Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlessandraOB_TESE.pdf: 2846453 bytes, checksum: 1148dc96b6abed48f2fbdd4d634b334d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / O carcinoma epiderm?ide oral (CEO) apresenta uma tend?ncia marcante de invadir o osso quando localizado em palato duro e rebordo. O mecanismo preciso desta invas?o permanece incompletamente descrito, apesar de sugerirem na literatura que a destrui??o ?ssea, invas?o e met?stase seja mediada por osteoclastos e n?o diretamente por c?lulas do carcinoma. As mol?culas RANK/RANKL /OPG s?o fundamentais na oesteoclastog?nese, assim como a IL-6 que regula suas express?es. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a express?o imuno-histoqu?mica de fatores de reabsor??o ?ssea (RANKL e OPG) e da citocina (IL-6) no carcinoma epiderm?ide de palato duro (com invas?o ?ssea) e l?ngua (sem invas?o ?ssea), correlacionando-as com os par?metros clinicopatol?gicos e progn?sticos. A amostra foi constitu?da por 30 carcinomas epiderm?ides com invas?o ?ssea (localizados no palato) e 31 sem invas?o ?ssea (localizados na l?ngua). Foram avaliados a intensidade e a m?dia das c?lulas tumorais, estromais e inflamat?rias imunomarcadas para os anticorpos anti-RANKL, anti-OPG e anti-IL-6, no front de invas?o e no centro tumoral. O escore (s) da imunorreatividade das c?lulas foi estabelecido atrav?s da multiplica??o do percentual de c?lulas positivas (P) pelo valor da intensidade da marca??o (I) (S = P x I), em cinco campos (400?). A an?lise da express?o da prote?na RANKL foi significativamente mais expressa (p=0,002) nas c?lulas inflamat?rias, com tend?ncia h? uma maior express?o nas c?lulas dos carcinomas epiderm?ides do palato duro. Entre os par?metros clinicopatol?gicos foi observado associa??o do RANKL com o pior progn?stico, com signific?ncia estat?stica apenas para o est?gio avan?ado do tumor (p= 0,033). A OPG demonstrou fraca express?o tanto nos casos de l?ngua (0,77 ?1,85) quanto de palato duro (1,32 ? 2,48), com aus?ncia de signific?ncia estat?stica (p>0,05). Em rela??o aos par?metros clinicopatol?gicos a OPG apresentou tend?ncia de associa??o com o pior progn?stico, com associa??o estat?stica significante para o ?bito (p=0,048) e invas?o perivascular (p=0,047). A IL-6 foi significantemente mais expressa (p<0,001) em c?lulas tumorais e inflamat?rias nos carcinomas epiderm?ides de palato duro. E dentre os par?metros clinicopatol?gicos, a IL-6 apresentou tend?ncia de associa??o com o bom progn?stico, com diferen?a estat?stica para a aus?ncia de met?stase e as c?lulas tumorais (p = 0,020), estromais (p = 0,027) e inflamat?rias (p = 0,017). Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que a IL-6 pode ser utilizada como um marcador do carcinoma epiderm?ide oral com invas?o ?ssea, e que a rela??o RANKL/OPG est? alterada no carcinoma epiderm?ide oral

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T13:05:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaJensenDidonet_TESE.pdf: 2583824 bytes, checksum: 051c963d447673a358cc7bee29ee8629 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-18T13:26:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaJensenDidonet_TESE.pdf: 2583824 bytes, checksum: 051c963d447673a358cc7bee29ee8629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T13:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaJensenDidonet_TESE.pdf: 2583824 bytes, checksum: 051c963d447673a358cc7bee29ee8629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / A depress?o reduz a qualidade de vida do indiv?duo, compromete a funcionalidade profissional e social e ? considerada a principal causa para incapacidade em termos de anos perdidos no curso da doen?a. Apesar da severidade relatada, ainda n?o h? uma compreens?o clara dos substratos neurais alterados na depress?o, por isso o estudo de modelos animais que investiguem a etiologia deste transtorno torna-se extremamente necess?rio. Este trabalho buscou comparar altera??es bioqu?micas no soro, c?rtex pr?frontal (CPF) e hipocampo de camundongos submetidos a dois modelos animais de depress?o: desamparo aprendido e administra??o do lipopolissacar?deo de E.Coli (LPS). O teste de desamparo aprendido resultou em m?dia 70 % de animais desamparados, verificado pela falha em escapar aos choques 24 h e 48 h ap?s a sess?o de indu??o do desamparo. Os 30 % restantes foram considerados resilientes. Os animais desamparados apresentaram mais dano oxidativo no CPF e soro, quando comparados aos animais controles. N?o houve diferen?a entre desamparados e resilientes, por?m, foi observada correla??o positiva entre o dano oxidativo no soro e CPF e o comportamento desamparado. A concentra??o das citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias IL-1?, TNF?, IL-6 e antiinflamat?ria IL-10 no CPF e hipocampo dos animais submetidos ao desamparo e controles n?o foi diferente entre os grupos, por?m houve correla??o positiva entre a citocina IL-6 no hipocampo e o comportamento desamparado dos animais. A atividade da enzima indolamina 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa nos animais submetidos ao modelo do desamparo e controles. A administra??o sist?mica de LPS (0,8 mg/kg i.p.) induziu um comportamento doentio nos animais, caracterizado por diminui??o da ingest?o de ?gua e comida, perda de peso e altera??o da temperatura retal 6 h ap?s a inje??o. Em 24 h o estado doentio diminuiu, por?m, os animais que receberam LPS apresentaram imobilidade aumentada no teste de suspens?o pela cauda em compara??o aos animais que receberam salina. Foi observado mais dano oxidativo no soro, CPF e hipocampo do grupo LPS em compara??o aos grupos salina e controle. As citocinas IL-?, TNF? no soro, CPF e hipocampo n?o apresentaram nenhuma altera??o, indicando que a inflama??o induzida pela administra??o de LPS foi transit?ria. A citocina IL-6 mostrou-se elevada no CPF do grupo que recebeu LPS em compara??o ao grupo salina, correlacionada positivamente com o comportamento do tipo depressivo dos animais. Os n?veis de IL-10 no hipocampo correlacionaram-se negativamente com o comportamento do tipo depressivo e a atividade da IDO foi aumentada no CPF e diminu?da no hipocampo do grupo LPS. Os resultados apresentados corroboram a hip?tese da ativa??o do sistema imune no evento depressivo e consequente dano oxidativo, verificado em dois modelos animais de depress?o. A ativa??o da IDO variou entre as ?reas analisadas em cada modelo animal. / Major depression has a great impact on an individual?s quality of life and it is considered the leading cause of burden in terms of years lost due to disability. However, despite the severity of depression, the pathophysiology of the disease is still elusive. In this regard, the use of animal models plays an important role in research for the etiology of depression. This work compared biochemical alterations occurring on serum, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus in two animal models of depression: learned helplessness and administration of lipopolyssaccharide from E.Coli (LPS). Learned helplessness protocol used in this work resulted in 70 % of helpless mice, assessed by the inability to escape from electroshocks given 24 h or 48 h after the helpless-induction session. The other 30 % of mice were considered resilient. Helpless animals showed more oxidative damage in PFC and serum when compared to controls. No difference was seen between helpless and resilient groups, but there was a positive correlation between the oxidative damage on serum and PFC and helpless behavior. There was no difference in the concentration of IL-1?, TNF?, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines on PFC and hippocampus of the animals exposed to the learned helplessness test, but there was a significant positive correlation between IL-6 concentration and depressive-like behavior on hippocampus. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme activity was not altered on learned helplessness model. Systemic administration of LPS (0,8 mg/kg) induced sickness behavior on animals characterized by decreased food and water intake, bodyweight loss and altered body temperature 6 h after administration. Sickness behavior is over after 24 h, but LPS-treated mice displayed higher immobility time in the tail suspension test when compared to saline. There was more oxidative damage in serum, PFC and hippocampus of LPS group when compared to saline and controls. No differences on IL-1? and TNF? concentration on serum, PFC and hippocampus of the animals were detected, suggesting a transient nature of the LPS-induced inflammation. LPS-treated group displayed higher concentrations of IL-6 on PFC when compared to saline group, and IL-6 concentration positively correlated to depressive-like behavior. IL-10 concentrations on hippocampus were negatively correlated to depressive-like behavior and IDO activity was increased on PFC and decreased on hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Data presented here corroborate for the hypothesis of immune activation during depressive episodes, then resulting in oxidative damage assessed in two animal models of depression. IDO activity behaved with some specificity in each animal model depending on the brain or systemic area.

O carcinoma espinocelular de boca (CEB) é a neoplasia maligna mais comum da cavidade oral, correspondendo à aproximadamente 94% dos casos dessa região. Apesar dos diversos estudos moleculares e celulares do CEB, a taxa de sobrevida dos pacientes é de aproximadamente 50%, devido principalmente ao tamanho do tumor, metástase em linfonodos regionais, grau de diferenciação das células e sítio anatômico. O microambiente tumoral do CEB, é extremamente complexo e diversificado, tendo como característica principal um estado inflamatório crônico imunossupressivo. Este microambiente é sustentado pela liberação de diferentes citocinas inflamatórias, como IL-6, TNF- - atividades exercidas tanto pelas células tumorais quanto pelas estromais. Dentre essas atividades, tem sido relatado na literatura que as citocinas inflamatórias são capazes de aumentar a migração e a capacidade de invasão das células tumorais. Entre as células estromais, os macrófagos são as mais abundantes e participam da manutenção do microambiente tumoral. De acordo com o estímulo, podem ser polarizados M1, com papel pró-inflamatório e antitumoral, e M2, com papel anti-inflamatório e pró-tumoral. O objetivo desta tese foi compreender o papel dos macrófagos no prognóstico de CEB e das citocinas inflamatórias IL-6, TNF- - linhagens celulares de CEB. Para verificar o papel dos macrófagos no prognóstico, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática na qual foram incluídos apenas os estudos que utilizavam amostra de pacientes com CEB e avaliavam o prognóstico com marcadores para macrófagos. Foi observado que maiores concentrações de macrófagos CD68+ e CD163+ estavam relacionados com pior prognóstico de pacientes com CEB, embora não tenha sido possível concluir qual região tumoral a presença destas células seja mais importante 7 para o desfecho. Para analisar o papel das citocinas inflamatórias IL-6, TNFILensaios in vitro utilizando duas linhagens celulares, SCC25 e Cal27, em condições promotoras de migração sob a influência dessas citocinas. Foi observado que a citocina IL-6 foi capaz de aumentar a velocidade de migração e a direcionalidade tanto da SCC25 quanto da Cal 27 e que esta melhora na capacidade migratória ocorreu através de um crosstalk entre a via de sinalização relacionada a IL6 (STAT3) e a via reguladora de migração celular, Rho GTPase Rac1. Estes dados reforçam o papel do microambiente tumoral no processo de progressão tumoral e sugerem potenciais alvos terapêuticos como a modulação do perfil da população de macrófagos e o papel de interleucinas no controle de invasão tecidual e metástase. / Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, corresponding to approximately 94% of the cases in this region. Despite the diverse molecular and cellular studies of OSCC, the patient survival rate is approximately 50%, mainly due to tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, cell differentiation and anatomic site. The OSCC tumor microenvironment is extremely complex and diverse, with the main characteristic being an immunosuppressive chronic inflammatory state. This microenvironment is supported by the release of different inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF- - and enhance the activities of both tumor and stromal cells. Among these activities, it has been reported in the literature that inflammatory cytokines are capable of increasing migration and invasiveness of tumor cells. Among stromal cells, macrophages are the most abundant and participate in the maintenance of the tumor microenvironment. According to the stimulus, macrophages can be polarized in M1, with pro-inflammatory and anti-tumoral role, and M2, with antiinflammatory and pro-tumoral role. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of macrophages in the prognosis of OSCC and the influence of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF- - OSCC cell lines. To assess the role of macrophages in the prognosis, a systematic review was conducted in which only studies using a sample of OSCC patients were evaluated and the prognosis was evaluated with macrophage markers. It was observed that higher concentrations of CD68 + and CD163 + macrophages were related to worse prognosis in patients with OSCC, although it was not possible to conclude which tumor region the presence of these cells is more important for the outcome. In order to analyze the role of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF- - atory 9 behavior of OSCC cells, in vitro assays using two cell lines, SCC25 and Cal27, were performed in migration-promoting conditions under the influence of these cytokines. It was observed that IL-6 was able to increase the speed migration and directionality of both SCC25 and Cal 27 and that this improvement in migratory capacity occurred through a crosstalk between the IL6-related signaling pathway (STAT3) and cell migration-related pathway, RhoGTPase Rac1. These data reinforce the role of the tumor microenvironment in the tumor progression process and suggest potential therapeutic targets such as the modulation of the profile of the macrophages population and the role of interleukins in the control of tissue invasion and metastasis.

O câncer é um problema de saúde pública mundial, apresentando acréscimo na sua incidência a cada ano. O seu processo de evolução ainda não foi completamente desvendado, dificultando a elaboração de terapias adequadas. Na busca por um melhor prognóstico, pesquisas recentes têm discutido o papel das citocinas inflamatórias, do nicho perivascular e das células-tronco nos mecanismos de desenvolvimento e manutenção dos tumores malignos. Os tumores de glândula salivar representam uma pequena porcentagem das patologias malignas da região de cabeça e pescoço, podendo ocorrer em adultos e em crianças. O diagnóstico dificilmente é precoce e a taxa de sobrevida é extremamente baixa comparada aos demais tumores da região. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo estudar as células provenientes dos tumores de glândula salivar do tipo adenoide cístico (CAC) e adenocarcinoma NOS (AdNOS) quanto ao seu perfil imunofenotípico, quanto à existência ou não de células-tronco tumorais nessa população, bem como investigar possíveis modificações na ativação de STAT3, Akt e ERK (moléculas envolvidas em vias de sinalização de manutenção do tumor), quando em contato com fatores secretados por células endoteliais. Foram coletados 5 CACs e 4 AdNOS, no Hospital da Universidade de Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, EUA), durante 2010 e 2012. As células foram isoladas e caracterizadas em citometria de fluxo em P0 e P7, demonstrando um perfil de células CD44+ALDH+Lin- variando de 0,33 a 3,19% e 0,36 a 2,00%, respectivamente, entre 5 linhagens avaliadas. Na avaliação por western blotting, a e-caderina, o Snail e a actina de músculo liso foram ausentes em todos os tipos tumorais, enquanto que a citoqueratina 20 (Ck20) foi presente apenas nos AdNOS. Comparando os tumores com suas metástases, a presença de Ck20, p63 e β-catenina foi semelhante, enquanto que citoqueratina 7, a vimentina e o Bmi-1 foram maiores nas metástases. Tanto os AdNOS quanto CACs apresentaram receptores para IL-6, IL-8 e EGF. Foi observado que mediadores solúveis liberados pelas células endoteliais foram capazes de fosforilar STAT3, Akt e ERK em todas as células salivares estudadas, no entanto, a proteína recombinante humana IL-6, isoladamente, não foi capaz de ativar Akt. Orosferas foram geradas em todos os tipos tumorais, demonstrando o potencial de auto-renovação celular. Um maior número de esferas foi observado nas células metastáticas em relação às primárias. Células CD44+ALDH+, comparadas com CD44-ALDH-, geraram mais esferas, quando plaqueadas em alta densidade (5.000 células). No entanto, o inverso foi encontrado, quando uma única célula foi utilizada para o ensaio (p>0,05). Devido à dificuldade de obtenção e manipulação de células de tumores de glândula salivar, ainda há muito que se investigar mecanisticamente. Considerando a fosforilação de STAT3 na presença de IL-6, semelhante ao verificado em outros tumores, o uso de anticorpos contra IL-6, talvez sejam uma opção no futuro. / Cancer is a public health problem worldwide, with an increase in incidence every year. The process of its evolution is still not completely understood, hindering the development of appropriate therapies. In the search for a better prognosis, recent reports have discussed the role of inflammatory cytokines, perivascular niche and stem cells in the mechanisms of development and maintenance of malignant tumors. The salivary gland tumors represent a small percentage of malignancies of the head and neck and can occur in both adults and children. Early diagnosis is difficult and the survival rate is extremely low compared to other tumors in the same region. Thus, this study aimed to study cells from the adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and adenocarcinoma NOS (AdNOS) tumors of salivary gland regarding its immunophenotypic profile and the existence or absence of tumor stem cells in this population, as well as investigate possible changes in the activation of STAT3, Akt and ERK (molecules involved in signaling pathways of tumor maintenance), when exposed to factors secreted by endothelial cells. ACCs (n=5) and AdNOS (n=4) were collected at the Hospital of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), during 2010 to 2012. Cells were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry at P0 and P7, showing a profile of ALDH+CD44+Lin- ranging from 0.33% to 3.19% and 0.36% and 2.00%, respectively, between 5 cell lines evaluated. In the protein profile, e-cadherin, Snail and SMA were absent in all tumor types. Ck20 was present only in AdNOS. Comparing primary tumors and their metastases, the presence of Ck20, and p63 β-catenin was similar, while Ck7, vimentin and Bmi-1 were higher in metastases. Both AdNOS as ACCs had receptors for IL-6, IL-8 and EGF. It was observed that soluble mediators released by endothelial cells were able to activate STAT3, Akt and ERK phosphorylation in all cells studied. However, recombinant human IL-6 alone was not able to activate Akt. Orospheres were generated in all tumor types, indicating the potential for cellular self-renewal. Highest number of spheres was observed in metastatic cells compared to primary. ALDH+CD44+ cells compared to ALDH-CD44- generated more spheres when plated in high density (5,000 cells), however, the opposite was found when one single cell seed was evaluated (p> 0.05). There is doubt if these cell markers would be consider for a stem cell model in salivary tumors. Due to the difficulty of obtaining and manipulating salivary gland tumor cells, there is still much to investigate mechanistically. As the phosphorylation of STAT3, in the presence of IL-6, was similar to that observed in other tumors, the use of antibodies against IL-6, may be an option in the future.

Objetivos: Avaliar associações da velocidade de crescimento com marcadores inflamatórios e dose cumulativa de glicorticóide em uma coorte de pacientes com Artrite Idiopática Juvenil acompanhados por 1 ano. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados 79 pacientes com AIJ segundo critérios da ILAR. A atividade clínica da doença foi classificada por médicos reumatologistas pediátricos. Os dados antropométricos foram mensurados e classificados de acordo com as normas da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram utilizadas curvas de velocidade de crescimento segundo Tanner; considerou-se baixa velocidade de crescimento valores de escore Z ≤ -2. Concentrações séricas de IL-6 foram mensuradas por ELISA no período basal, e valores acima de 1 pg/ml foram considerados elevados. Resultados: Baixa velocidade de crescimento teve uma prevalência de 25,3% e esteve associada com atividade da doença no período do seguimento (p=0,085), valores elevados de IL-6 (interleucina-6) (p=0,003), velocidade de sedimentação globular (VSG) (p=0,022) e proteína C reativa (PCR) (p=0,001) e maior dosagem cumulativa de glicocorticóide (0=0,044). Na regressão linear múltipla tendo como variável dependente a velocidade de crescimento, observou-se que somente os níveis elevados de IL-6 foram independente e negativamente associados com a velocidade de crescimento (p=0,025). Conclusão: Baixa velocidade de crescimento é altamente prevalente em crianças com AIJ. Níveis elevados de IL-6 têm um importante impacto negativo no crescimento desses pacientes, enquanto a exposição ao glicocorticóide total parece ser um fator secundário. / Objective: To evaluate associations of growth velocity with inflammatory markers and cumulative dose of glucocorticoid in a cohort of patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) followed during 1 year. Methods: Seventy-nine patients were evaluated by criteria according to the ILAR. The disease activity was evaluated by a pediatric rheumatologist. The anthropometic data were measured and classified according to the World Health Organization standards. Growth velocity curves were used according to Tanner, values below the Z-score ≤ -2 were considered low growth velocity. Serum concentrations of IL-6 were measured by ELISA in the baseline period, and values over 1pg/ml were considered as elevated. Results: The prevalence of low growth velocity was 25.3%, and it was associated with: active disease on follow-up visit (p=0,085), elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p=0,003), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p=0,022) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0,001) and higher cumulative glucocorticoid doses (0=0,044). In the multiple linear regression with growth velocity as the dependent variable, only elevated IL-6 levels were independently and negatively associated with growth velocity (p=0,025). Conclusion: Low growth velocity is highly prevalent in children with JIA. Elevated IL-6 levels seem to have an important negative impact on growth in these children, while total glucocorticoid exposure appears to be a secondary factor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo9594_1.pdf: 387191 bytes, checksum: 6e165c4c1d5b7a1de372a0305283d68c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O câncer cervical (CC) é o segundo tipo de câncer mais comum a afetar mulheres em todo mundo. O Papillomavírus humano (HPV) é encontrado em 99% dos casos de CC e a infecção por esse vírus é considerado um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer. Muitos estudos tem demonstrado uma relação entre polimorfismos nos genes de citocinas e doenças infecciosas. Polimorfismos nos genes da Interleucina-6 (IL-6) e o Fator de Crescimento Transformador (TGF) &#946;1, importantes mediadores do sistema imunológico, tem sido associados com níveis séricos elevados destas citocinas e no desenvolvimento de muitas doenças e tipos de cânceres. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se o SNP -174G/C do gene da IL-6 e T869C e G915C do gene do TGF-&#946;1 estão relacionados com o desenvolvimento de Neoplasias Intraepiteliais Cervicais (NIC). 115 amostras de pacientes saudáveis e 115 de pacientes com lesões foram analisadas. As análises dos SNP foram realizadas através do sequenciamento automático de DNA utilizando o MEGABACE 1000 . Os genótipos do polimorfismo -174G/C da IL-6 que possuem pelo menos um alelo C parecem estar envolvidos no desenvolvimento de NIC induzida pelo HPV (p=0.05232). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre as frequências alélicas e genotípicas dos polimorfismos da TGF-&#946;1 nos dois grupos analisados. Além disso, polimorfismos nos genes da IL-6 e TGF-&#946;1 não estão envolvidos na progressão do CIN. Este estudo sugere que o polimorfismo -174G/C do gene da IL-6 pode ser usado como um gene marcador da susceptibilidade a infecção pelo HPV, mas não como um marcador de progressão de NIC na população Pernambucana

Introduktion: Inflammation är en bidragande orsak till flera av dagens folksjukdomar t ex diabetes, ateroskleros, neurodegenerativa sjukdomar och vissa former av cancer. Inflammation karaktäriseras av en 2-4 gånger förhöjd nivå av anti- och proinflammatoriska cytokiner (framför allt IL-6 och TNF-a) samt ökad halt C-reaktivt protein. Idag behandlas inflammation i första hand med NSAID-preparat. Då träning frisätter antiinflammatoriska cytokiner är syftet med detta arbete att undersöka om det finns vetenskapliga bevis för att träning skulle kunna vara en behandlingsmetod vid låggradig systemisk inflammation. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom att studera och utvärdera vetenskapliga artiklar inom området, framför allt översiktsartiklar och kliniska studier, vilka har erhållits genom sökning i vetenskapliga databaser. Resultat: Resultaten från studierna som mäter den antiinflammatoriska effekten av träning pekar på att träning minskar halten av TNF-a och CRP samt ökar halten av IL-6. NSAID verkar sänka nivån TNF-a, IL-6 och CRP. Vid inflammatoriska tillstånd ses en förhöjd halt IL-6, som produceras från T-celler och makrofager och som effekt av ökande halt TNF-a. I samband med träning ses en ökning av IL-6 från den kontraherande muskeln. IL-6 från muskler verkar ge såväl en metabolisk som en antiinflammatorisk effekt genom att påverka lipidmetabolismen respektive minska utsöndringen av TNF-a. Slutsats: Träning höjer halten IL-6, vilket även leder till en hämning av TNF-a. Den här studien kan dock inte avgöra om NSAID eller träning har bäst effekt för att minska systemisk låggradig inflammation.

Master of Public Health / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / John A. Pickrell / Beef cattle feed lots produce significant, local point source pollution of the atmosphere. The dusts generated in the CAFOs are complex mixture of fine and ultra fine particles, organic compounds, transition metals, and adsorbed toxic gases. Since each component is toxic in itself, we do not fully understand the relative importance of each component in the dust and their interactions to inducing inflammatory changes in the lung. We did extensive literature searches to understand the mechanism of dust toxicity in respiratory system. This lead to focusing on solubility of dust in lung simulant fluid, and in-vitro study of release of two common biomarkers of inflammatory processes IL-6 and IL-8 from lung epithelial cells. Various concentrations (1 to 50%) of the dust extract induced release of IL-6, and IL-8 from lung epithelial cell as indicators of pro-inflammatory changes (IL-6), and amplification and maintenance of inflammation (IL-8). IL-6 release had dose dependence; peak production was seen with 25% dust extract. IL-8 production went down as the concentration of the dust extract increased from 1% to 25%. However, 50% dust extract was cytotoxic to the cell leading to 10-15% cell viability. At non-cytotoxic concentrations for lung epithelial cells, production of IL-8 was reduced. These findings suggested that higher exposure concentration were required to initiate inflammation as indicated by IL-6 release. Lower exposure concentrations (1 and 5% extracts) were related to optimal release of IL-8 needed to amplify and maintain the inflammatory response. Inhibition of endotoxin didn't significantly change the pattern of IL-6 or IL-8 release from epithelial cells. This finding suggested that at least a portion of the mechanism by which particle induced cytokine release from the lung epithelial cells was not endotoxin dependent. Heating samples at 1200C for 5 minutes modified some of the toxic properties of the dust extracts but didn't completely detoxify it. We observed that longer incubation period was required to peak release for both IL-6 and IL-8. However, the higher concentration of sample (50% extract) found to be cytotoxic in non-heat treated sample was no longer cytotoxic and induced both IL-6 and IL-8 release from the lung epithelial cells. This result suggested that heat treatment could reduce some of the dust extract's cytotoxic properties. However, the extract's potential to induce peak cytokine release increased.

Irrespective of plentiful efforts to enhance primary prevention and early detection, the number of melanoma cases in the United States has increased steadily over the past 30 years, thus greatly affecting public health and the economy. We have investigated the effects of five novel aPKC inhibitors; 2-acetyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione (ACPD), 3,4-Diaminonaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (DNDA), [4-(5-amino-4-carbamoylimidazol-1-yl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl] methyl dihydrogen phosphate (ICA-1T) along with its nucleoside analog 5-amino-1-((1R,2S,3S,4R)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA-1S) and 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid (ζ-Stat) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of two malignant melanoma cell lines compared to normal melanocyte cell lines. Molecular docking data suggested that both ACPD and DNDA specifically bind to protein kinase C-zeta (PKC-ζ) and PKC-iota (PKC-ι) while both ICA-1 compounds specifically bind to PKC-ι, and ζ-Stat showed a high affinity towards PKC-ζ. Kinase activity assays were carried out to confirm these observations. Results suggest that PKC-ι is involved in melanoma malignancy than PKC-ζ. Both isoforms promote the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and protein kinase B (AKT) thereby supporting survival and progression. In addition, we demonstrated that PKC-ι induced the metastasis of melanoma cells by activating Vimentin, and PKC-ι inhibition downregulated epithilial-mesencymal transition (EMT), while inducing apoptosis. Of note, PKC-ἱ specific inhibitors downregulated the expression of both PKC-ι and phosphorylated PKC-ι, suggesting that PKC-ι plays a role in regulating its own expression in melanoma. We also report the underlaying mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of PKC-ι (PRKCI gene) expression in melanoma. c-Jun, interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), paired box gene 3 (PAX3), early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), which bind on or near the promoter sequence of the PRKCI gene, were analyzed for their role in PKC-ι regulation in SK-MEL-2 and MeWo cell lines. We silenced selected transcription factors using siRNA, and the results revealed that the silencing of c-Jun and FOXO1 significantly altered the expression of PRKCI. The levels of both phosphorylated and total PKC-ι increased upon FOXO1 silencing and decreased upon c-Jun silencing, suggesting that c-Jun acts as an upregulator, while FOXO1 acts as a downregulator of PRKCI expression. We also used a multiplex ELISA to analyze multiple pathways other than NF-κB that were affected by treatment with PKC-ι inhibitor. The silencing of NF-κB p65 and PKC-ι by siRNA suggested that the regulation of PKC-ι expression was strongly associated with FOXO1. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in the mRNA levels of both interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, with a significant increase in the levels of IL-17E and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) upon the knockdown of expression of PKC-ι in both cell lines. This suggested that PKC-ι expression was affected by these cytokines in an autocrine manner. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that PKC-ι inhibition suppresses its own expression, diminishing oncogenic signaling, while upregulating anti-tumor signaling, thus rendering it an effective novel biomarker for use in the design of novel targeted therapeutics for melanoma.

Prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastases have been reported in ~90% of patients with advanced disease. Bone metastases disrupt tissue homeostasis and weaken the skeleton, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures and morbidity. Specifically, PCa cells disrupt the crosstalk between critical cells within the tumor/bone microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells), and utilize this effector-rich environment for cancer survival and growth. Therefore, a key therapeutic objective in malignant skeletal disease management is to eliminate tumors while restoring bone homeostasis. Current treatments include palliative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or anti-RANK treatments, all of which have considerable side effects such as osteonecrosis of the jaw or enhanced tumor invasion. There remains a critical gap in therapies than can reduce tumor burden and simultaneously restore bone homeostasis. To address this gap, our work explores emerging gene therapy approaches for treating skeletal malignancies by utilizing multifunctional cytokine-based agents that can simultaneously combat tumor growth and promote bone regeneration.<div><br></div><div>We hypothesize that rationally designed cytokine-based gene therapies that can be secreted from skeletal muscle and targeted to the bone/tumor microenvironment, could effectively reduce tumor growth and restore bone cell homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, we adopted two strategies: 1) a second-generation targeted IL-27 cytokine, and 2) a de novodesign of a cytokine-like therapeutic agent (Propeptide) that includes anti-tumorigenic and pro-osteogenic domains. Both strategies share modules with overlapping therapeutic functions, rendering them complementary in their therapeutic application. In this work, we examined the proof of principle for propeptide gene therapy in muscle cells (in vitro models) and assessed the therapeutic efficacy of our cytokine-based biologics in reducing prostate tumor growth and rebalancing bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Our studies resulted in a propeptide construct representative of a cytokine structure comprised of a bundle of helices that we were able to express in cells. Additionally, our work demonstrated the targeting and anti-tumor efficacy of our therapeutic cytokines in cancer and bone cell models. Ultimately, this will provide the framework for innovative peptide and cytokine-based therapeutics that target and treat both the tumor metastases and bone. This approach will facilitate improvement of morbidity and quality of life of prostate cancer patients with bone metastases and could be applicable to other diseases with bone/tumor pathologies. <br><div><br></div></div>