O motor de indução é, talvez, o mais robusto e, certamente, um dos motores mais comumente usados. Graças à simplicidade de sua construção, do seu baixo custo, confiabilidade e rendimento relativamente alto com carga nominal é provável que ele permaneça sendo a principal fonte de transformação de energia elétrica em energia mecânica nas aplicações industriais e comerciais por um futuro previsível. O estudo de economia de energia pela redução de perdas é o objetivo do presente estudo. Os motores de indução operam regularmente com fluxo quase constante no entreferro e, portanto, com perdas magnéticas quase constantes. A utilização de um circuito gradador de tensão em série com a alimentação do motor para reduzir o fluxo no entreferro pela redução da tensão aplicada quando a carga não requer fluxo total é o objeto de análise neste estudo. Com a redução da tensão, para manter o conjugado de operação, a velocidade de rotação diminui, ou seja, há um aumento no escorregamento até um valor ótimo para reduzir as perdas totais. Então, esperaria-se que com a redução da tensão aplicada, as perdas magnéticas decresceriam e a eficiência total cresceria. Via de regra, no motor de indução, dada a característica mergulhante de sua curva Conjugado x Velocidade na região em torno da velocidade nominal, o conjugado varia muito mais que a velocidade. Para operação eficiente, a sua tensão aplicada deve ser função da carga que traciona. É objetivo desse trabalho estudar um dispositivo que, colocado em série com a fonte de alimentação de um motor de indução de CA, promove a redução de potência fornecida ao motor, quando a carga aplicada ao motor é menor que a carga nominal. Uma análise da redução da tensão senoidal aplicada através de um auto-transformador de tensão variável é comparada com a redução da tensão através de um circuito gradador baseado em tiristores. A melhor tensão a ser obtida é a que reduz as perdas magnéticas ao mínimo, para cargas que não requerem o fluxo total no entreferro como quando da tensão nominal aplicada. As limitações do processo são estudadas e apresentadas. / The induction motor is perhaps the most rugged, and certainly one of the most commonly used motors. With simply construction, low cost, reliability and efficiency relatively high with rated-load it seems to be a good way to convert electric energy into mechanical energy for industrial and domestic applications for a predictable future. An economy in energy consumption by loss reduction is the goal of this study. The induction motors as normal operate with constant flux in the air-gap and, hence with almost constant losses in the core. The use of a voltage gradador circuit in series with the voltage source applied to the motor for flux reduction in the air-gap by reduction of the voltage when the load do not need full-flux is this study proposal. Hence, with applied voltage reduction, to keep the operational torque, the motor rotation decreases or the slip increases to an optimum value to reduce the total core losses and increase the efficiency. As a rule, the induction motor, by the dip characteristic of the torque x speed curve in the region near the nominal speed, the torque changes much more then the speed. For efficient operation, the applied voltage should be a function of the load. It is the goal or aim of this work to study a device which, when placed in series with the power input of an alternating current induction motor, will produce a reduction in power normally provided to the motor when operated in either a condition where motor loading is less than a rated load. An analysis of voltage ideal sine wave supply reduction applied by an autotransformer with variable voltage is compared with the voltage reduction using a gradador circuit based on thyristors. The optimal voltage operation is the one that decrease the iron losses to minimum, for partial-load that do not need full-flux in the air-gap as when the full voltage is applied. Limitations in the process are investigated and will be showed.

O motor de indução é, talvez, o mais robusto e, certamente, um dos motores mais comumente usados. Graças à simplicidade de sua construção, do seu baixo custo, confiabilidade e rendimento relativamente alto com carga nominal é provável que ele permaneça sendo a principal fonte de transformação de energia elétrica em energia mecânica nas aplicações industriais e comerciais por um futuro previsível. O estudo de economia de energia pela redução de perdas é o objetivo do presente estudo. Os motores de indução operam regularmente com fluxo quase constante no entreferro e, portanto, com perdas magnéticas quase constantes. A utilização de um circuito gradador de tensão em série com a alimentação do motor para reduzir o fluxo no entreferro pela redução da tensão aplicada quando a carga não requer fluxo total é o objeto de análise neste estudo. Com a redução da tensão, para manter o conjugado de operação, a velocidade de rotação diminui, ou seja, há um aumento no escorregamento até um valor ótimo para reduzir as perdas totais. Então, esperaria-se que com a redução da tensão aplicada, as perdas magnéticas decresceriam e a eficiência total cresceria. Via de regra, no motor de indução, dada a característica mergulhante de sua curva Conjugado x Velocidade na região em torno da velocidade nominal, o conjugado varia muito mais que a velocidade. Para operação eficiente, a sua tensão aplicada deve ser função da carga que traciona. É objetivo desse trabalho estudar um dispositivo que, colocado em série com a fonte de alimentação de um motor de indução de CA, promove a redução de potência fornecida ao motor, quando a carga aplicada ao motor é menor que a carga nominal. Uma análise da redução da tensão senoidal aplicada através de um auto-transformador de tensão variável é comparada com a redução da tensão através de um circuito gradador baseado em tiristores. A melhor tensão a ser obtida é a que reduz as perdas magnéticas ao mínimo, para cargas que não requerem o fluxo total no entreferro como quando da tensão nominal aplicada. As limitações do processo são estudadas e apresentadas. / The induction motor is perhaps the most rugged, and certainly one of the most commonly used motors. With simply construction, low cost, reliability and efficiency relatively high with rated-load it seems to be a good way to convert electric energy into mechanical energy for industrial and domestic applications for a predictable future. An economy in energy consumption by loss reduction is the goal of this study. The induction motors as normal operate with constant flux in the air-gap and, hence with almost constant losses in the core. The use of a voltage gradador circuit in series with the voltage source applied to the motor for flux reduction in the air-gap by reduction of the voltage when the load do not need full-flux is this study proposal. Hence, with applied voltage reduction, to keep the operational torque, the motor rotation decreases or the slip increases to an optimum value to reduce the total core losses and increase the efficiency. As a rule, the induction motor, by the dip characteristic of the torque x speed curve in the region near the nominal speed, the torque changes much more then the speed. For efficient operation, the applied voltage should be a function of the load. It is the goal or aim of this work to study a device which, when placed in series with the power input of an alternating current induction motor, will produce a reduction in power normally provided to the motor when operated in either a condition where motor loading is less than a rated load. An analysis of voltage ideal sine wave supply reduction applied by an autotransformer with variable voltage is compared with the voltage reduction using a gradador circuit based on thyristors. The optimal voltage operation is the one that decrease the iron losses to minimum, for partial-load that do not need full-flux in the air-gap as when the full voltage is applied. Limitations in the process are investigated and will be showed.

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This thesis is about the development and performance enhancement of an induction motor electric vehicle drive system. The fundamental operation of the induction motor drive hardware and control software are introduced, and the different modulation techniques tested are described. A software simulation package is developed to assist in the control design and analysis of the drive system. Next, to establish the efficiency gains obtained by using space vector modulation in the improved drive system, an inverter with hysteresis current control is compared to the same inverter with space vector modulation in steady state and on separate driving profiles. A method for determining induction motor harmonic losses is introduced and is based on obtaining the phase current harmonics from sampled induction motor stator phase currents obtained. Using a semi-empirical loss model, the induction motor losses are compared between different pulse width modulation control strategies throughout the torque versus speed operating region. Next, several issues related to the robustness of the control design are addressed. To obtain good performance in the actual vehicle, a new method for driveline resonance compensation is developed and proven to work well through simulation and experiment. Lastly, this thesis discusses the development of a new method to compensate for the gain and phase error obtained in the feedback of the d-axis and q-axis stator flux linkages. Improved accuracy of the measured stator flux linkages will be shown to improve the field oriented controller by obtaining a more accurate measurement of the feedback electromagnetic torque. / Master of Science

Ένα από τα σύγχρονα προβλήματα που απασχολούν του την κοινωνία είναι το ενεργειακό πρόβλημα, απόρροια της σταδιακής εξάντλησης των συμβατικών πηγών ενέργειας. Μία ιδιαίτερα ελκυστική λύση, αποτελεί η αξιοποίηση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας και ειδικά του ανέμου που παρέχει την αιολική ενέργεια. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως θέμα τον έλεγχο ανεμογεννήτριας επαγωγικής μηχανής βραχυκυκλωμένου κλωβού(SCIG) με χρήση ασαφούς λογικής. Ο έλεγχος με ασαφή λογική είναι ταχέως αναπτυσσόμενος καθώς πλησιάζει πολύ στην ανθρώπινη λογική. Βασιστήκαμε πάνω σε ένα ήδη υπάρχον μοντέλο μη-γραμμικού ελέγχου για αυτό το είδος ανεμογεννήτριας και το μετατρέψαμε κατάλληλα για την σταδιακή εφαρμογή της ασαφούς λογικής. Το σύστημα προσομοιώθηκε με τη βοήθεια της εφαρμογής Simulink του λογισμικού Matlab. Τα αποτελέσματα παρουσιάζονται μέσω διαγραμμάτων και εξάγονται τα ανάλογα συμπεράσματα. / One of the current issues that concern the society is the energy problem of the gradual depletion of conventional energy sources. A particularly attractive solution is the exploitation of renewable energy sources, especially wind providing the wind. This thesis will deal with controlling wind turbine induction motor squirrel cage (SCIG) using fuzzy logic. The control with fuzzy logic is rapidly growing as it approaches the human sense. We relied on an existing model of nonlinear control for this type turbine and turned it suitable for the application of fuzzy logic. The system was simulated with the help of application Simulink software Matlab. The results are presented through diagrams and the relative conclusions are extracted.

Induction motors (IM) find widespread use in modern industry and for this reason they have been subject to a significant amount of research interest in recent times. One particular aspect of this research is the fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of induction motors for use in a condition based maintenance (CBM) strategy; by effectively tracking the condition of the motor, maintenance action need only be carried out when necessary. This type of maintenance strategy minimises maintenance costs and unplanned downtime. The benefits of an effective FDD for IM is clear and there have been numerous studies in this area but few which consider the problem in a practical sense with the aim of developing a single system that can be used to monitor motor condition under a range of different conditions, with different motor specifications and loads. This thesis aims to address some of these problems by developing a general FDD system for induction motor. The solution of this problem involved the development and testing of a new approach; the adaptive mixed-residual approach (AMRA). The main aim of the AMRA system is to avoid the vast majority of unplanned failures of the machine and therefore as opposed to tackling a single induction motor fault, the system is developed to detect all four of the most statistically prevalent induction motor fault types; rotor fault, stator fault, air-gap fault and bearing fault. The mixed-residual fault detection algorithm is used to detect these fault types which includes a combination of spectral and model-based techniques coupled with particle swarm optimisation (PSO) for automatic identification of motor parameters. The AMRA residuals are analysed by a fuzzy-logic classifier and the system requires only current and voltage inputs to operate. Validation results indicate that the system performs well under a range of load torques and different coupling methods proving it to have significant potential for use in industrial applications.

Este trabalho apresenta através de simulação um estudo comparativo de estimadores de velocidade de motor de indução trifásico por meio de observadores de estado e da técnica do filtro de Kalman. É realizada uma análise comparativa de desempenho das estratégias de estimação determinísticas e estocásticas, com observadores adaptativos e estimadores baseados na teoria do filtro de Kalman estendido, respectivamente. A realização do trabalho visa a constatação dos procedimentos de elaboração, de operação e de aplicação destas técnicas de estimação usando um exemplo real com fins de ilustrar o ensino de controle e acionamento de máquinas elétricas. As simulações foram realizadas através do Matlab/Simulink com a utilização das ferramentas do Power System Blockset (PSB) e o algoritmo dos estimadores é escrito em programa Matlab e executado por uma função S-Function. Os resultados de simulação demonstram a eficiência de cada um dos estimadores propostos, no que se refere ao comportamento transitório, robustez a ruídos e variações nos parâmetros do motor. / This works presents through of the simulation a comparative study of the sensorless of speed estimation of induction three-phase motor using state observer and Kalman filter. A comparative analysis of the performance of the deterministic and stochastic estimation strategies using adaptive observers and estimators based on extended Kalman filter was realized. The work aims to verify the procedure of the elaboration, operation and application of such estimation techniques using a real example to illustrate the teaching of the control and driving of electric machines. The simulations where performed using Matlab/Simulink with Power System Blockset (PSB) toolboxes and the estimators are programmed as S-Function Matlab. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed estimators, according to the transient behavior, robustness to noise and ability to handle parametric variations.

O presente trabalho é um estudo comparativo entre a modelagem de motores de indução bifásicos simétricos com o uso da transformação dq0, que é uma modelagem matemática clássica na análise dos motores de indução bifásicos e a modelagem através da teoria do vetor espiral, proposta na década de 80 para os motores de indução trifásicos. A modelagem clássica é apresentada detalhadamente, bem como a modelagem por vetores espirais. Foram realizadas simulações para comparar os resultados entre as diferentes abordagens. / This work is a comparative study between the classic modeling using dq0 transformation and the spiral vector theory applied to study symmetrical two-phase induction machine. The spiral vector theory was proposed by Dr. Sakae Yamamura to study electrical machines in the middle of 1980s. To compare both types of modeling, simulations were performed to solve differential equations.

Este trabalho desenvolve a simulação do controle de velocidade de motor de indução com a técnica de controle direto de torque (Direct Torque Control - DTC), sendo executada em um dispositivo lógico programável tipo FPGA (Field Programable Gate Array). A simulação é realizada usando-se dois programas: O MATLAB/Simulink e o ModelSim, sendo que estes dois programas trabalham em modo de co-simulação provida pelo toolbox Link-for-ModelSim do Simulink. Enquanto a dinâmica do motor e do inversor é executada no MATLAB, o algoritmo de controle da estratégia DTC é executada no ModelSim. O algoritmo de acionamento DTC é escrito em linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language - VHSIC HDL) e utiliza a aritmética de ponto flutuante. Os resultados das simulações são apresentados e analisados no final deste trabalho. / This work presents a simulation of induction motor speed control using the technique of direct torque control (DTC), performed in a reprogrammable device type FPGA. The simulation is performed using two programs: MATLAB/Simulink and ModelSim, where these two programs work in a co-simulation mode, provide by Link for ModelSim toolbox from Simulink. While the motor and inverter dynamics is performed in MATLAB, the control algorithm of DTC technique runs in the ModelSim program. The algorithm of DTC drive is written in hardware description language (VHDL) and use the float point arithmetic. The simulation results are presented and analyzed in the end of this work.

An existing solar-powered water pumping system located in Mutomo, Kenya has beenevaluated in this paper. The requirement for this system is to produce a minimum of25m³ water per day throughout the year.The aim of this thesis is to investigate theperformance of the currently installed system and find a suitable replacement in termsof efficiency and economic viability. In order to acquire the necessary knowledge forthis project, a literature study was carried out to analyse the research within the area.Three simulation models were created which all include an electric motor driven by aphotovoltaic array and are connected to a submersible groundwater pump. Allmodels utilise space vector pulse width modulation. One model of an inductionmotor that represents the currently installed system, one induction motor thatdelivers a minimum of 25 m³ water per day, and one model of a permanent magnetsynchronous motor for comparison. Simulations using weather data, representing anaverage day for each month of the year were carried out. It was shown that thecurrently installed system does not fulfil the requirement of producing 25 m³ waterper day, and in addition produces a significant amount of energy that can not beutilised. It was also shown that the efficiency of the permanent magnet synchronousmotor was superior to the induction motors. In order to compare the systems interms of economic viability, price quotations from world leading manufacturers wereacquired. The results of the economic comparison show that the superior efficiencyof the permanent magnet synchronous motor was not enough to compensate for thehigher investment cost.