Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Enterobactérias produtoras de ESBLs são descritas tanto no ambiente hospitalar quanto na comunidade em todo o mundo. No Brasil, esses microrganismos também têm emergido como uma causa importante de infecções, sendo as enzimas CTX-M as prevalentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar diferentes aspectos genotípicos relacionados à expressão da resistência aos antimicrobianos em cepas Escherichia coli e de Salmonella spp, tais como: a diversidade de ESBLs, os genes de resistência aos antimicrobianos e o conteúdo plasmidial. Os aspectos epidemiológicos das cepas produtoras de ESBLs também foram investigados. Foram estudadas 88 cepas de enterobactérias, sendo 43 E. coli e 45 cepas de Salmonella spp., de origem hospitalar e da comunidade (principalmente alimentos), isoladas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A expressão de ESBL foi observada em sete cepas de E. coli (7/43, 16,3%) e em uma cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium (1/45, 2,3%) e as enzimas foram identificadas como variantes de CTX-M e SHV-5, respectivamente. Entre as cepas de E. coli, a enzima CTX-M-2 foi a mais frequente (n = 4), sendo detectada em cepas isoladas de swab retal de pacientes hospitalizados, enquanto as enzimas CTX-M-59 (uma variante de CTX-M) (n = 1) e CTX-M-9 (n = 2) foram identificadas em cepas isoladas a partir de espécimes clínicos. Salmonella Typhimurium produtora de SHV-5 foi isolada do ambiente hospitalar (fórmula infantil). As cepas de E. coli produtoras das enzimas CTX-M pertenceram a grupos filogenéticos (A, B1, D) e STs (ST34, ST69, ST101) diferentes, sendo os genes blaCTX-M identificados em plasmídeos com tipo de replicon IncA/C de cerca de 150 kb (blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-59) ou 80 kb (blaCTX-M-2). A cepa de S. Typhimurium produtora de SHV-5 pertenceu a um único clone (A-ST19) e o gene blaSHV-5 foi identificado em plasmídeo com o replicon IncL/M com aproximadamente 55Kb. Foi identificado pela primeira vez no Brasil o ST313 em um clone de S. Typhimurium (D-ST313), comumente associado com doenças invasivas severas, particulamente no continente africano. Genes que codificam para a resistência aos antimicrobianos não-beta-lactâmicos e integrons classe 1 foram identificados entre as cepas de E. coli e de Salmonella spp. multirresistentes produtoras ou não de ESBLs. Em conclusão: i) nossos resultados referentes à E. coli confirmaram a disseminação de enzimas CTX-M (principalmente variantes do grupo CTX-M-2) desde, pelo menos, o ano de 2000, em hospitais no Rio de Janeiro; demonstraram a implicação dos plasmídeos IncA/C na disseminação de genes blaCTX-M; indicaram a possível evolução intra-plasmídeo de blaCTX-M-59 a partir de blaCTX-M-2; a observação da diversidade e multiplicidade de plasmídeos poderiam fornecer plataformas genéticas para a dispersão de diferentes genes e/ou elementos de resistência aos antimicrobianos; ii) em relação à Salmonella spp. este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, o isolamento, a partir de fórmula infantil, de uma cepa de S. Typhimurium produtora de ESBL; foi demonstrada a associação do gene blaSHV-5 com plasmídeo do tipo IncL/M, que é considerado epidêmico; foi identificado o clone D-ST313 de S. Typhimurium, que está associado a doenças invasivas severas no continente africano, que reuniu cepas isoladas exclusivamente do ambiente hospitalar. / ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have been described in hospitals and in the community worldwide. In Brazil, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have also emerged as an important cause of infections, being CTX-M enzymes the most prevalent ESBLs. The objective of this study was to analyze different genotypic aspects related to expression of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., such as: diversity of ESBLs, antibiotic resistance genes and plasmid content. Epidemiological features of ESBL-producing isolates were also investigated. We studied 88 isolates of enterobacteria, 43 E. coli and 45 Salmonella serotypes of hospital and community (mainly food) origin, isolated in the city of Rio de Janeiro. ESBL expression was observed in seven E. coli isolates (7/43; 16,3%) and in one Salmonella Typhimurium (1/45; 2,3%) and the enzymes identified as CTX-M variants and SHV-5, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, CTX-M-2 was the most frequent (n=4), being detected in isolates recovered from rectal swabs of hospitalized patients, whereas CTX-M-59 (a CTX-M-2-variant) (n=1) and CTX-M-9 (n=2) were identified in E. coli isolated from clinical specimens. SHV-5-producing S. Typhimurium was isolated from the hospital environment (infant formula). CTX-M-producing E. coli belonged to different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, D) and STs (ST34, ST69, ST101), being blaCTX-M genes were identified in IncA/C plasmids of approximately 150 kb (blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-59) or 80 kb (blaCTX-M-2). SHV-5-producing S. Typhimurium belonged to a single clone (A-ST19) and blaSHV-5 gene was identified in IncL/M plasmids of approximately 55Kb. This study first described in Brazil the isolation of S. Typhimurium belonging to ST313 commonly associated with severe invasive diseases, particularly in Africa. Genes encoding resistance to non-beta-lactams and class 1 integrons were found among ESBL-producers and non-ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. In conclusion: i) our results related to E. coli confirmed the dissemination of CTX-M-enzymes (especially CTX-M-2-variants) since, at least, the beginning of the last decade in Rio de Janeiro clinical settings; demonstrated the implication of IncA/C plasmids in the spread of blaCTX-M genes; indicated the possible intra-plasmid evolution of blaCTX-M-59 from blaCTX-M-2; observation of the diversity and multiplicity of plasmids would provide genetic platforms for spread of different antibiotic resistance genes and/or elements; ii) in relation to Salmonella spp. this study described for the first time, the isolation, from infant formula, ESBL- producing S. Typhimurium; has been demonstrated the association of blaSHV-5 to plasmids belonging to IncL/M group, that can be considered epidemic plasmids; was identified D-ST313 clone in S. Typhimurium, commonly associated with severe invasive diseases, particularly in Africa, among isolates recovered exclusively from hospital.

La fin du XVe siècle marque le début d’une nouvelle ère dans les Amériques. L’arrivée des explorateurs, des conquistadores et des colonisateurs espagnols au nouveau continent signe l’introduction des Amériques dans l’histoire. Dans les écrits rédigés durant les premières décennies de la colonisation, les Autochtones endossent majoritairement le rôle d’objet. À la suite de l’endoctrinement d’une partie de la population autochtone, ce rôle passif se transforme en rôle davantage actif alors que certains Autochtones décident de prendre la parole et la plume. Voilà ce que Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala décide de faire par l’entremise de sa chronique Nueva coronica y buen gobierno, rédigé en 1615 et adressé au roi Philippe III d’Espagne. Ce mémoire étudie une sélection d’images de la chronique comme traductions culturelles intersémiotiques de la société coloniale dans la mesure où elles traduisent le vécu colonial, y compris les rapports de pouvoir ethniques au sein de la hiérarchie sociale, à l’aide d’unités sémiotiques provenant de divers codes culturels (espagnol, catholique et andin). L’objectif de ce projet de recherche consiste à démontrer la façon dont l’hybridité du système sémiotique du texte cible expose la nature aliénante de la traduction ainsi que la relation antagonique qu’elle entretient avec l’idéologie coloniale officielle. / The end of the 15th century introduces a new era in America. The arrival of Spanish explorers, conquistadors and colonists on the New Continent marks the beginning of American History. In works written during the first decades of colonization, most Natives merely take on the role of objects. Following the indoctrination of part of the Native population, this passive role becomes more active when some Natives decide to make their voices heard by the means of writing. This is exactly what Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala decides to do in his 1615 Nueva coronica y buen gobierno, written to King Phillip III of Spain. This project studies a selection of pictures from the chronicle as intersemiotic cultural translations of colonial society that translate colonial events, including the ethnic power struggles within the social hierarchy, using semiotic units belonging to various culture codes (Spanish, Catholic, Andean). Our goal is to show that the hybridity that shapes the semiotic system used in the target text reveals the foreignizing nature of the translation, and in turn, the antagonistic relations with the official colonial ideology.

Para entender la religión y las costumbres de los incas, así como la cosmovisión de los pueblos del mundo andino, las crónicas constituyen una fuente fundamental. El culto al dios Viracocha y el culto solar resultan temas importantes y complejos, diferentes cronistas lo describen con distintos énfasis debido a una serie de factores. La presente investigación se enfoca en analizar el culto a estos dioses en la formación del Tahuantisuyu, así como sus estrechos vínculos con los gobernantes incas, a partir del análisis de tres cronistas importantes de la historia de los incas, Juan de Betanzos, Cieza de León y Cabello de Balboa. En primer lugar, se describe el contexto en que fueron escritas las crónicas, el cual influyó en su contenido y en la apreciación que tuvieron sus autores de los incas. Posteriormente, se presenta las descripciones del culto al dios Viracocha y el Sol de los tres autores. Y luego se hará una comparación de las diferencias y similitudes en las descripciones de dichos temas y analizar los distinto énfasis que ponen los tres cronistas y los intereses y restricciones que están detrás de los autores bajo su época. / To understand the religion and customs of the Incas, as well as the worldview of the peoples of the Andean world, the chronicles constitute a fundamental source. The cult to the god Viracocha and the solar cult is a very important and complex subject, different chroniclers describe it with different emphases due to a series of factors. The present investigation focuses on analyzing the cult of these gods in the formation of the Tahuantisuyu, as well as their close ties with the Inca rulers, from the analysis of three important chroniclers of the history of the Incas, Juan de Betanzos, Cieza de León and Cabello de Balboa. In the first place describe the context in which the chronicles were written, which influences their content and opinion. In addition, this work focuses on making a comparison about the differences and similarities in the descriptions of these topics and analyzing the different emphases that put the three chroniclers and the interests and restrictions that are behind the authors under their time. / Tesis

The Latin American centennial celebrations of independence (ca.1909-1925) constituted a key moment in the consolidation of national symbols and tropes, while also producing a renewed focus on transnational affinities that generated a series of discourses on continental unity. At the same time, a boom in archaeological explorations, within a general climate of scientific positivism, provided Latin Americans with new information about their ‘grandiose’ former civilisations, such as the Inca and the Aztec, which some then argued for as an American equivalent to ancient Greek and Egyptian cultures. These discourses moved from the political to the cultural sphere, themselves shaping ideas about Latin American national and continental identity. In the arts, and particularly in music, artists as a result began to move from using European techniques and depicting European themes, to produce an art that could be considered Latin American. This dissertation explores discourses surrounding the Inca in particular as a source for the creation of a ‘national’ and ‘continental’ art music during the first three decades of the twentieth century, with a concentration on ‘nationalist’ composers of Peru, Ecuador and Argentina. Three main topics bind together my analysis: interpretations of the Inca musical system, the postcolonial style called yaraví, and the composition of opera. To this end, I look into early twentieth-century writings on Inca music and its origins, investigate attempts to reconstruct it, describe how certain composers applied ‘Inca’ techniques into their own works, and consider how this music was perceived by local audiences. Ultimately, I argue that faced with the difficulties of constructing national unity at the time, the turn to Inca culture and music in pursuit of such unity could only succeed within particular intellectual circles, and that the idea that the Inca example could produce a ‘music of America’ would ultimately remain a utopia.

Psychoactive plants have played a significant role in Andean cultures for millennia. Whilst there is evidence of the importance of psychoactive plants in the Andean archaeological record, none of these are direct proof that these culturally significant plants were used by ancient Andean populations. This project utilised liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the use of psychoactive plants in individuals from cemetery sites in Chile and Peru by analysing hair specimens for a variety of psychoactive compounds. Hair specimens from 46 individuals buried at cemetery sites in the Azapa Valley (northern Chile) belonging to the Cabuza culture (c AD 300 ¿ 1000) indicated around half of these people ingested coca, as evidenced by the detection of BZE in hair specimens. Two individuals from this population tested positive for bufotenine, the main alkaloid in Anadenanthera snuff. There is a specific material culture associated with snuffing. These findings confirm Anadenanthera was consumed in the Azapa Valley. The 11 individuals from Peru came from the necropolis at Puruchuco-Huaquerones in the Rímac valley near Lima. These individuals belonged to the Ichma culture, but would have been under Inca imperial control during the Late Horizon. Although only a small sample, two-thirds tested positive for BZE, suggestive that access to coca was widespread. This project presents a synthesis of the archaeological evidence for the use of various psychoactive plants in Andes. Also presented is the first report of the detection of bufotenine in ancient hair samples and additional data contributing to the understanding of the use of coca in the Andes.

La fin du XVe siècle marque le début d’une nouvelle ère dans les Amériques. L’arrivée des explorateurs, des conquistadores et des colonisateurs espagnols au nouveau continent signe l’introduction des Amériques dans l’histoire. Dans les écrits rédigés durant les premières décennies de la colonisation, les Autochtones endossent majoritairement le rôle d’objet. À la suite de l’endoctrinement d’une partie de la population autochtone, ce rôle passif se transforme en rôle davantage actif alors que certains Autochtones décident de prendre la parole et la plume. Voilà ce que Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala décide de faire par l’entremise de sa chronique Nueva coronica y buen gobierno, rédigé en 1615 et adressé au roi Philippe III d’Espagne. Ce mémoire étudie une sélection d’images de la chronique comme traductions culturelles intersémiotiques de la société coloniale dans la mesure où elles traduisent le vécu colonial, y compris les rapports de pouvoir ethniques au sein de la hiérarchie sociale, à l’aide d’unités sémiotiques provenant de divers codes culturels (espagnol, catholique et andin). L’objectif de ce projet de recherche consiste à démontrer la façon dont l’hybridité du système sémiotique du texte cible expose la nature aliénante de la traduction ainsi que la relation antagonique qu’elle entretient avec l’idéologie coloniale officielle. / The end of the 15th century introduces a new era in America. The arrival of Spanish explorers, conquistadors and colonists on the New Continent marks the beginning of American History. In works written during the first decades of colonization, most Natives merely take on the role of objects. Following the indoctrination of part of the Native population, this passive role becomes more active when some Natives decide to make their voices heard by the means of writing. This is exactly what Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala decides to do in his 1615 Nueva coronica y buen gobierno, written to King Phillip III of Spain. This project studies a selection of pictures from the chronicle as intersemiotic cultural translations of colonial society that translate colonial events, including the ethnic power struggles within the social hierarchy, using semiotic units belonging to various culture codes (Spanish, Catholic, Andean). Our goal is to show that the hybridity that shapes the semiotic system used in the target text reveals the foreignizing nature of the translation, and in turn, the antagonistic relations with the official colonial ideology.

No description available.

Pine tree substrate (PTS) is a relatively new substrate for container crop production. There are no detailed studies that elucidate how storage time impacts PTS chemical, physical, and biological aspects. The objective of this research was to determine how PTS storage time influenced PTS chemical and physical properties, nitrification, and plant growth. Pine tree substrate was manufactured by hammer-milling chips of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) through two screen sizes, 4.76 mm (PTS) and 15.9 mm amended with peat (PTSP). PTS and PTSP were amended with lime at five rates. A peat-perlite mix (PL) served as a control treatment. Prepared substrates were placed in storage bags and stored in an open shed in Blacksburg, Virginia. Subsamples were taken at 1, 42, 84, 168, 270, and 365 days. At each subsampling day, twelve 1-L containers were filled with each substrate. Six containers were left fallow and six were planted with marigold (Tagetes erecta L. "Inca Gold") seedlings. Substrate was also collected from select treatments for Most Probable Number assays to estimate density of nitrifying microorganisms, and for chemical and physical property analyses. Pour-through extracts were collected from fallow containers at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, and from marigold containers at harvest for determination of pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium-N and nitrate-N. At harvest, marigold height, width, and dry weight were measured. At least 1 kg·m-3 lime for PTS, and 2 to 4 kg·m-3 lime for PTSP were needed to maintain pH values ≥ 5.5 for 365 days. Bound acidity of unlimed PTS increased but cation exchange capacity for unlimed PTS and PTSP decreased over 365 days. Carbon to nitrogen ratio and bulk density values were unchanged over time in all treatments. There were minor changes in particle size distribution for limed PTS and unlimed and limed PTSP. Marigold growth in PTS and PTSP was ≥ PL in all limed treatments, except at day 1. Nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were present and nitrification occurred in PTS and PTSP at all subsampling days. Pine tree substrate is relatively stable in storage, but pH decreases, and lime addition may be necessary to offset this decrease. / Ph. D.

La tesis tiene como propósito realizar una investigación en torno a la arquitectura precolombina y el carácter que adquiere en la contemporaneidad. Se toma como caso de estudio el Complejo Tambo Colorado, con la finalidad de indagar y poner a prueba otras formas de lectura que enfaticen la experiencia con el lugar, entre la arquitectura y el territorio. Son las disciplinas de la arqueología y arquitectura las que entregan herramientas valiosas para el estudio de estos sitios, debido a que parten de variables analíticas y de documentación estudiada para la compresión histórica o formal, sin embargo ¿En qué medida se puede generar una lectura personal de estos espacios preexistentes? ¿Es posible darles uso o habitarlos? En busca de responder estas interrogantes se propone una investigación hacia otra forma de aproximación y apropiación de estos espacios preexistentes. Esto se realiza a partir de dos rutas, ambas extraídas de prácticas artísticas del siglo XX, la primera como base teórica a través de la aplicación del concepto de entropía propuesto por Robert Smithson, que permite la lectura del objeto arquitectónico en otra dimensión de valoración temporal; y la segunda por medio del método de la Deriva Situacionista, cuyo empleo genera el descubrimiento sobre lo existente a partir de pautas e instrucciones que buscan un recorrido dirigido por lo sensorial. La aplicación de tales prácticas se resuelve a partir del traslado de ambos métodos o procedimientos del campo artístico al arquitectónico, lo que resulta en otra manera de lectura del sitio. Se habita a través de un componente experimental que sirve como mediación entre la arquitectura, lugar y el visitante, logrando generar un método replicable que pueda ponerse en práctica en otros vestigios precolombinos, incluso más allá de Tambo Colorado. / The purpose of this thesis is to research pre-Columbian architecture and the character it acquires in contemporary times. To achieve this, the Tambo Colorado archeological complex is used as a case study in order to test and investigate different forms of reading the architecture that emphasize experience and sense of place between architecture and its territory. Archeology and architecture are the two disciplines that provide valuable tools for the study of archeological sites. They both use analytical variables and study documentation to reach a formal and/or historical compression. However, to what extent can you generate a personal reading of these pre-existing spaces? Is it possible to use or inhabit them? In an attempt to answer these questions, the thesis proposes to complementary forms of approximation and appropriation of these preexisting spaces that may exist outside the realm of traditional architectural and archeological research. These complementary forms come from two artistic practices of the twentieth century, the first, the application of the concept of entropy proposed by Robert Smithson, the second the Situationist Derivation method. Entropy allows for the reading of the architectural object in another dimension of temporal assessment while the Derivation generates new discoveries on existing things from guidelines and instructions that look for a path directed by the senses. To apply these two practices or methods in the architectural field, they are directly transferred from the artistic field. This results in another way of reading the site. These methods aim to create mediation between the architecture, the place and the visitor that is replicated in a case-by-case basis, even beyond Tambo Colorado / Tesis

No description available.