The main purpose of the integrated marketing communication is to consolidate various marketing modes, to provide customers and prospects with clear and consistent information, and to bring the most benefits of communications. In these years, the direct-selling businesses have stepped on the right track, and have expelled the illegal or weak brands from this market. The existing companies and products are with competition-advantageous brands in the MLM market. The integrated marketing communications are becoming more important as it makes the customers focus on the uniqueness of the products and buy the products. This study discovers that the Bionatural (¦Ê¤ºº¸) Co. has achieved the merits of delivering clear and consistent image and information in using integrated marketing communication. It is in an advantageous position in the niche market that the Bionatural (¦Ê¤ºº¸) Co. held the rights of selling high-tech products in the 21st century. The purpose of multi-level marketing is the personnel marketing. It is using the principle of multiple markets and through the sharing power of customers¡¦ public praise in nice response, to set up a large selling system, and to let these customers obtain rational rewards. So it is not like any traditional companies using stores to sell their products. With fully utilizing communication tools, besides the traditional communication model of one-to-one, every direct selling co. in this study has used TV, newspapers, broadcast, magazines, and network to shape a clear image. This study provides 6 items of suggestion for the direct selling co. in the planning of integrated marketing communications: 1. Attach importance to the integrated marketing communications for companies and sellers synchronously. 2. Grasp the market¡¦s changes and trends. 3. Operate with the emphasis on major customers. 4. Focus on every opportunity where the brand comes to interface. 5. Utilize the various tools of communications to result in a better reword plan. 6. Incorporate network marketing resources to enhance the image of direct selling co.

Abstract Since parts of audio broadcasting channels were open, the audio broadcasting company of the business competes to tend the vehemence more, the marketing policy of the audio broadcasting company is also continuously innovative, each audio broadcasting company through the united broadcasting of the system, operate with consociation or the strategic alliance etc. method extends him to listen to the scope, rising the audience rating and popularity. New audio broadcasting company of the business make use of the idea of the Integrated Marketing Communication to be used as its main strategy to consider and the tactics is used as, and rising successful to grow in the commerce, led the tendency in this field. Integrated Marketing Communication to make use of and the result is a purpose of study of this research. The plan of this research aim at the ninth turn to open in the audio broadcasting company of the middle power, he make use of the actual situation of the Integrated Marketing Communication to take into the interview, record, investigate and inquire into, special choice of this research is among them biggest of the scale the syndication, the Sunshine United Broadcasting Network to an example, this research acquire of the conclusion is following: 1. It is very important that explicit audio broadcasting company position the management of the audio broadcasting company in present, for audio broadcasting company in the aspects of programming program strategy and selling, can provide to know of according to follow the principle, integrating the audio broadcasting company the inner part the resource, and announce the claim of the communication of the consistent, reaching the result of Integrated Marketing Communication. 2. Under limitedly of the resource the term, from make use of the tool of the marketing arbitrarily, turning into the Integrated Marketing Communication, and further investigate the analysis to be used as the resource the coordination the basis of the application. 3. Should enhance the publicity of the audio broadcasting company, with exaltation audio broadcasting company popularity, and establish the database of the audience, keep on renewing to maintain the usefulness of the database, from serve any consumer, change is serve particular consumer, support and audience of long-term relation. 4. The audio broadcasting company which counts on the advertisement revenue, should operate the relation of the consumer, provide diverse interactive ways to contact and communicate with consumers to build up permanent relationships, enhance the relationship network of each other, maintaining the benefits of each other. 5. Carry on Integrated Marketing Communication which is from outside in, regarding need of the audience and the customer of the advertisement as the core of the marketing policy, according to need of the audience and the customer of the advertisement, establish to order good and valid method of the marketing and ways, develop the strategy of the persuasion of the message, message that establish the audio broadcasting company and audience and the customer of the advertisement to give something back to and interact the relation, keeping on with consumer for direction of marketing policy. 6. The core marketing strategies of program quality, the celebrity hosts, activities, advertise and public relationships should be adopted and integrated with extended tactics. While asking for the customer of the advertisement, integrating the marketing communication strategies with plan of the program, the programming of the time and promotion project etc. To coordinate the actual need of advertises customers and resources of the audio broadcasting company.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The reality of today is that companies are spending more and more money on commercial spots. The “highlight” of the year is Super Bowl, where a 30-second ad costs more than $2 million to run. Advertising agencies are using their role as communicators by competing with each other with no interest in the product. The marketing guru Al Ries released a controversial book called “The Fall of Advertising and the Rise of PR” (2002) together with his daughter Laura Ries. In this book they are at-tacking the traditional advertising industry and claim that it has lost its credibility and above all, public relations is a more effective tool in brand building. The Rieses also favors PR in the in-troduction phase of a new brand.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to investigate agencies’ view of public relations role relative to traditional advertising in the intro-duction phase of a new brand.</p><p>The authors have used a qualitative study where the purpose will be achieved by performing in-depth face to face interviews with three respondents, which has a deep knowledge within the PR and the traditional advertising industry.</p><p>Whether PR as a promotional tool is viewed as more effective relative to traditional advertising in the introduction of a new brand one has to consider different variables. PR is more effec-tive when it comes to credibility, cost, and clutter. However, a major drawback is the control. Also, one has to consider the at-tributes of the brand since there are brands that are more PR “friendly” than others.</p>

This thesis has been created as a response to the growing interest among small and medium-sized business-to-business software developers to internationalise in order to grow their businesses. The initial study of the problem lead to the insight that a strategic mix of communication channels is a key success factor for an internationalisation. The purpose of this thesis was therefore determined to be to explore what and how different factors influence the effectiveness and efficiency of a business-to-business marketing communication mix strategy that leverages the brand, in the context of internationalisation of software developing small and medium-sized enterprises. Academic literature within three areas, related to the purpose of the thesis, was identified and discussed and presented in a frame of references. The first area concerned the development process of a strategic business-to-business marketing communication mix. Following this, the culture factor, including how communication is affected by cultural differences, was considered as a relevant area to study and add to the frame of references. Finally, the internationalisation process of business-to-business small and medium-sized enterprises was studied. Based on the study of academic theory, an analytical model was constructed and targeted issues for each area identified for the subsequent empirical study. An explorative case study approach was found to be suitable for the purpose of the thesis. It was performed by conducting qualitative interviews with representatives of the studied case company as well as a selection of its customers. Additional secondary data was withdrawn to triangulate with the primary data for the analysis of culture. By applying the analytical model to analyse the empirical evidence, using the academic theories and models from the frame of references, insights were generated and conclusions could be drawn. The analysis found that a key success factor is to build credibility in the eyes of prospects, regardless of where they are on the journey from being unaware of the company to becoming loyal customers. This is due to the risk avert nature of business-to-business decision makers. The most important factor for establishing credibility is to be able to show strong customer references, which makes nurturing present customer relationships a critical activity for success. Further, it was firmly established that the particularly long sell cycle that characterises the software industry in which the studied case company operates in, requires the communication channels to be integrated in order to be effective for the whole customer journey. Channels through which the communication can be adapted to suit a specific audience should be prioritised. Also, cultural differences and similarities should be considered, especially when it comes to views on power and the level of social restraint in the country to which the internationalisation is directed. The digitalisation of communication is a trend that evidently has a significant impact on the effectiveness of a marketing communication strategy. Digital communication channels are becoming increasingly relevant and suitable for communicating customer references, demonstrating product features and conveying corporate brand messages. By developing a business-to-business digital marketing communication strategy that is culturally adapted, the preconditions for the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises are improved. On a final note, this Master’s thesis has identified a number of factors that influence the effectiveness and efficiency of a business-to-business marketing communication mix strategy that leverages the brand, in the context of internationalisation of software developing small and medium-sized enterprises. While this has contributed to academic theory, the findings concerning how these factors influence the effectiveness and efficiency provide practitioners with actionable insights. It is therefore the belief of the authors of this Master’s thesis that the content of this report can help managers of internationalising software developing small and medium-sized enterprises in their communication strategy development process.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016. / Submitted by Camila Duarte (camiladias@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-02T13:31:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MarinaCostaMachado.pdf: 2485500 bytes, checksum: c2a7a0c18e667e06bd72ba4e028fe740 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-27T18:57:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MarinaCostaMachado.pdf: 2485500 bytes, checksum: c2a7a0c18e667e06bd72ba4e028fe740 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-27T18:57:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MarinaCostaMachado.pdf: 2485500 bytes, checksum: c2a7a0c18e667e06bd72ba4e028fe740 (MD5) / A Síndrome de Down (SD) é uma alteração cromossômica que apresenta alterações fisiológicas e anatômicas características, dentre elas anormalidades pulmonares, cardiopatias congênitas, susceptibilidade a infecções respiratórias, obesidade e hipotonia. Somando-se esses fatores ao fato de que entre esses indivíduos há menor adesão à prática de atividades físicas, é esperado que sejam encontradas alterações de força muscular respiratória (FMR) e capacidade funcional (CF) dos mesmos. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, não-randomizado e controlado que se propôs a analisar e correlacionar a prática de atividade física, IMC, variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e CF entre indivíduos com SD. A amostra foi composta por 20 indivíduos com SD, associados da ASDOWN, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos, de ambos sexos. Em seguida a amostra foi dividida de acordo com o Questionário internacional de atividade física -versão curta (IPAQ) em um grupo ativo (G1), um grupo irregularmente ativo (G2) e um grupo sedentário (G3). Nas análises estatísticas foi aplicado o Teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, a partir daí, para comparação das variáveis entre os grupos foram utilizados a Análise da Variância (ANOVA) ou Kruskal-Wallis; para análise das variáveis categóricas foi aplicado o teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson; para análise da variação pré e pós Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, utilizou-se o teste t pareado ou Wilcoxon e para verificar a correlação entre as variáveis em estudo a análise de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman foi realizada, sendo considerado um nível de significância estatística de (p≤0,05). A média de idade dessa população foi de 26,55 anos (DP± 5,23), massa corporal média de 70,02 Kg (DP± 12,29), altura de 148,35 cm (DP± 6,40), IMC de 31,78 Kg/m² (DP± 4,90). Em relação às variáveis analisadas, o G2 apresentou a menor média de IMC e a maior média de distância total percorrida no TC6M. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos G1 e G3 apenas no momento pós TC6M nas variáveis PAS, PAD e PAM. Notou-se que não foi possível encontrar correlação entre a FMR e a prática de AF, porém foi possível observar a existência de correlação entre o IMC e a prática de AF e DT. Em relação às variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, observamos a variabilidade da FC e PA de acordo com o que é sugerido pela literatura, sendo que correlacionamos a variabilidade da FC com a prática de AF e a variabilidade da PA com a CF. De maneira global, observamos claramente uma diminuição significativa da FMR e da CF de indivíduos com SD, pelo fato dessas variáveis terem se apresentando abaixo dos valores preditos. Não foi possível observar correlação positiva entre a FMR e a prática de AF. Novos estudos na área devem ser realizados para que possam complementar os dados alcançados. / Down syndrome is a chromosomal alteration that results in typical physiological and anatomical changes, among them lung abnormalities, congenital heart defects, susceptibility to respiratory infections, obesity, and hypotonia. Adding these factors to the fact that between these individuals there is less adherence to physical activity, it is expected that changes are found in respiratory muscle strength (RMS) and functional capacity (FC). This is a cross-sectional observational, non-randomized controlled trial that aimed to analyze and correlate physical activity, BMI, cardiorespiratory variables and FC among individuals with DS. The sample consisted of 20 individuals with DS associates of ASDOWN, aged between 20 and 40 years, of both sexes. The sample was divided according to the Internacional physical activity questionare (IPAQ) in an active group (G1), an irregularly active group (G2) and a sedentary group (G3). In the statistical analysis we used the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and to compare the variables between groups we used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis; for analysis of categorical variables we used the chi-square test; for analysis of before and after 6-minute walk test variation, we used the paired t test or Wilcoxon and to verify the correlation between the study variables, the Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was performed, with statistical significance level set at p = 0.05. The average age of this population was 26.55 years (SD ± 5.23), average weight of 70.02 kg (SD ± 12.29), height of 148.35 cm (SD ± 6.40), BMI of 31.78 kg / m² (SD ± 4.90). Regarding the variables analyzed, G2 had the lowest average BMI and the highest average total distance (TD) covered in the 6MWT. There was a significant difference between the groups G1 and G3 only after 6MWT in SBP, DBP, and MAP. It was noted that it was not possible to find correlation between FMR and PA practice, but it was possible to observe the correlation between BMI and the practice of PA and DT. Regarding cardiorespiratory variables, we have observed the variability of HR and BP according to what is suggested in the literature, and we have correlated HR variability with the practice of PA and BP variability with CF. Globally, we have clearly observed a significant reduction in Respiratory Muscular Strength (RMS) and FC individuals with DS, because these variables had values below the predicted values. Was not possible to observe a positive correlation between RMS and PA practice. New studies in the area should be carried out so that they can complement these findings.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto-Sensu em Educação Física, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-03-17T19:20:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PaulaRibeiroMesquita.pdf: 1579664 bytes, checksum: b29bd26fdf5e8763e3a5205a558172f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2016-04-02T12:46:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PaulaRibeiroMesquita.pdf: 1579664 bytes, checksum: b29bd26fdf5e8763e3a5205a558172f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-02T12:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PaulaRibeiroMesquita.pdf: 1579664 bytes, checksum: b29bd26fdf5e8763e3a5205a558172f9 (MD5) / A distribuição da pressão plantar tem sido descrita como uma indicadora das cargas impostas ao sistema musculoesquelético durante as atividades dinâmicas e pode fornecer informações a respeito do funcionamento do pé durante o deslocamento. Objetivo: Descrever e comparar a distribuição da pressão plantar durante o andar e o correr em crianças eutróficas de 4 a 10 anos. Métodos: Foram coletados os dados da pressão plantar de 103 crianças eutróficas entre 4 e 10 anos de idade, utilizando a plataforma Emed n-50® (Novel, Alemanha) durante o andar e o correr em velocidade auto selecionada. O tempo de contato relativo, o pico de pressão e a força máxima e a área de contato absolutas e relativas foram analisados em 5 regiões (calcanhar, mediopé, antepé, hálux e dedos), além da área total do pé. Resultados: As variáveis morfológicas peso, estatura, índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e comprimento do pé apresentaram aumentos graduais e contínuos, enquanto o índice do arco plantar (IAP) sofreu decréscimos com o aumento da idade. As cargas plantares e a área de contato do pé foram maiores durante o correr em relação ao andar, entretanto, foram observados alguns aumentos das variáveis para o andar na região do calcanhar. As diferenças entre o andar e o correr puderam ser observadas tanto para variáveis absolutas quanto para aquelas com valor normalizado. Na análise da correlação entre a pressão plantar e a idade, foi encontrada influência da idade sobre a pressão plantar, com tendência a aumento das variáveis nas regiões do calcanhar, antepé, hálux e dedos, e reduções na área do mediopé. As variáveis morfológicas também apresentam correlações significativas com a distribuição da pressão plantar, principalmente com as variáveis absolutas força máxima e área de contato. A força máxima relativa apresentou correlações negativas com a idade, o peso e a estatura e as correlações significativas com o índice do arco plantar foram encontradas principalmente para a área de contato relativa em todas as regiões do pé e para as demais variáveis na região do mediopé. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que os valores das variáveis de pressão plantar são mais altos para o correr em relação ao andar em crianças de 4 a 10 anos. Maiores cargas plantares podem estar associadas aos aumentos no peso corporal e estatura dos participantes e as tendências de valores crescentes das variáveis plantares no calcanhar, antepé, hálux e dedos, e decrescentes no mediopé, estão possivelmente associadas ao processo de maturação das crianças. Essas relações entre a pressão plantar e o processo maturacional ocorrido com o aumento da idade são corroboradas pelas correlações significativas encontradas entre a pressão plantar, a idade e as variáveis morfológicas. Os dados podem ser utilizados como referência para comparação com estudos que avaliem o andar e o correr de crianças e adultos. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Plantar pressure distribution has been described as an indicator of the load patterns imposed on the musculoskeletal system during dynamic activities and can provide information regarding foot function during motion. Objective: Describe and compare plantar pressure distribution during walking and running in eutrophic children aged 4 to 10 years old. Methods: Plantar pressure distribution data from 103 eutrophic children aged 4 to 10 years old were acquired using the Emed n-50 ® (Novel, Germany) platform during walking and running on self-selected speed. The relative contact time, peak pressure and absolute and relative values of maximum force and contact area were analyzed under 5 foot regions (hindfoot, midfoot, forefoot hallux and toes) and the total area of the foot. Results: Body weight and height, body mass index (BMI) and foot length showed gradual and continuous increases while arch index (AI) was reduced with increasing age. Plantar loads and contact area were higher during running in comparison to walking, however, increases were also observed under the hindfoot during walking. Differences between walking and running could be observed both for absolute and normalized variables. In the analysis of correlation between plantar pressure and age, it was found that age influenced plantar pressure, tending to increase variables values under the heel, forefoot, hallux and toes, and reduce them under the midfoot area. Morphological variables also showed significant correlations with plantar pressure distribution, especially with absolute maximum force and contact area. Relative maximum force showed negative correlations with age, body weight and height. Significant correlations with the plantar arch index were mainly found with relative contact area under all regions of the foot and under the midfoot region with the other plantar pressure variables. Conclusion: Results indicate that running has higher values of plantar pressure variables than walking in children aged 4 to 10 years. Increases in plantar loads may be associated with increasing body weight and height and trends of variables increasing variable values under the hindfoot, forefoot, hallux and toes, and decrease under the midfoot, are possibly associated with the maturation process of children. These associations between plantar pressure and the maturation process that occurs with increasing age are supported by the significant correlations that were found between plantar pressure, age and morphological variables. Data may be used as reference for comparison with studies evaluating walking and running in children and adults.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2009. / Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2010-04-06T12:58:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TaniaCristinaDiasdaSilva.pdf: 2465670 bytes, checksum: a7f7c385a7bbd81bac2fa5b54d37e55c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2010-04-07T14:03:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TaniaCristinaDiasdaSilva.pdf: 2465670 bytes, checksum: a7f7c385a7bbd81bac2fa5b54d37e55c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-07T14:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TaniaCristinaDiasdaSilva.pdf: 2465670 bytes, checksum: a7f7c385a7bbd81bac2fa5b54d37e55c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-27 / Introdução: Atualmente é evidente o aumento da incidência da obesidade na população em geral bem como as repercussões da mesma nos mais diversos sistemas orgânicos. No aparelho locomotor estudos indicam que a obesidade está relacionada a comprometimentos nas articulações do joelho e tornozelo, dificuldade de equilíbrio e inabilidade funcional. Com o advento na análise de marcha tridimensional é possível uma melhor caracterização do padrão de marcha normal e patológico. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a marcha em mulheres obesas grau I e II comparadas à análise de marcha de mulheres normais tomando por referência a descrição das características lineares da marcha como a velocidade e a cadência, comprimento do passo e da passada e angulares. Material e Método: Foi realizado um estudo analítico transversal com a participação de 24 mulheres obesas com idade de 20- 57anos e IMC de 25,80- 37,71 Kg/m (31,85 2,94) e 24 mulheres eutróficas com idade entre 22-55 anos e IMC variando de 18,89 - 24,53 kg/m (21,82 1,58). Para análise estatística, considerou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o Test t-student (p<0,05) .Resultados: observou-se uma redução nos valores nas Características Lineares e Angulares nas mulheres obesas em relação às eutróficas (p<0,05). Conclusão: o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) é um fator que pode interferir diretamente nas medidas espaço-temporais da marcha. _____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Introduction: Nowadays is very clear the increased incidence of obesity in general population as well as its repercussion in various organs and systems. Specifically involving the locomotor system, studies indicate that obesity is related to knee and ankle measures, beyond difficulties in balance and functional capability. With the advent of motion in a threedimensional analysis, the pattern of normal and pathological gait became better characterized. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the motion in obese women graded I or II, and compare the gait analysis to healthy control peers, by taking reference the description of following linear motion: speed and cadence, step length, stride length and angular. Material and method: For that, a transversal analytical design study was realized with 24 obese women, aged 20-57 years old, with Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25.80 to 37.71 Kg/m (31.85 2.94) and 24 eutrophic control peers, aged 22-55 years and BMI ranging from 18.89 to 24.53 Kg/m (21.82 1.58). For statistic analysis considering teste t-student. Results: has showed a reduction in linear motion in obese women, with respect to the eutrophic ones p<0,05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the BMI is a factor that can interfere directly the space and timed measures of movement.

Tese (doutorado)-Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2010. / Submitted by Patrícia Nunes da Silva (patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-03T18:30:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_PriscillaMarcondelliDiasThomaz.pdf: 1726499 bytes, checksum: 9a0e2e5a61021c8b45d1ed8730577f75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-03T18:30:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_PriscillaMarcondelliDiasThomaz.pdf: 1726499 bytes, checksum: 9a0e2e5a61021c8b45d1ed8730577f75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T18:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_PriscillaMarcondelliDiasThomaz.pdf: 1726499 bytes, checksum: 9a0e2e5a61021c8b45d1ed8730577f75 (MD5) / INTRODUÇÃO: Os objetivos desse estudo foram: avaliar fatores associados ao padrão de atividade física e ao conceito de alimentação saudável em indivíduos adultos de Brasília, avaliar a validade do peso, altura e índice de massa corporal (IMC) resultante de dados auto-referido e identificar os fatores que influenciam a diferença entre os valores medidos e referidos. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se amostragem por conglomerados das quatro regiões administrativas de Brasília de indivíduos adultos (≥ 20 anos de idade) residentes nos domicílios sorteados. O questionário internacional de atividade física (IPAQ), versão curta, foi utilizado. Foram incluídas duas questões sobre as razões para manter o padrão de atividade física e sobre o conceito de alimentação saudável. Dados sócio-demográficos, peso e altura foram informados em entrevista no domicílio e posteriormente medidos. RESULTADOS: Em 250 domicílios foram entrevistados e mensurados 469 adultos. O nível socioeconômico foi alto, com 81% nas duas categorias superiores e a mediana de anos de estudo foi de 15 anos. O percentual de indivíduos com Escore de Atividade Física (EAF: minutos semanais de atividade física) acima de 150 foi de 52% (IC95% 47-56%). Houve uma forte interação entre sexo e IMC para a associação com o EAF. Somente nos homens foi observada uma associação inversa entre o EAF e o IMC, ou seja, quanto maior o IMC, menor o EAF. A caminhada foi a atividade mais relatada por homens e mulheres, no entanto, homens estão mais propensos a pedalar, correr, nadar e fazer exercícios com pesos enquanto as mulheres, a realizar serviços domésticos. Em relação ao conceito de alimentação saudável, as respostas agrupadas foram: equilíbrio e/ou variedade (34,3%), consumo de frutas e/ou hortaliças (27,7%), saúde (12,8%) e pouca gordura (7,7%). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre conceito de alimentação saudável e as variáveis estudadas. O viés (diferença entre valor medido e referido) do peso foi de -0,17 kg (p=0,1), da altura foi de -1 cm (p<0,001) e do IMC de -0,06 kg/m2 (p=,08). Homens com IMC abaixo de 25 kg/m² tendem a superestimar o próprio peso, enquanto aqueles com excesso de peso e obesos tendem a subestimá-lo (p<0,01). A idade no sexo masculino (mais de 50 anos, p=0,037) e os anos de estudo no feminino (< 12 anos de estudo, p<0,01) estão associados à superestimação da altura. A sensibilidade e a especificidade para detectar o sobrepeso (IMC > 25kg/m2) foram expressivas, sendo de 94% e 90% para os homens e de 88% e 98% para as mulheres, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Existem diferenças entre os sexos para o EAF e para os tipos de atividades praticadas. Aproximadamente metade dos indivíduos adultos de Brasília é suficientemente ativa. As definições de alimentação saudável estão coerentes com outros estudos e não estão associadas as variáveis controladas. O peso e a altura auto-referidos são válidos para subgrupos de mulheres com mais de 12 anos de estudo e para homens abaixo de 50 anos e na faixa de IMC eutrófico. As medidas auto-referidas são úteis para acompanhamento do sobrepeso nos adultos de Brasília, mas não se aplicam para acompanhamento individual. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Introduction: The goals of this study were: to assess the factors associated with the pattern of physical activity and the concept of healthy eating in adults living in Brasilia; to assess the validity of weight, height and body mass index (BMI) resulting from self-reported data and to identify the factors which influence differences between measured and self-reported values. Methods: A cluster sample of adults (≥20 years old) from Brasilia four administrative regions was used. The short version of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied. Two questions about the reasons to maintain physical activity levels and about the concept of healthy eating were added to it. Demographic data, weight and height were selfreported during the interviews at the selected households and later measured with a standardized method. Results: In 250 households, a total of 469 adults were interviewed and measured. Socioeconomic level was high, with 81% of them classified in the top two categories and the median of study years was 15. The percentage of participants that accumulate 150 minutes of physical activity per week was 52% (IC95% 47-56%). There was a strong interaction between gender and BMI in association with the Physical Activity Score (PAS: minutes per week of physical activity). An inverse association was only observed between PAS and BMI among men. Walking was the most reported activity for men and women, while men reported more often biking, running, swimming and weight lifting, and women reported more often activities such as household duties. In terms of concept of healthy eating, the grouped answers were: balance and/or variety (34.3%), intake of fruits and/or vegetables (27.7%), health (12.8%) and low fat (7.7%). There was no significant association between knowledge of healthy eating and the controlled variables. The bias (difference of measured and self-reported value) for weight was - 0.17 kg (p-0,1), for height was -1 cm (p<0.001), and for BMI was -0.06 kg/m2 (p=0.08). Men with BMI lower than 25 kg/m2 tend to overestimate their own weight, while those overweight and obese tend to underestimate it (P<0.01). Age among men (older than 50 years of age, p=0.037) and level of education among women (<12 years of school, p<0.01) were associated with an overestimation of height. The sensitivity and specificity to detect overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2) were high, from 94% to 90% for men and from 88% to 98% for women, respectively. Conclusions: There are differences among genders related to PAS and to types of physical activities ix practiced. Approximately half of participants practice enough physically active. The definition of healthy eating is coherent with other studies and is not associated with the controlled variables. Self-reported height and weight are valid for the subgroup of women with more than 12 years of study and for men under 50 years of age and in the normal BMI range. The self-reported measures are useful for the follow-up of overweight in adults in Brasilia, but do not apply for the individual follow-up.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2007. / Submitted by Elna Araújo (elna@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-06T18:36:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_WelitonNunesSoares.pdf: 732396 bytes, checksum: 490592599d4ab0472e74b3f2f19b5fb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-14T16:08:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_WelitonNunesSoares.pdf: 732396 bytes, checksum: 490592599d4ab0472e74b3f2f19b5fb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-14T16:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_WelitonNunesSoares.pdf: 732396 bytes, checksum: 490592599d4ab0472e74b3f2f19b5fb3 (MD5) / Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência da prática da atividade física e sua relação com o Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e Circunferência da Cintura (CC), da população da zona urbana do município de Cacoal-RO. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo de base populacional. A amostra foi composta por indivíduos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 18 e igual ou menor a 60 anos. O estudo procurou investigar a atividade física na população estudada e sua relação com IMC, CC associados ao sexo, idade, escolaridade. Investigou-se o sedentarismo no trabalho, a caminho do trabalho e no lazer. Os dados foram colhidos através de duplas, onde um anotava os dados e o outro fazia as medidas antropométricas. Para a comparação dos resultados utilizou-se o teste de Student e qui-quadrado. Fixou-se o nível de significância em 5% (P<0,05). Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 840 indivíduos, desse total 506 (60,24%) eram do sexo feminino e 334 (39,76%) do sexo masculino. Considerando todos os momentos da vida dos entrevistados, verificou-se que 631 (75,1%) eram sedentários, 122 (14,5%) praticavam algum tipo de atividade física leve ou moderada e 87 (10,4%) praticavam uma atividade mais intensa. Foi possível verificar também que em relação ao trabalho, ao deslocamento para o trabalho e no lazer destes indivíduos os índices de sedentarismo foram elevados, 75,2%, 76,4% e 75,4% respectivamente. Entre os sedentários, 53,1% dos indivíduos apresentaram sobrepeso e 16,9%, obesidade e ainda com relação ao sedentarismo, este grupo também apresentou os maiores índices de CC aumentado ou muito aumentado (43,1% e 16,6%), respectivamente. Os resultados da circunferência da cintura (CC) apresentaram-se aumentada em 38,6% dos indivíduos, e a muito aumentada em 13,7% dos pesquisados. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a pratica de atividade física entre os entrevistados é pequena, a prevalência de obesidade e sobrepeso foi elevada e teve relação inversa com a prática de atividade física, a mesma relação foi encontrada na CC, onde os indivíduos que apresentaram regularidade na pratica da atividade física, mostraram uma CC menor. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence in the practice of physical activity and its relation to the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference in the urban population of Cacoal- RO. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with population base. The interviews were made with standardized questionnaires. People aged between 18 and 60 years old from both genders were interviewed. The research tried to discover how physical activity is in the population and its relation to the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference taking into consideration the gender, age, and educational status. Sedentary lifestyles at work on the way to work and in their free time were also examined. The data were collected using pair work when one was writing down the information the other was taking anthropometric measures. In order to compare the results it was used the t Student tests and Chi-square. The level of statistical significance was 5% (P<0,05). Results: 840 individuals were interviewed which a total of 506 (60,24%) were females and 334 (39,76%) were males. Considering all the daily habits of the people interviewed, 631 (75,1%) were sedentary, 122 (14,5%) practiced some kind of low or moderate intensity physical activity, and 87 (10,4%) practiced a high intensity physical activity. It was also possible to verify that 75,2% were considered sedentary at work, 76,4% according to how they get to work and 75,4% according to their free time activities. Among the sedentary people, 53,1% were overweigh and 16,9% were obesity. In addition to this matter, this group of people showed the highest Waist Circumference measures which 43,1% were higher and 16,6% were much more higher than expected. The Waist Circumference measures of the whole group analyzed showed 38,6% higher and 13,7% much more higher than expected. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the practice of physical activities among the people interviewed is little. It shows a high obesity and overweight as a result of not practicing physical activities. It was also possible to observe that the people who practiced a frequently physical activity showed a lower Waist Circumference.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa förståelse kring effekterna av ett införande av individuell mätning och debitering (IMD) av värme och/eller varmvatten i hyresrätter i Sverige ur ett bredare perspektiv samt att visa på dess samhällsekonomiska nyttor. Med utgångspunkt i en given lägenhetstyp, med antagna initiala förbrukningar av värme och varmvatten samt en given teknisk standard för huset, utfördes en så kallad Cost-Benefit analys för att komma fram hur ett införande av IMD påverkar samhället ekonomiskt. Fokus har i rapporten legat på de tre aktörerna hyresgäst, hyresvärd och fjärrvärmeleverantör samt i viss mån även miljöaspekter. I analysen jämförs tre olika alternativ: alternativ 1 – införa IMD av enbart varmvatten, alternativ 2 – införa IMD av både värme och varmvatten och alternativ 3 – inte införa någon typ av IMD. Analysen gick till så att alla relevanta konsekvenser erhöll ett monetärt värde för att sedan ingå i ett 10-årigt kassaflöde mellan åren 2013-2023. En viktig aspekt i rapporten är fjärrvärmeleverantörens (FVL) roll vid energiproduktionen samt dess rörliga kostnader som inte tycks spegla de rörliga avgifter som kunderna debiteras. En minskning i energianvändandet får därför till följd att intäkter avtar mer än kostnaderna för FVL. I beaktning tas även de miljömässiga konsekvenserna av en minskad energianvändning med avseende på koldioxidutsläpp. Nuvärdena av de tre olika alternativen speglar vidare hur lönsamt respektive alternativ är. Resultatet blev att både alternativ 1 och 2 visade sig vara olönsamma, med negativa nuvärden. Det alternativ som förespråkas i rapporten är därför att inte införa någon typ av individuell mätning och debitering i lägenheterna. I känslighetsanalysen konstateras det dock att lönsamheten är starkt beroende av vissa antaganden som tidigare gjorts och att det är svårt att dra några generella slutsatser utifrån resultatet. Bland annat kan man konstatera att en förändring av initial förbrukning av varmvatten från 60 m 3/år till 70 m3/år gör båda alternativen lönsamma, allt annat lika. Små justeringar hos de ingående parametrarna kan således få avgörande konsekvenser för kalkylen. / The aim of the project is to create an understanding of the effects of introducing individual metering and charging (IMC) of heat and / or hot water in rental units in Sweden from a broader perspective, and to show its social benefits. Based on a given technical standard of an apartment, with assumed initial consumptions of heating and hot water, a 'Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) was conducted to show how an introduction of IMC affects society economically. The focus of the report is on the three actors: tenant, landlord and the district heating supplier. Environmental impacts are also achieved in the report, but only to a limited extent. The analysis compares three different options: Option 1 - introduce IMC of hot water only, Option 2 - introduce IMC of both heating and hot water, and Option 3 - do not introduce any type of IMC. All relevant impacts received monetary values to, thereafter, be arranged in a 10-year cash flow model, between the years 2013 and 2023. Present values of the three options will reflect on how profitable each option is. An important aspect of the report is the district heat supplier’s role in energy production, and its variable costs that do not appear to reflect the consumers’ variable fees of heating. A reduction in energy use can therefore result in revenues declining more than costs of the district heat supplier. The report also takes into account environmental impacts of reduced energy consumption, with respect to emissions of carbon dioxide. The outcome of the CBA was that both options 1 and 2 were shown to be unprofitable, with negative net present values. Thus, the preferred option in the report is Option 3 – not to introduce any type of individual metering and charging in the flats. However, the sensitivity analysis concludes that profitability is highly dependent on certain assumptions made and that it is difficult to draw any general conclusions from the results. Among other things, it can be concluded that a change in initial consumption of hot water from 60 m 3 to 70 m3 makes both options profitable, all else equal. Small adjustments of the parameters can thus have a major impact on the calculation.