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Import substitution presents many economic development opportunities that can help regions achieve greater economic sustainability and self-reliance. Yet import substitution is largely neglected in economic development theory, practice and literature. There are few methods and resources available to planners trying to identify import substitution opportunities. However, impending economic challenges, such as energy market instability, climate change and carbon emissions regulation, mean that planners will be called upon with greater frequency and urgency to help regional economies adapt. This study offers and evaluates two methods for identifying import substitution opportunities within a regional economy. The first method is rooted in economic base theory, the dominant approach to regional economic development since the 1930s. The second method is derived from industrial cluster analysis, a much-used economic planning approach since the 1990s. Analysis of these two methods and their application to the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area suggest that: 1) both methods show promise as screening tools to help planners focus economic development resources on subsequent industry research efforts, such as surveys, which are essential to the development of effective policy initiatives; 2) the industrial cluster analysis method is capable of identifying a wider range of candidate industries; 3) the economic base theory method may be more effective in smaller regions; and 4) the economic base theory method is useful for estimating leakage. The study also demonstrates that import substitution integrates aspects of economic base theory, particularly the capability to identify leakage and opportunities to increase industry multipliers, with the facets of industrial cluster analysis that emphasize local interindustry linkages and value chain networks.

Using the quarterly and monthly data of ten representative cities in China from December 2000 to June 2021, this thesis describes the impact of COVID-19 on the urban economy, import and export, and quantifies the impact degree by panel data regression analysis. To explore the relationship between the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and urban categories, we distinguished different types of cities. The results show that COVID-19 has the most profound impact on coastal towns, followed by megacities. It is mainly due to the excessive dependence of coastal towns on import and export trade. We also understand the lagging effect of the pandemic on the economy by adding dummy variables representing the SARS pandemic. Facts have proved that while formulating related policies, the government has to consider the lagging effects of the impact of the pandemic on the economy. JEL Classification C51, I18, O47 Keywords COVID-19, pandemic, China, economy, import, export, government policies Title The Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chinese Cities What Can We Learn from the SARS Pandemic

El presente plan consiste en importar y comercializar EcoBlue (urea líquida automotriz), esta es necesaria en vehículos pesados con sistema SCR (selective catalytic reduction) con objeto de reducir la emisión de gases contaminantes de motores diésel cumpliendo así el decreto supremo N°010-2017-MINAM (los vehículos importados desde abril 2018 deben cumplir con la norma Euro IV). Nuestro mercado potencial son las empresas que cuentan con vehículos pesados (sistema SCR), el cual creció 77% en el 2019 respecto al año anterior, en el 2020 se redujo en 25% por el COVID-19 y en el primer trimestre del 2021 se refleja una recuperación del 42% respecto al primer trimestre del 2020. Nuestro mercado objetivo son empresas no corporativas (hasta diez unidades) con sede en Lima o Callao (9,650 vehículos), estas empresas están desatendidas por proveedores enfocados en empresas corporativas o cuyo core de negocio no es la venta de urea (concesionario). Nuestra declaración de posicionamiento: “Para empresas no corporativas que cuentan con vehículos pesados con el sistema SCR, EcoBlue es la mejor opción en venta de urea líquida automotriz que ofrece el mejor servicio porque estamos pendientes de las necesidades del cliente y realizamos despacho a domicilio”, asociado a nuestra propuesta de valor. En la simulación con proyección a cinco años, obtenemos un valor actual neto de S/256,524 del flujo de caja libre (inversión 100% de capital propio), además la tasa interna de retorno resulta 43% (mayor a la tasa de descuento), luego ambos indicadores muestran que sí es viable nuestro plan. / This plan consists of importing and commercializing EcoBlue (automotive urea), this is necessary in heavy vehicles with SCR (selective catalytic reduction) system in order to reduce the emission of polluting gases from diesel engines, thus complying with supreme decree No. 010- 2017-MINAM (vehicles imported from April 2018 must comply with the Euro IV standard). Our potential market is companies that have heavy vehicles (SCR system), which grew 77% in 2019 compared to the previous year, in 2020 it decreased by 25% due to COVID-19 and in the first quarter of 2021 reflects a 42% recovery compared to the first quarter of 2020. Our target market is non-corporate companies (up to ten units) based in Lima or Callao (9,650 vehicles), these companies are neglected by suppliers focused on corporate companies or whose core business is not the sale of urea (concessionaire). Our positioning statement: "For non-corporate companies that have heavy vehicles with the SCR system, EcoBlue is the best option for the sale of automotive urea that offers the best service because we are aware of the customer's needs and carry out home delivery" , associated with our value proposition. In the simulation with a five-year projection, we obtain a net present value of S / 256,524 of the free cash flow (100% equity investment), in addition the internal rate of return is 43% (greater than the discount rate), then both indicators show that our plan is viable. / Trabajo de investigación

In the beginning of 1990s Sweden implemented several measures in order to maintain price stability. These measures have resulted in an environment in which inflation is lower and more stable. The same development could be seen in other OECD countries. At the same time a decrease in exchange rate pass-through was noticed in many countries. This has led researchers to believe that there may be a connection, between these two phenomena. This dissertation analyzes whether there has been any change in exchange rate pass-through for manufacturing products in Sweden between the high inflation period (1977-1993) and the low inflation period (1994-2006). The result shows that there is a difference in the exchange rate pass-through between the two periods. During the low inflation period the degree of pass-through was lower than during the high inflation period.

RNAs play essential roles in various biological processes. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that RNA subcellular localization and intercellular trafficking govern their functions in coordinating plant growth at the organismal level. Beyond that, plants constantly encounter foreign RNAs (i.e., RNAs from pathogens including viruses and viroids). The subcellular localizations of RNAs are crucial for their function. While numerous types of RNAs (i.e., mRNAs, small RNAs, rRNAs, tRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs) have been found to traffic in a non-cell-autonomous fashion within plants, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Viroids are single-stranded circular noncoding RNAs, which entirely rely on their RNA motifs to exploit cellular machinery for organelle entry and exit, cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata, and systemic trafficking. Viroids represent an excellent model to dissect the role of RNA 3-dimensional (3D) structural motifs in regulating RNA movement. Using nuclear-replicating viroids as a model, we showed that cellular Importin alpha-4 is likely involved in viroid RNA nuclear import, empirically supporting the involvement of Importin-based cellular pathway in RNA nuclear import. We also confirmed the involvement of a cellular protein (Virp1) that binds both Importin alpha-4 and viroids. Moreover, a conserved C-loop in nuclear-replicating viroids serves as a key signal for nuclear import. Disrupting C-loop impairs Virp1 binding, viroid nuclear accumulation and infectivity. Further, C-loop exists in a subviral satellite noncoding RNA that relies on Virp1 for nuclear import. On the other hand, no viroid can systemically infect the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting the existence of non-host resistance yet to be understood. Here, we attempted to test whether a gene involved in RNA silencing, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6), plays a role in non-host resistance in Arabidopsis. I will discuss the data below in detail.

Wetland ecosystems play an important role in the global hydrologic cycle, and their hydrologicregime is a major factor for their general functioning (carbon, biodiversity, biogeochemicalcycle etc.). However, the factors that govern the hydrologic regime of wetlands, such asmoisture imports into their catchments and moisture cycling in wetland areas, remain largelyunderstudied.Wetlands, seen as part of the terrestrial land, often rely on moisture imports from terrestrialevaporation and moisture recycling within their catchments. This could make them especiallysusceptible to changes in their hydrologic regime caused by land cover and hydroclimaticchanges in their catchments. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of atmosphericmoisture imports into iconic wetlands worldwide and investigates the precipitationsheds of 40globally distributed catchments of Ramsar wetlands.Here we show that some of the wetlands have already been affected by precipitation changescaused by land cover changes within and outside of their catchments, as well as hydroclimaticchanges. According to our analysis, most of the studied wetland catchments show decreases inannual terrestrial precipitation, which are caused by precedent land cover changes. Thestrongest effects are seen in (sub)tropical wetlands in South America, Africa and Asia, andcatchments whose precipitationsheds include large agricultural areas.This shows that land cover changes can cause wetlands to be less resilient under current andfuture hydroclimatic and land cover changes. An overlap of multiple stressors, like climatechange and precipitation changes through land cover conversions, make wetlands in someregions especially vulnerable.Based on our results, current wetland decline rates and predictions of future agricultural andurban expansion, we find that wetland sites in China, India, South America and Sub-Saharanare especially threatened. This study indicates further that we have to incorporate downwindeffects to land cover changes in sustainable ecosystem management approaches.

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The purpose of the study is to make a survey and analysis of the export trade of the United States with Mexico. Attention is given to the kinds and types of goods exported to Mexico and imported from it, to the value of the trade, to some ways of carrying it on, and to aspects of Mexican life that influence trade relations.

The Export-Import Bank of the U.S. (Eximbank) is a Federal government agency engaged in the financing of U.S. exports. It is entrusted with maintaining the competitiveness of U.S. exports in various key sectors of the economy. It is a product of F. D. Roosevelt's administration and recently celebrated its fiftieth birthday. Over the years, Eximbank's missions and activities have changed, both expanding and curtailing its responsibilities. The Bank's reputation in business and government circles has been and continues to be high; however, in recent years, the Bank has been subject to criticism by the Reagan administration which contends that the financial costs of the Bank outweigh its benefits. The Reagan Administration suggested reforms designed to limit the role of the Bank including elimination of the direct loan program. This thesis traces the development of Eximbank. It reviews literature on Eximbank. It sets forth the history of the Bank and discusses internal and external political and economic structures and processes. It explains some of the functional strengths and weaknesses that affect the Bank's behavior. It discusses four themes that have ordered the Bank's outlook, defined the Bank's priorities and influenced the Bank's performance: the organizational life cycle, the process of institutionalization, the public corporate orientation and the corporate characteristics; and the organizational-environmental adaptations. Finally, it reflects upon the Bank's ability to reformulate its activities and change its behavior for the politics and economics of the 1980s. / Ph. D.