T cell co-stimulator ligand), GARP (glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant protein) et CD1b. Nous avons pu montrer que la présence de ces marqueurs était corrélée à l’expression d’IL-10 et que l’expression de CD1b sur les cellules CD24hi CD38hi était associée à une augmentation de la capacité suppressive de ces cellules. La présence de ces cellules CD1b+ a également été retrouvée en plus forte proportion chez les patients traités par belatacept identifiés comme présentant un meilleur pronostic clinique du greffon. Des résultats préliminaires suggèrent également que d’autres mécanismes peuvent être impliqués dans la fonction immunorégulatrice des LB CD24hi CD38hi comme la sécrétion de cytokines régulatrices telles que l’IL-35. L’identification de ces molécules permet d’améliorer la caractérisation et la compréhension des mécanismes immunorégulateurs de ces cellules et pourrait être d’une grande aide pour le monitoring immunologique de la réponse humorale en transplantation. / Like for regulatory T cells, many studies on B cells immunoregulatory functions have emerged in the past few years. The immunosuppressive capacity of CD24hiCD38hi regulatory B cells known for their ability to produce IL-10 has been demonstrated in several pathologies, in particular in autoimmune diseases. In kidney transplant, the role of these cells in graft tolerance has also been suggested. So far, accurate phenotypic and functional analyses of these Breg are still lacking. Transcriptomic miccroarray analysis of CD24hiCD38hi B cells from healthy donors led us to identify new phenotypic markers as CD9, CD10, CD5, ICOS-L (inducible T cell co-stimulator ligand), GARP (glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant protein) and CD1b. We showed a link between this markers and IL-10 expression and we demonstrated that a CD1b marker on CD24hiCD38hi B cells was associated with an increase of regulatory properties. Breg CD24hiCD38hiCD1b+ was also found in higher frequencies in kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept. Finally, preliminary results also suggest that other regulatory mechanisms may be involved in immunoregulatory function of CD24hiCD38hi B cells, especially through immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-35. The identification of these molecules can improve characterization and understanding of immune-regulatory mechanisms of these cells and could be helpful in humoral response immuno-monitoring in transplantation.

Background: Mast cells are known for their role in allergy, asthma, and systemic anaphylaxis, and have been shown to play a role in inflammatory disease. Interleukin-10 can regulate inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo, and may be a natural regulator of mast cell activation.Objective: To examine Interleukin-10 mediated regulation of FcεRI expression and related downstream signaling molecules, and to determine how this affects mast cell function in vitro and in vivo.Methods: Mast cell FcεRI expression was evaluated with and without IL-10 treatment in human lung and skin mast cells, and on peritoneal mast cells from mice overexpressing IL-10 via injection or a transgenic model. Mast cell function was evaluated by observing responses of IL-10 treated mice to passive systemic anaphylaxis.Results: Interleukin-10 inhibited FcεRI expression on mouse and human mast cells, both in vitro and in vivo. IL-10 also suppressed expression of the key signaling molecules Syk, Fyn, Akt and Stat5. Mice chronically overexpressing IL-10 had a reduced response to passive systemic anaphylaxis, indicating impaired mast cell activation.Conclusion: Interleukin-10 suppresses mast cell FcεRI expression in vitro and in vivo, and reduces IgE-mediated activation. The anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 may relate to its suppression of critical signaling molecules.Clinical Implications: Interleukin-10 polymorphism is associated with increased IgE levels and incidence of atopic disease; hence IL-10 dysregulation may affect atopic etiology. Further, IL-10 therapy is a possible treatment for atopic allergy and asthma.