La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto en la gestión logística de importación de las MYPES del sector textil bajo la aduana marítima del Callao durante los años 2012 al 2019. La influencia de los procedimientos aduaneros, costos logísticos, pago de derecho de importación y la implementación de sistemas de tecnología de la información son puntos clave a analizar dentro de una micro y pequeña empresa. Se detallará los antecedentes, teorías y conceptos que permitirán tener un panorama más amplio del sector a investigar. Las fuentes para investigar señalan que la gestión logística en el país es deficiente ya que la evaluación del IDL analizada en el año 2018, indicó que el Perú se encuentra como uno de los países con menor puntuación. Esto refleja que la cadena de suministros no desempeña una correcta función respecto a la demanda de servicios logísticos. Mediante este análisis, nace la intención de poder ahondar los problemas logísticos que mantienen las empresas en el Perú y su evolución a través de los años. Se planteará una problemática que cuestiona cuales han sido los factores que han influido en la gestión logística de importación de las empresas MYPES del sector textil en base a las investigaciones previas donde asocian la existencia de un problema en la gestión logística de importación durante la última década la cual hasta el momento no cuenta con mejoras. / The present research aims to analyze the impact on the import logistics management of small entreprises of the textile sector under the Callao maritime customs during the years 2012 to 2019. The influence of customs procedures, logistics costs, payment of import duty and the implementation of information technology systems are key points to analyze within a micro and small business. The antecedents, theories and concepts that will allow a broader panorama of the sector to be investigated will be detailed. The sources for research indicate that logistics management in the country is deficient and that the IDL evaluation analyzed in 2018 indicated that Peru is one of the countries with the lowest score. This reflects that the supply chain does not play a correct role in relation to the demand for logistics services. Through this analysis, the intention was born to be able to deepen the logistical problems that companies in Peru have and their evolution over the years. A problem will be raised that questions what have been the factors that have influenced the import management of MYPES companies in the textile sector based on previous investigations where they associate the existence of a problem in import logistics management during the last decade with which so far has no improvements. / Tesis

Chez les bactéries à Gram-négatif, deux systèmes très bien conservés et essentiels à la survie de la cellule bactérienne ont été identifiés : les systèmes Tol et TonB. Ces deux systèmes utilisent la force proton motrice, issue de la membrane interne et transfert l’énergie associée pour le transport actif de molécules (TonB) ou nécessaire au maintien de l’intégrité membranaire (Tol). Ces 2 systèmes ont été détournés de leurs fonctions initiales et parasités par les colicines, leur conférant un rôle primordial dans le mécanisme d’import de la colicine. Une colicine est une bactériocine (toxine) produite par Escherichia coli pour tuer des souches apparentées. Ce sont des toxines spécifiques et hautement actives. Cependant E.coli a développé des mécanismes de protection afin de résister à l’action cytotoxique des colicines. Ces mécanismes de résistance consistent essentiellement à produire des protéines d’immunité, qui vont pour la plupart se fixer sur le domaine catalytique de la colicine et l’empêcher d’exercer son action létale. La bactérie Yersinia pestis, agent de la peste, possède une colicin-like bactériocine, la pesticine, dont l’activité est de dégrader le peptidoglycane. L’action de la pesticine est inhibée par une protéine d’immunité, Pim, localisée dans le périplasme. Le principal objectif de ce projet est de comprendre les mécanismes d’inhibition de la pesticine par sa protéine d’immunité, grâce à des données biochimiques et structurales, mais aussi d’apporter des solutions pour contourner ce problème de résistance. La structure de la pesticine révèle des homologies structurales avec le T4 lysozyme du bactériophage T4. Pour contourner le problème de la résistance bactérienne liée à la protéine d’immunité, une solution a été de fusionner le domaine de réception/translocation de la pesticine avec le T4 lysozyme. Nous avons ainsi pu créer et résoudre la structure tridimensionnelle d’une protéine chimère fonctionnelle, capable de se fixer sur FyuA (récepteur de la pesticine) et tuer une souche exprimant ce récepteur et dont l’activité létale n’est pas inhibée par Pim. / In Gram-negative bacteria, two essential systems for cell survival have been characterized: the Tol and TonB system. Both Ton and Tol systems are very well conserved in Gram-negative bacteria and coupled to the proton motive force across the inner membrane, acting as energy transducers for active transport (Ton) or maintenance of outer envelope integrity (Tol). Both systems have been embezzled from their primary function and hijacked by colicins as part of the colicin killing pathway. Colicin is a bacteriocin (toxin) produced by and toxic to some strains of Escherichia coli. Colicins are highly effective toxins. However E.coli could develop protective mechanisms to resist to colicin cytotoxic effect. These mechanisms essentially consist to produce an immunity protein. These proteins bind to colicin catalytic domain and inhibit its lethal activity. Yersinia pestis, plague agent, possesses its own colicin-like bacteriocin, Pesticin, which degrades murein. Pesticin activity is inhibited by an immunity protein, Pim, localized in the periplasm. The main goal of this project is to understand inhibition mechanisms between Pim and Pesticin by biochemical and structural data and to provide solution to overcome the resistance issue, since Pesticin was thought to be used as antimicrobial agent. The Pesticin structure has revealed that Pesticin share structural homologies with the T4 lysozyme from the bacteriophage T4. To overcome the resistance issue due to the immunity protein, one solution has been to fuse the Pesticin binding/translocation domain with the T4 lysozyme. Thus, we could engineered and solved the three-dimensional structure of a chimera protein, able to bind FyuA (Pesticin physiological receptor) and kill a FyuA expressing strain, in which the lethal activity is not affected by Pim.

With the growth of international trade many researchers are questioning the effects on the environment by emissions embodied in international trade flows. The embodied emissions in the import (EEI) and export of Sweden are relatively unexplored despite being a trade-dependent country. However, a few earlier studies indicate that the largest share of embodied CO2 in the international trade of Sweden is in the import from China. This thesis evaluates Sweden’s EEI from China during the years 1995-2009 by using an input-output analysis with the emissions in bilateral trade approach. Different from existing studies, the sector distributions of the EEI are outlined with high transparency and the driving factors for the change in EEI are identified by using a structural decomposition analysis (SDA). Results shows that the EEI increased significantly from 1995-2009 and that the main increase occurred during 2002-2007. The import of electrical and optical equipment, textile products and renting of machinery and equipment contributed to the largest share of the EEI. The EEI induced from the total import were mainly generated from electricity, gas and water supply and other heavy industries. Results from the SDA showed that the scale effect from increased imports from especially heavy industries had a large influence on the growth in embodied CO2 emissions. The service sectors contributed to the second largest share of the increase in the EEI due to scale and structural effects. The technical effect, on the contrary, was markedly offsetting the increase of embodied CO2 emissions both for heavy and light industries.

The subject of my thesis is the regulation of international trade in endangered species. An excessive trade in endangered species is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss on the Earth. The biodiversity loss constitutes a serious worldwide problem and threatens the stability of all the ecosystems. It is becoming more urgent by the fact that the speed of species extinction or at least their inclusion in the lists of endangered species is getting faster. Especially an illegal trade in endangered species is considered one of the largest and the most profitable. I have chosen this topic with the aim to show legal methods and ways of the regulation of the excessive exploitation of wildlife. The question of the regulation of the international trade is examined from the international perspective, the perspective of the European Union law and as well from the czech law perspective. A considerable stress is put on the description and explanation of the operation of the international trade regulation system regarding that an effective slowdown of the biodiversity loss phenomenon or its stop can be only possible by the international cooperation of the countries. The remaining levels of the regulation must be in compliance with the international level of the regulation. The thesis is consisted of six...

M.Com. (Economic Management) / South Africa, as a developing country, has an enormous need for capital. Between 1980 to 1983, an amount of RBO billion was spent on fixed capital investment alone in this country. A large component of this investment originates from external sources and was financed by way of off-shore loans and other credit facilities. The developed countries, in order to promote their exports, have long realised that in addition to offering a competitive price and high quality product, competition also required that credit be made available to the importer. Presently the competition between the leading export countries result in the development of subsidised export credit schemes to promote the sale of industrial machinery and equipment. In cases where the fixed export finance rate is lower than market rates, Governments make up the difference between the export finance rate and commercial lending rates. Normally a fixed interest rate for the credit period is available in the exporter's currency. An important consideration when borrowing overseas, is the foreign currency exposure. With continuous fluctuations in the value of currencies the borrower is faced with a foreign exchange risk. This risk can be partially eliminated by hedging on the forward exchange market. In this study an analysis was made of the most important export credit schemes as well as the possible influence of forward exchange considerations. An importer has the option to also make use imported capital goods. Specific reference installment sale financing and financial leasing of local finance to pay for is made in this study to as methods of local financing. The purpose of this study was twofold: Firstly, an analysis of historic interest rate patterns pertaining to medium-term leasing and installment sale financing in South Africa and secondly a determination of the cost of export credit finance for the .same period was made. In this . way the study endeavored to determine whether, from the point of view of the cost of capital, it had been worthwhile to U8e export credit financing.

This thesis examines whether there is an effect of the Mercosur free trade agreement on export and import between member countries. The study uses an extended gravity model framework on a panel data between the years 1975 to 2017 for 34 countries, including the member countries. Two different regressions were run using OLS and country fixed effect. A Linder effect was also added to the regressions to further understand the impact on trade. The results show a significantly positive effect of the FTA on imports. The FTA yielded insignificant and significantly negative result for OLS and FEM respectively on exports.

Le sujet de cette étude est le commerce et l’utilisation de divers produits issus d’arbres et d’arbustes dans le royaume d’Ougarit, situé sur la côte de la Syrie et dont la documentation écrite nous renseigne sur l’époque du Bronze récent, principalement les XIVe et XIIIe siècles avant J.-C. Ce royaume est particulièrement bien connu grâce aux milliers de tablettes trouvées depuis 82 ans sur le site de Ras Shamra et plus récemment sur celui de Ras Ibn Hani. Ces tablettes sont écrites très majoritairement dans deux langues et deux systèmes d’écriture cunéiforme : d’une part, la langue locale, baptisée « ougaritique », notée grâce à un système alphabétique, d’autre part, l’akkadien babylonien, noté selon un système logo-syllabique. A cheval entre la côte et la montagne, ce royaume était situé entre les deux grandes régions pourvoyeuses de bois dans la plus haute antiquité, comme en atteste la documentation égyptienne et mésopotamienne, ainsi que la Bible, la montagne libanaise et l’Amanus. Le lieu est donc particulièrement important pour ce sujet. Après un aperçu géographique, démographique, linguistique, historique et économique sur le royaume d'Ougarit, nous avons étudié successivement l'ébène, le pin et le sapin, le cèdre, le genévrier, le cyprès, le buis, le ¶rgz, le palmier, l’olivier et le bois-¶lmg, ainsi que le vignoble, la vigne et ses produits.Nous avons commencé chaque chapitre par une identification botanique et linguistique. Puis nous avons tenté de situer quelles étaient les régions qui étaient les sources principales de ces richesses naturelles. Ensuite, nous avons établi un aperçu historique sur le commerce des produits d'arbres et d’arbustes et sur les moyens de transport. Nous avons tenté de préciser leur nature, leur quantité, leur qualité, leur poids et leur prix à Ougarit et à l'extérieur. A la fin, nous avons étudié les diverses utilisations et leur rôle dans l'artisanat, la médecine, la religion et la magie dans l'antiquité. Ce faisant, il nous a été donné aussi d’approcher la valeur symbolique de ces arbres et de ces bois. / The subject of our dissertation is the trade and use of various products derived from trees and shrubs in the Kingdom of Ugarit, located on the coast of Syria and whose written documentation informs us about the Late Bronze Age, mainly fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BC. The kingdom is well known thanks to the thousands of tablets found in the last 82 years on the site of Ras Shamra and more recently that of Ras Ibn Hani. These tablets are written overwhelmingly in two languages and two systems of cuneiform writing: first, the local language, called “Ugaritic”, noted in an alphabetic system, on the other hand, the Babylonian Akkadian, noted by a logo-syllabic script. Situated between the coast and mountains, this kingdom was located between two major regions suppliers of timber in the most remote antiquity, as evidenced by Egyptian and Mesopotamian literature and the Bible, the Lebanese mountains and the Amanus mountain. The place is thus particularly important for this topic. Following an overview of geographical, demographic, linguistic, historical and economic on the kingdom of Ugarit, we studied successively ebony, pine and fir, cedar, juniper, cypress, boxwood, ¶Rgz, palm-tree, olive-tree, ñlmg-wood and vineyard, the vine and its products .We started each chapter with a botanical and linguistical identification. We tried to locate what were the areas that were the main sources of these natural resources. Then, we established a historical overview on the trade in products from trees and transportation. We tried to clarify their nature, quantity, quality, weight and price in Ugarit and outside. Finally, we examined the various uses and their role in craft, medicine, religion and magic. In doing so, we could also approach the symbolic value of these trees and woods.

Menschliche Mitochondrien enthalten etwa 1500 bis 2000 Proteine. Die meisten dieser Proteine werden im Zellkern kodiert und im Zytoplasma synthetisiert, und müssen daher über eine spezielle Maschinerie in die Mitochondrien transportiert werden. Obwohl mittlerweile viele Details über die Wirkungsweise dieser Proteinschleusen bekannt sind, wurden einige wichtige Aspekte des Proteinimports noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Zum einen ist nicht bekannt, ob die einzelnen Importkomplexe einen Einfluss auf die mitochondrienvermittelte Apoptose haben. Weiterhin ist offen, welche genaue Rolle der Mitochondrienimport in der Pathogenese von Neisseria gonorrhoeae spielt. Außerdem ist unklar, ob Faktoren des Importapparates für die Aufrechterhaltung der mitochondrialen Morphologie notwendig sind. Um diese Fragestellungen zu untersuchen, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit permanente Zelllinien hergestellt, in denen die Expression einzelner am Mitochondrienimport beteiligter Proteine mittels RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) inhibiert werden kann. Mithilfe dieser Zelllinien wurde getestet, ob die proapoptotischen Proteine Bax und Bak die Importmaschinerie benötigen, um in die äußere Mitochondrienmembran zu gelangen. Die Präsenz der beiden proapoptotischen Proteine in Mitochondrien während der Apoptose ist sehr entscheidend, da Bax und Bak in den Mitochondrien oligomerisieren und damit weitere Schritte der Apoptose einleiten. Im Widerspruch zu früheren Publikationen konnte hier gezeigt werden, dass die Translokation von Bax und Bak in die äußere Mitochondrienmembran unabhängig von Proteinimportfaktoren erfolgt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss mitochondrialer Importproteine auf die Pathogenese von Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Das Neisserienprotein PorB transloziert während der Infektion in die Mitochondrien der Wirtszelle und induziert Apoptose. Aufgrund der strukturellen Ähnlichkeit von PorB zu bestimmten Proteinen der äußeren Mitochondrienmembran wurde bisher angenommen, dass PorB diesen endogenen Proteinen auf ihrem Importweg in die äußere Mitochondrienmembran folgt. Überraschenderweise wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entdeckt, dass PorB nicht von allen Komplexen der Importmaschinerie in den Mitochondrien erkannt wird. Infolgedessen transloziert es in die innere Mitochondrienmembran und wirkt dadurch toxisch auf die Wirtszelle. In einem weiteren Projekt wurde untersucht, welche Rolle die Proteinimportkomplexe der äußeren mitochondrialen Membran in der Aufrechterhaltung der Mitochondrienmorphologie spielen. Unter Verwendung der beschriebenen Zelllinien wurde entdeckt, dass in Abwesenheit des SAM (sorting and assembly) Importkomplexes die Struktur der inneren Mitochondrienmembran derangiert ist. Es wurden zudem Hinweise darauf gefunden, dass die Ursache für diesen Befund in einer Unterbrechung von Kontaktstellen zwischen den beiden Mitochondrienmembranen liegen könnte, für deren Aufrechterhaltung möglicherweise der SAM-Komplex verantwortlich ist. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse erlauben neue Einblicke in verschiedene Aspekte des Proteinimports in Mitochondrien. Zudem wurde mit der Entwicklung der stabilen Zelllinien ein neues Model geschaffen, anhand dessen in Zukunft weitere Detail des mitochondrialen Proteinimports erforscht werden können. / Human mitochondria comprise about 1500 to 2000 proteins. While only 13 proteins are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins is encoded in the nucleus, synthesized in the cytosol, and translocated into mitochondria by a special protein import machinery. Although many details are now known about its function several important aspects of protein import in mitochondria were not unraveled yet. To begin with, the influence of the different mitochondrial import complexes on apoptosis is not known. Further, the exact role of the protein import machineries in mitochondria in the pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has not been clarified yet. Moreover, the question whether factors involved in protein import are required for the maintenance of the mitochondrial morphology is still unsolved. In order to address these open issues, permanent cell lines were generated within the frame of the present thesis in which the expression of single proteins implicated in mitochondrial import can be inhibited via RNA interference (RNAi). Using these cell lines, it was investigated whether the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak require the import machinery in order to gain access to the outer mitochondrial membrane. The presence of both proapoptotic proteins in mitochondria is essential during apoptosis as Bax and Bak oligomerize in the outer mitochondrial membrane leading to the execution of apoptosis. In contrast to earlier publications, results presented here prove that the translocation of Bax and Bak into the outer mitochondrial membrane occurs independent of its import machineries. The second part of this thesis explores the influence of mitochondrial import proteins on the pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The neisserial protein PorB translocates into the mitochondria of host cells during infection and induces apoptosis. Because of structural similarities of PorB to a certain class of proteins in the outer mitochondrial membrane, it was assumed that PorB would follow the import pathway of these endogenous proteins into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Surprisingly, it was found within the present study that PorB is not recognized by all complexes implicated in this import pathway. As a consequence, it translocates into the inner mitochondrial membrane to exert its toxic effect on the host cell. In a further project, the role of import complexes of the outer mitochondrial membrane in the maintenance of the mitochondrial morphology was investigated. Using the described cell lines, it was found that in the absence of the SAM (sorting and assembly) import device, the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane was disrupted. Further, evidence was found that the reason for this phenotype could be an interruption of contact sites between the two mitochondrial membranes, whose preservation possibly requires the SAM complex. The results presented here allow new insights into different aspects of mitochondrial protein import. Further, with the development of the stable cell lines a new model was generated that will allow future investigations on details about mitochondrial protein import.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-11T14:13:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Monique Fernandes Pereira Carvalho_.pdf: 595782 bytes, checksum: b758439f588c08ec068e1341b6dedbf3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-11T14:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monique Fernandes Pereira Carvalho_.pdf: 595782 bytes, checksum: b758439f588c08ec068e1341b6dedbf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-18 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo da dissertação é examinar os efeitos da guerra comercial entre EUA e China sobre a economia brasileira, com ênfase nos produtos primários. A metodologia empregada foi o modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project). Os resultados revelaram que haveria aumento na produção de soja e aço no Brasil e redução nos demais setores. Também haveria déficit na balança comercial em todos os setores, exceto de soja e de aço, e o Brasil seria beneficiado em termos de ganhos de bem-estar, principalmente, em função dos ganhos dos termos de troca. Em nível global, a guerra comercial entre EUA e China resultaria em perda de bem-estar para os países envolvidos diretamente, mas o objetivo principal do governo Trump seria alcançado, aumentando a produção de aço e alumínio, e com a redução, embora pequena, do déficit comercial dos EUA, estimulando a especialização em produtos de alta tecnologia, enquanto estimularia a China a se especializar em produtos de baixa tecnologia. / The objective of the dissertation is to examine the effects of the US-China trade war on the Brazilian economy, with an emphasis on primary products. The methodology used was the GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) Computable General Equilibrium model. The results showed that there would be an increase in soybean and steel production in Brazil and a reduction in other sectors. There would also be a trade deficit in all sectors, except for soy and steel, and Brazil would benefit in terms of welfare gains, mainly due to terms of trade gains. At the global level, the trade war between the US and China would result in loss of welfare for the countries directly involved, but the main objective of the Trump government would be achieved by increasing steel and aluminum production and reducing, albeit small, of the US trade deficit by stimulating specialization in high-tech products, while encouraging China to specialize in low-tech products.

關稅貿易總協定 (General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade，簡稱 GATT )，為國際間規範與對外貿易之重要協定，其締約國迄今已有一一０ 國左右，而其整個貿易量亦超過全球貿易量之90% 。換言之，GATT於今日 國際貿易中心所佔之地位，實不容忽視。關稅減讓為GATT的重要原則之一 。GATT自成立以來，為達成關稅減讓旨，前後歷經四時餘年，共舉行過八 次回合談判，其成果為將二次世界大戰後高達百分之四十的平均實質關稅 稅率，降至百分之四。本論文主旨在研究GATT本身對關稅之規範，包含： 關稅減讓之分類(一般關稅減讓談判、加入關稅減讓談判、再談判) ；關 稅減讓之模式 (提出要求再商討逐項減讓方式、線型公式、調和公式)； 關稅減讓之原則(互惠原則、最惠國原則、多邊貿易談判原則、安定性與 彈性之賦予 )；關稅減讓之條文分析(GATT一般規定第二條：關稅減讓表 、第二八條：再談判、第二八條之一：一般關稅談判、第三三條：加入談 判) 。烏拉圭回合為GATT最近一次所舉辦之多邊貿易談判，而依據GATT秘 書處於1994年 4月對烏拉圭回合之關稅減讓談判的最終結果報告為：工業 品關稅受約束程度為99% ，農業品在將非關稅措施轉為關稅化後，其關稅 受約束程度為100%，零對零關稅後免稅比率由20% 上升至43% 。我國乃經 濟強國，但仍未躋升於GATT的行列中，故於1990年1 月1 日申請加入GATT 。然而，入關後我國首先將面臨關稅減讓之窘境，因為關稅減讓勢必使國 內產業受到衝擊。政府日後必須提出完整的進口救濟以幫助廠商渡過難關 ，以共進未來國際經濟舞臺。