The objective of thesis is to identify and subsequently analyze the issue of dynamics of agricultural foreign trade between the European Union and Russia. All of the used data come from the last two decades monitoring, showing the tendencies of development in the agrarian sector between the EU and Russia from the year of 1995 to 2015. The theoretical part of the thesis, presented in the form of a literature overview, describes the basic principles necessary for further analytical data processing, include theoretical models of international trade and its development, and characterizes the effect of globalization and regionalization processes and their impacts on the functioning of the agrarian trade. The first phase of the actual work is dedicated to the importance of the agri-food sector for both parties, the territorial and commodity structure of mutual trade, and the definition of the development and position of the European Union and Russia as trading partners. Furthermore, the flagship product groups are identified and subsequently examined with respect to the selected characteristics. Retrospective evaluation shows the role of the ongoing liberalization processes on the market and the importance of the European Union as a trading partner for the investigated state. The possibilities of the Czech foreign trade in the context of cooperation with Russia are analyzed in the concluding part.

Generally, not many in the Global North are aware of the complexity behind the second hand clothing trade and donations. Today, Ghana has become one of the biggest markets for imported second hand clothing. With this, the Akan saying “Obroni Wawu” has come, and translates into “Dead White Man’s Clothes”. The expression is formed based on the idea that someone must have died in order to give up such an amount of clothing. While the consumption pattern has changed in the Global North, in terms of overconsumption and a throwaway mentality, it has simultaneously changed among African youth as a result of increased consumption and exposure to Western culture. This has led to a concern among non-profit organisations that second hand imports have influenced Ghanaian youths' perception of the value clothing has. Thus, this thesis aims to take a social and cultural perspective to study the influence of the import of second hand clothing on young Ghanaians' perceived value of clothing. The review of literature on the field of research about Ghana, second hand trade in Africa and second hand in general defined a substantial gap which this thesis aims to fill. Through a field study conducted over eight weeks in Accra, Ghana, this thesis follows an exploratory approach of anthropological nature. 21 in-depth interviews combined with participant observations generated the final results which are analysed based on theoretical perspectives from postcolonialism and the relation to clothes in terms of identity, attachment and usage. Findings of the study suggest that the influence on young Ghanaians' perceived value of clothing reaches beyond second hand import, but is rather a complex nature of historical values and a current adoption of Western culture and consumption. Findings further suggest an indirect adaptation of fast fashion consumer goods, influenced by Western culture and the high presence of such goods among second hand imports. This thesis is believed to contribute to an insufficiently researched area, giving it originality and value in the research field and social, cultural and political implications.

Many studies have investigated the issue of feeding the world’s growing population from different perspectives. Conventional agricultural methods usually have small production yields while requiring large amounts of scarce and unevenly distributed resources such as farmland and water. Furthermore, although produced food may meet the demands, it is still inefficiently delivered among different regions. Urban agriculture has been proposed to produce food inside urban areas with higher yields and less resource consumption. Hydroponics is one of the urban farming methods that needs further research before being applied on large scales. This study aims to investigate the potential lettuce production using hydroponic systems to grow lettuce domestically in urban areas in Sweden to lower its lettuce import and motivate local food production to become self-sufficient. The study is performed using a literature review, theoretical design of a system, and scenario-based assessment of hydroponic lettuce production. The detailed analysis is performed via a case study of lettuce production in Uppsala municipality and two scenarios considering the reduction of lettuce import to Sweden and related challenges and opportunities of the designed system. The analyses demonstrate that the system paves the way to decrease lettuce import and dependence on trade. Therefore, applying the system increases self-sufficiency and decreases vulnerability to shocks. Nevertheless, the study does not necessarily address issues related to transportation and food miles. Moreover, finding suitable places to establish the system needs further studies.

The presented study analyses on the example of Bohemia the question in what extent the creation of oppida (and more broadly the cultural transformation of the Transalpine world in the recent La Tène period) were influenced by Mediterranean impulses and to what extent they may be on the other hand considered as a local phenomenon. The historical and chronological background are studied in detail, the question itself is approached by an analysis of the corpus of Mediterranean imports in central Europe intended to evaluate the role of Bohemia (within the central European context) in the contacts with the Mediterranean. In the concluding chapter the oppida and their settlement systems are confronted with the Mediterranean towns. The contacts with the Mediterranean turn out to have been constant and significant for the Transalpine word, the oppida, however, seem to be a largely local phenomenon. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Elektrophysiologische und biochemische Charakterisierung von rekombinanten und nativen Kanalproteinen aus der inneren Chloroplasten-Hüllmembran und dem Cyanobakterium Synechocystis In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei angenommene Kaliumkanäle heterolog exprimiert und untersucht. Außerdem wurde die elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung des am Proteinimport beteiligten Proteins Tic110 durchgeführt. Ergänzt wurden diese Experimente durch eine elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung von Ionenkanälen in der inneren Chloroplasten-Hüllmembran. Sowohl in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 als auch in Arabidopsis thaliana konnten zwei Gene identifiziert werden, die wahrscheinlich Kaliumkanäle codieren. Das Genprodukt aus Arabidopsis ist wahrscheinlich im Chloroplasten lokalisiert und besitzt sechs putative transmembrane Durchgänge. Es ähnelt strukturell den Kaliumkanälen AKT1 und KAT1. Der potentielle Synechocystis-Kanal besitzt aufgrund von Sekundärstrukturvorhersagen Ähnlichkeit mit dem Kaliumkanal KcsA aus Streptomyces lividans und eukaryontischen Kanälen der IRK-Familie. Beide Proteine wurden als His-Tag Fusionsproteine in Baculovirus-infizierten Sf21-Insektenzellen überexprimiert und konnten in der Membranfraktion der Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Patch-Clamp-Messungen in der ’Whole-Cell’ und ’Excised-Patch’ Konfiguration an den Insektenzellen zeigten, dass keine funktionellen Kanäle in der Plasmamembran lokalisiert waren. Beide Kanäle konnten mittels nicht-ionischer Detergentien solubilisiert werden, aber nur der Synechocystis-Kanal konnte mittels Ni-Affinitätschromatographie gereinigt werden. Nach Rekonstitution des Proteins in Azolektin-Liposomen zeigte sich bei Messungen im Bilayer-System jedoch keine Kanalaktivität. Ursache hierfür ist wahrscheinlich eine zu geringe Offenwahrscheinlichkeit des Proteins oder eine nicht funktionelle Rekonstitution. Weiterhin wurden bei elektrophysiologischen Messungen mit der Bilayer-Methode Ionenkanäle in der isolierten inneren Hüllmembran von Chloroplasten untersucht. Es konnte die Existenz eines Kaliumkanals bestätigt sowie zwei bisher unbekannte Kanäle (CIMCC1 und CIMCC2) charakterisiert werden. CIMCC1 ist mäßig selektiv für Kationen (PK/PCl = 3.5), besitzt einen Haupt- und einen Unterleitwert von 680 bzw. 330 pS (in 250 mM KCl) und eine spannungsunabhängige Offenwahrscheinlichkeit von 70 %. Der Kanal könnte aufgrund seiner Eigenschaften am Transport von Aminosäuren über die innere Chloroplasten-Hüllmembran beteiligt sein. CIMCC2 ist Kationen-selektiv (PK/PCl = 5.3), besitzt einen Leitwert von 600 pS (in 250 mM KCl) und schließt bei höheren positiven bzw. negativen Membranpotentialen. Der Kanal ist durch wenige 100 nM des Präpeptids Troe33 blockierbar, weshalb er eine Rolle im Import von Proteinen in den Chloroplasten spielen könnte. Ferner konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass das Protein Tic110 nach heterologer Expression in E. coli und Rekonstitution in Liposome eine hydrophile Pore bildet, deren Eigenschaften denen von Proteinimportkanälen in der äußeren Membran von Chloroplasten und Mitochondrien ähnelt. Aufgrund einer Sekundärstrukturvorhersage und des CD-Spektrums ist, im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Annahmen, eine von b-Faltblättern dominierte Sekundärstruktur wahrscheinlich. Der durch Tic110 gebildete Kanal ist Kationen-selektiv, hat einen Leitwert von 446 pS in 250 mM KCl und einen Porendurchmesser zwischen 15 und 34 Angström. Die spannungsabhängige Offenwahrscheinlichkeit ist maximal bei kleinen Membranpotentialen und nimmt zu höheren positiven und negativen Spannungen hin ab. Weiterhin ist der Kanal durch geringe Konzentrationen des Präpeptids Troe33 (ca. 100 nM) spezifisch hemmbar. Tic110 besitzt funktionell eine starke Ähnlichkeit mit CIMCC2 in der inneren Hüllmembran, was nahelegt, dass es sich hierbei um die gleichen Proteine handelt. Ausgehend von diesen Eigenschaften ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Tic110 die Proteinimportpore der inneren Chloroplasten-Hüllmembran darstellt.

La presente tesis está compuesta por 5 capítulos los cuales serán desarrollados líneas abajo. En modo de resumen, el primer capítulo consta del marco teórico, el cual tiene dos apartados. El primero de ellos, los antecedentes que suman un total de 8 tesis entre nacionales e internacionales. Las mismas que nos servirán de ayuda para contextualizar el presente estudio. En segundo lugar, las bases teóricas que constan de libros que ayudaran a poder entender ciertos conceptos e ideas que están mencionados en el estudio realizado. El segundo capítulo, menciona la situación problemática en base a noticias del sector a estudiar, abarca desde el problema inicial hasta los objetivos específicos. El tercer capítulo hace mención de la metodología de trabajo que incluye el tipo de investigación, diseño de la investigación y la operalizaciòn de las variables. En este capítulo se darán a conocer cuáles son las variables dependientes e independientes que pudimos identificar. El proceso de muestreo será también considerado en este capítulo, en donde se ha optado por colocarlo por número de partida y así realizar un análisis especifico. En el capítulo 4, se realizará el desarrollo y aplicación, en el mismo se explicarán las etapas de aplicación de las encuestas. Por último, en el capítulo 5 se explicarán los resultados obtenidos. Luego de analizar cada uno de estos capítulos, se podrán dar las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Cada uno de los resultados obtenidos en el análisis, nos permitirá identificar si existe o no una influencia en el proceso logístico entre el uso del puerto del Callao y el puerto de Matarani para las importadoras de Lubricantes que comercializan a empresas mineras en la región sur. / This thesis is composed of 5 chapters which will be developed below. In summary mode, the first chapter consists of the theoretical framework, which has two sections. The first of them, the background that total a total of 8 theses between national and international. The same ones that will help us to contextualize the present study. Second, the theoretical bases that consist of books that help to understand certain concepts and ideas that are mentioned in the study. The second chapter mentions the problematic situation based on news from the sector studied, ranging from the initial problem to the specific objectives. The third chapter refers to the work methodology that includes the type of research, research design, Operalization of the variables. In this chapter it will be announced which are the dependent and independent variables. The sampling process will also be considered in this chapter, where we have chosen to place it by the starting number and thus carry out a specific analysis. In chapter 4, the development and application will be carried out, in which the stages of application of the surveys will be explained. Finally, chapter 5 will explain the results obtained. After analyzing each of these chapters, conclusions and recommendations can be given. Each of the results obtained in the analysis will allow us to identify whether or not there is an influence on the logistic process between the use of the port of Callao and the port of Matarani for Lubricant importers that sell to mining companies in the southern region. / Tesis

Main aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze trade relations between EU and Brazil. In the first part of the thesis there is review of literature of the applied trade policies, the importance of the parties in the world trade and development of the mutual trade relations. Subsequently the development of the free trade agreement talks between EU and Mercosur in which Brazil plays crucial role is described. Also problematic topics of the negotiations are analysed. Second part of the thesis consists of the analysis of the dynamics and structure of mutual trade between EU and Brazil as well as between EU and Mercosur. At the end there is analysed mutual relation of EU and Brazil at the multilateral level, specifically at the WTO. Obtained information are discussed and possible recommendations are suggested in the conclusion.

This thesis aims to identify and subsequently analyse the agrarian foreign trade dynamics between the European Union and the countries of West Africa. All data are monitored over the last two decades and show the development trends of the agrarian sector in the relationship between EU 28 and West Africa as a whole; the author subsequently described selected countries of West Africa in detail. The first part of the thesis presents basic starting points for further analytical work. It is presented in the form of a literature review and includes theoretical insights into international trade and its development, points out the influence of globalisation and regionalisation and their impact on the agrarian trade. The first phase of the practical part deals with the territorial and commodity structure of trade where the development and position of the European Union in relation to the countries of West Africa is defined. The key product groups are identified and are evaluated in terms of selected attributes. Both the West Africa as whole and individual countries of the West African region were analysed from the point of view of being a global partner in the foreign trade. A retrospective assessment shows the importance of ongoing market liberalisation and the importance of the European Union as a trading partner for the area in question. In the last part, the possibilities of Czech foreign trade were analysed in the context of cooperation with the West African countries.

Economic sanctions can result in more than a 70% decrease in business activities in a sanctioned country. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to identify the strategies import and export small business owners use to sustain businesses under economic sanctions. The population for this study was import and export small business owners in the state of Khartoum, Sudan. General systems theory served as the conceptual framework and underpinned the study. The data collection included semistructured interviews and government financial reports. Adhering to an interview protocol, conducting transcript reviews of participants' interviews, member checking, and methodological triangulation represented the measures to ensure dependability, trustworthiness, creditability, transferability, and confirmability of the research. The thematic data analysis involved data cleaning, uploading the transcribed interviews into qualitative data analysis software, reorganizing the data, coding relevant information, and methodological triangulation against financial reports from the Central Bank of Sudan and the World Development Bank Indicators. The results from the thematic data analysis led to the identification of some major themes, notably, innovative strategies to secure funding and increase business sustainability despite the unfavorable economic climate consequent to the prevalent economic sanctions. The consensus among participants denoted that creative strategies presented the only choice to overcome the adverse business climate. The study findings may contribute to positive social change as the knowledge from it may aid in the improvement of employment, the living standards, and the prosperity of small businesses and societies in Sudan.

No description available.