The use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) as solid sorbent in Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) extraction and preconcentration method was presented to determine some commonly used organophosphorus insecticides/OPIs in honey samples using a Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). OPIs are poisonous compounds used to kill insects and rodents by affecting their nervous system. The limit of detections obtained after MSPD extraction were 7.0 ng/g for Malathion, Malaoxon and Fenitrothion and 33.3 ng/g for Isomalathion. The recovery of the insecticides from spiked honey, ranged from 83.6% to 103.3% with % RSD ranged from 9.8% to 12.3% (n=3). The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration data varied from 0.9945 to 0.9987. Standard addition method was utilized to examine matrix-induced effects on analyte peaks, and to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. The MSPD extraction was successfully applied for the analysis of four honey samples but no insecticide residues were detected.

The focus of this thesis was to investigate developmental neurotoxic effects of different persistent and non-persistent environmental pollutants, alone or in binary mixtures, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development, in mice. The compounds investigated included a perfluorinated compound, perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS), and four different pesticides, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Both persistent and non-persistent pollutants are detected in the environment and in humans, which shows that exposure to these compounds is occurring in real life. Humans can therefore be exposed to various pollutants during their whole lifetime, starting from the gestational period to adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to environmental pollutants is rarely exclusive to a single compound, but rather occurs through combinations of various pollutants present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during human brain development have been suggested to be a possible cause for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that chemicals can induce irreversible disorders in brain function when exposure to these chemicals occurs during a critical defined period of the brain development known as the brain growth spurt (BGS). The BGS is characterized by a rapid growth and development of the immature brain. In humans, and mice, this period also overlaps the lactation period indicating that newborns and toddlers can be exposed via mothers’ milk as well. This thesis has shown that a single oral exposure to PFHxS, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or carbaryl can induce developmental neurotoxic effects in mice, when exposure occurs during a critical period of brain development. These effects are manifested as persistent altered adult spontaneous behavior in a novel home environment, modified habituation, altered susceptibility of the cholinergic system and changed levels of neuroproteins in the mouse brain. Furthermore, a single neonatal co-exposure to a binary mixture of carbaryl/chlorpyrifos or PFHxS/endosulfan can interact and exacerbate the adult behavioral effects. These effects were seen at dosages were the single compound did not elicit a response or induced a much weaker behavioral effect. This indicates that risk assessments conducted on single compounds might underestimate interaction effects of mixtures when co-exposed.

Apis mellifera est un insecte pollinisateur jouant un rôle économique et écologique majeur. Depuis plus d'une vingtaine d'années, d'importantes pertes de colonies d'abeilles ont été recensées à l'échelle mondiale. L'origine de ce phénomène impliquerait de nombreux facteurs de stress qui pourraient en outre interagir entre eux. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour but d'évaluer l'impact sur la santé de l'abeille de l'association entre un facteur biotique, le parasite microsporidien Nosema ceranae, et un facteur abiotique, des insecticides neurotoxiques à faibles doses. Des études en laboratoire ont montré que l'association N. ceranae-insecticide entraine une surmortalité significative, et plus précisément un effet synergique sur la mortalité des abeilles. Cet effet synergique semble indépendant de l'ordre d'exposition des abeilles aux deux facteurs de stress. De plus, lorsqu'ils ont été appliqués dès l'émergence des abeilles, ces facteurs ont eu un impact plus fort sur la mortalité. La réponse de l'abeille à N. ceranae et aux insecticides a ensuite été analysée à l'échelle transcriptomique. L'analyse du transcriptome de l'intestin a été réalisée en combinant une approche globale de séquençage à haut débit (RNA-Seq) et un suivi de l'expression d'une sélection de gènes par qRT-PCR. L'exposition à N. ceranae et aux insecticides a entraîné des modifications de l'expression de gènes impliqués dans les défenses de l'abeille (immunité, détoxication) et dans les métabolismes du tréhalose et de la chitine. De nombreuses perspectives à ce travail sont envisageables dans le but de mieux appréhender la réponse de l'abeille à différents facteurs de stress, notamment en combinant des expérimentations en laboratoire avec des études de terrain.

Le canal sodium dépendant du potentiel (Nav) est un des principaux partenaires moléculaires de l'excitabilité cellulaire. Il constitue une cible de choix pour les insecticides neurotoxiques utilisés pour la lutte contre les insectes nuisibles. Les insecticides de la famille des phénylpyrazolines interagissent avec la sous-unité principale du canal Nav avec une préférence pour son état conformationnel dit " inactivé ". Or, il a été montré que les sous-unités auxiliaires de Drosophila melanogaster modifient cette conformation. Cependant, le rôle et la régulation de ces sous-unités auxiliaires sont, à ce jour, très peu connus. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont été de caractériser les sous-unités auxiliaires de la blatte Periplaneta americana par des approches moléculaires, électrophysiologiques et pharmacologiques, afin d'en préciser les fonctions. La première partie de ce travail porte sur la sous-unité neuronale TEH1. Deux protéines résultant d'une rétention d'intron modifiant uniquement le C-terminal, PaTEH1A et PaTEH1B, ont été clonées. En utilisant l'ovocyte de xénope comme système d'expression et la technique de la double micro-électrode en potentiel imposé, nous avons mis en évidence l'implication du Cterminal dans la modulation des propriétés électrophysiologiques et pharmacologiques du canal Nav. La deuxième partie porte sur les autres sous-unités pour lesquelles nous avons identifié plusieurs variants résultant de différents types d'épissage alternatif (2 pour PaTipE et 4 pour PaTEH2). Les sous-unités auxiliaires jouent donc un rôle important dans la modulation des courants Na+ et doivent être prises en considération pour améliorer les études pharmacologiques.

Bibliography: leaves 120-145. / vii, 145, [43] leaves, [23] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Reports Bt crystal protein toxicity to a phthirapteran species. Although Bt strain WB3516 may produce other unidentified toxins effective against B. ovis, the results provide strong evidence that the [delta]-endotoxin crystal proteins of strain WB3516 significantly contribute to the lousicidal toxicity of this strain. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1998?

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The contamination of the aquatic environment by pesticides is a problem of global importance because of their toxic effect on non-target organisms. These products may affect toxicological parameters and oxidative stress in fish. The carp is cultivated in southern of Brazil and has great comercial interest. There are few studies in our country regarding the use of pesticides and their toxicity in these fish. The aim of this study was to determine if the insecticides used in rice farming alter these parameters in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). Throught obtained results toxicity biomarkers to insecticides were determinated. The carps were exposed to insecticides for seven, 30 or 90 days in rice field condition. After the experimental periods, toxicological parameters and oxidative stress were evaluated in liver, brain and muscle. The parameters analyzed were the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, parameters of oxidative stress,such as protein carbonyl in the liver and levels of TBARS in the liver, brain and muscle were examined. The results showed that after exposure to the comercial formulation of the insecticide carbofuran the CAT increased its activity in hepatic tissue after 30 days of exposure. The enzyme activity was not changed in the liver of carp exposed to carbofuran for seven or 90 days. The GST decreased after seven and 90 days of exposure. On the other hand, after 30 days its activity increased in the liver of fish exposed to this insecticide. The protein carbonyl levels reduced in the liver of carp exposed for seven, 30 or 90 days to carbofuran. The TBARS levels increased in almost all tissues and periods considered, except the liver and brain that showed TBARS levels unchanged at seven days of exposure. Exposure to comercial formulation of insecticide fipronil showed that the activity of CAT reduced in all periods and tissues tested. The protein carbonyl levels increased after 30 days of exposure fipronil, while at seven and 90 days there was no change in the levels of protein carbonyl. The TBARS levels increased in all periods and tissues in carp exposed to fipronil. These results indicate that the measured parameters can be indicators of contamination to insecticides in Cyprinus carpio after prolonged exposure. According to the results obtained we consider the determination of protein carbonyl in hepatic tissue and TBARS in liver, brain and muscle tissue as biomarkers of carbofuran toxicity in carp after 90 days of exposure. For fipronil the results found in the activity of the CAT in liver and TBARS levels in all tissues studied, allow us to consider them biomarkers of insecticide toxicity. / A contaminação do ambiente aquático por agrotóxicos é um problema de importância mundial, devido ao seu efeito tóxico em organismos não-alvo. Estes produtos podem afetar parâmetros toxicológicos em peixes. As carpas são peixes cultivados na região Sul do Brasil e possuem grande interesse comercial. Existem poucos estudos em nosso país relacionando o uso de agrotóxicos e sua toxicidade nestes peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se inseticidas utilizados na lavoura de arroz alteram parâmetros toxicológicos em juvenis de carpas (Cyprinus carpio). Através dos resultados obtidos foram determinados biomarcadores de toxicidade para estes inseticidas. As carpas foram expostas a dois tipos de inseticidas por sete, 30 ou 90 dias em condição de lavoura de arroz. Após os períodos experimentais foram avaliados parâmetros toxicológicos e de estresse oxidativo nos tecidos hepático, cerebral e muscular. Os parâmetros enzimáticos analisados foram: atividade da catalase (CAT) e glutationa S-transferase (GST). Além disso, analisaram-se parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, como a carbonilação de proteínas no tecido hepático e níveis de TBARS em fígado, cérebro e músculo. Os resultados mostraram que após exposição à formulação comercial do inseticida carbofuran a catalase apresentou sua atividade aumentada no tecido hepático após 30 dias de exposição. A atividade da enzima não foi alterada aos sete ou 90 dias em fígado de carpas expostas ao inseticida carbofuran. A enzima GST diminuiu após sete e 90 dias de exposição. Por outro lado, em 30 dias sua atividade aumentou no fígado de peixes expostos ao inseticida. Os níveis de proteína carbonil diminuiram em fígado de carpas expostas por sete, 30 ou 90 dias ao carbofuran. Os níveis de TBARS foram aumentados em praticamente todos os períodos e tecidos considerados, com exceção do tecido hepático e muscular, que aos sete dias de exposição mostrou os níveis de TBARS inalterados. A exposição à formulação comercial do inseticida fipronil diminuiu atividade da catalase em todos os períodos e tecidos testados. Os níveis de proteína carbonil foram aumentados após 30 dias de exposição ao fipronil, enquanto que aos sete ou 90 dias não houve alteração nos níveis de proteína carbonil. Os níveis de TBARS aumentaram em todos os períodos e tecidos em carpas expostas ao fipronil. Estes resultados indicam que os parâmetros medidos podem ser bons indicadores da contaminação destes pesticidas em tecidos de carpa após exposição prolongada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, podemos considerar a determinação de proteína carbonil no tecido hepático e TBARS em cérebro, músculo e fígado como biomarcadores de toxicidade em carpas para o carbofuran. Para o fipronil os resultados encontrados na atividade da enzima catalase em fígado e nos níveis de TBARS em todos os tecidos estudados, permitem-nos considerá-los biomarcadores de toxicidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:37:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4613.pdf: 3660346 bytes, checksum: 77e85a7376e78635f9c8910796e79a0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / Computational methods such as electrostatic and structural similarity of compounds were used to determine a similarity pattern for pesticides present in the database of the Medicinal Chemistry Group IQSC/USP. A collection consisting of herbicides and insecticides allowed and banned, according to the World Health Organization was used in this study. Several chemometric analyzes were performed to determine the recognition pattern processes in the classification of substances into their chemical classes that were associated with levels of 61-86% of correct prediction. Three case studies were carried out to validate the established hypotheses which showed good results in all cases. The disclosure of chemical space associated with the biological space using robust methods of analysis led to the establishment of rules for the selection and identification of patterns that can now be used as the foundation for the design of new herbicides and insecticides. / Através do uso de métodos computacionais para avaliação da similaridade estrutural e eletrostática, determinou-se um padrão de similaridade para agrotóxicos presentes no banco de dados do Grupo de Química Medicinal do IQSC/USP. Esse banco é constituído de uma coleção de herbicidas e inseticidas permitidos e banidos, segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Várias análises quimiométricas foram realizadas com o objetivo de determinar os processos de reconhecimento de padrões e classificar as substâncias dentro de suas respectivas classes químicas que foram associadas aos níveis de 61-86 % de predição correta. Três estudos de casos foram realizados com o objetivo de validar as hipóteses estabelecidas com resultados satisfatórios foram encontrados em todos os casos. As definições do espaço químico associado ao biológico através de métodos robustos de análise propiciaram o estabelecimento de regras de seleção e identificação de padrões que podem agora ser usados para o planejamento de novos herbicidas e inseticidas.

Le moustique tigre Aedes albopictus, pur produit de la mondialisation, s’est installé en Europe dans les années 1970s, et en région PACA en 2004, grâce au transport intercontinental de ses œufs, capables de résister à la dessiccation et d’effectuer une diapause. Ce moustique est capable de transmettre 27 virus comme la dengue, zika et chikungunya. Le premier objectif du présent travail a été l’étude des aspects biologique d’Ae. albopictus dans son milieu naturel dans une région où il s’est implanté depuis plus de 10 ans, à Nice au sud-est de la France. Nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes de captures : les pièges pour adultes BGs ®, les pièges pondoirs avec une infusion de foin pour la récolte des œufs ainsi que la capture sur Homme, afin d’apprécier la densité de ce moustique, ses fluctuations spatiotemporelles et les taux de parturité des femelles. Les deux années de l’étude de la dynamique saisonnière ont montrés un début d’activité des moustiques au mois d’avril atteignant un pique d’activité en Juillet-Août et diminuant par la suite jusqu'à ce que l'activité a cessé au mois de novembre. Nous avons enregistré des taux de parturité élevées qui se sont stabilisés entre 0,52 et 0,71 entre le mois de juin et octobre respectivement. Ces taux de parturités indiquent un taux de survie élevé qui pourrait être encore supérieur à cause du comportement de skip oviposition des femelles Ae. albopictus. De plus nous avons mis en évidence un taux important de femelles gravides (jusqu’à 44 %) capturées sur Homme indiquant une prise de repas multiples durant un même cycle gonotrophique. L'objectif principal de ce travail a été d'évaluer l'efficacité des pulvérisations spatiales d’Ultra Bas Volume (UBV) d’insecticides, la principale méthode utilisée dans le cas de foyers urbains. La population locale d’Ae. albopictus a montré une forte sensibilité à la deltaméthrine (le seul insecticide homologué pour lutter contre les moustiques adultes en France) bien que les mâles ont été beaucoup plus sensible que les femelles. Une comparaison des résultats par application topique et par les tests en tube OMS a confirmé que cette différence a été due à la plus petite taille des mâles par rapport aux femelles. Durant six essais sur le terrain, on n’a obtenu aucun impact significatif des traitements UBV de deltaméthrine sur les femelles, bien qu'il y ait eu une réduction significative des mâles. En revanche, le traitement par thermonébulisation autour d’un petit groupe de maisons a permis une quasi-élimination (95%) des moustiques mâles et femelles. Ces résultats apportent un élément de réponse sur les stratégies à mener en santé publique. Enfin, l'efficacité de plusieurs formulations de peintures insecticides issues de la technologie de microencapsulation ont été testée dans des conditions de laboratoire et de terrain. Les résultats ont été encourageants et les tests ont démontré que les peintures à base d’organophosphorés ont une rémanence de 2 ans. Le but ultime était d'utiliser des pièges pondoirs traités avec ces peintures insecticides comme une méthode de contrôle: en théorie, cette méthode vise l’exploitation du comportement de skip oviposition qui oblige les femelles à déposer leurs œufs sur plusieurs gîtes différents augmentant la probabilité pour que celles-ci rencontrent un piège pondoir traité avec un insecticide. Dans un petit essai sur le terrain, cependant, aucun impact sur la population sauvage n’a été observé. Nous discutons de cette méthode ainsi que de son intérêt face à la menace toujours grandissante liée à la propagation continuelle d’Ae. albopictus à travers le monde. / The Asian Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, first appeared in Europe in the 1970s,almost certainly a result ofintercontinental transport of its dessication-resistant eggs. In the laboratory,the species is capable of transmitting 27 viruses including Yellow Fever, dengue, chikungunya and zika, although in the field it is not considered an efficient vector because it is not host-specific.The first objective of our studies was to monitor aspects of the biology of the species in Nice (southeastern France), where it has been established for more than 10 years. Infusion-baited ovitraps, B-G® adult traps and human landing captures were used to reveal seasonal population fluctuations, parous rates and other parameters. In two complete years of study, adult mosquitoes began to appear in April, reached a plateau in July-August and declined thereafter until activity ceased in November. Parous rates were stable from June to October (0,52 to 0,71%) indicating a balance between recruitment (eclosion) and mortality. During this period, daily survival probability was high although this may be an underestimate if the duration of the gonotrophic cycle is extended by skip oviposition. Up to 44% of females captured by landing capture were gravid, confirmation of multiple blood-meals per gonotrophic cycle.The main focus of the work was an assessment of the efficacy of Ultra-low Volume (ULV) space sprays, the principal method used in the event of urban outbreaks. The local population proved highly susceptible to deltamethrin (the only insecticide approved for adult mosquito control in France) although femaleswere significantly less susceptible than males. A comparison of results by topical application and by the WHO tube test confirmed this difference is a function of size. In six separate field trials,there was no evidence of any impact of ULVdeltamethrin on females although there was a significant reduction of males. By contrast, outdoor treatment of a small cluster of homes with a portable thermal fogger gave virtual elimination (ca. 95%) of both sexes.These results are clearly of public health significance.Lastly, the efficacy of several slow-release formulations of microencapsulated insecticide in paint was tested in laboratory and semi-field conditions. Results were encouraging and tests demonstrated that the paints remained effective for 24 months on plastic surface. The ultimate goal was to use paint-treated ovitraps as a control method: in theory, skip ovipositon should ensure a high probability that ovipositing females will make contact with a treated trap on their rounds of suitable oviposition sites. In a small field trial, however, no impact on the wild population was observed. This may have been because too few treated traps were deployed; further studies along these lines could prove worthwhile.

The pesticides are substances widely used in agriculture, because it enhances productivity. However, its excessive and disordered use has caused different impacts on the environment. Therefore, this study investigated the effects in carps (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to carbofuran (two agricultural years) and fipronil (one agricultural years) in rice field condition for 7, 30 and 90 days, as in laboratory condition for 30 days. In addition, evaluation of growth fish parameters and pesticides concentrations in the experimental water. The SOD activity in liver increased after 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure to 50.0 μg/L of carbofuran under rice field condition in the years 1 and 2. A decrease in hepatic CAT activity was showed after 30 days of exposure in both experimental years. GST activity in liver showed a significant increase after 30 days of exposure, and decrease after 7 and 90 days in both experimental years. Protein carbonyl levels decreased after 90 days in the first experimental year. During the second experimental year the protein carbonyl levels were reduced in all the periods of exposure. In both experimental years TBARS increased significantly in the brain after all periods studied, while in liver and muscle significant increase occurred only after 30 and 90 days of exposure. The carbofuran did not affect fish growth compared to control group in both experimental years. The SOD activity in liver increased whereas the hepatic activity of CAT was inhibited at 7, 30 and 90 days of exposure to fipronil. There were no changes in GST activity in all experimental periods. The protein carbonyl levels increased after 30 and 90 days of exposure, as TBARS levels increased in all the analyzed tissues (muscle, liver and brain) and periods analyzed. Regarding the growth of carp during the experimental period, no significant differences were observed in fish treated with fipronil when compared with the control group. In a third study were performed evaluations in carp exposed to the carbofuran and fipronil for 30 days in laboratory conditions. An increased in TBARS liver, muscle and brain of fish as the protein carbonyl levels in the liver after exposure to both insecticides tested. Liver CAT activity remained unaltered, as GST in liver, muscle and brain after exposure to carbofuran fipronil. The antioxidant enzymatic system showed an increase of GSH in the liver after exposure to both insecticides, whereas in the brain and muscle are not altered. Acid ascorbic levels demonstrated increased in liver, muscle and brain after exposure to carbofuran. After exposure to fipronil this parameter were increased only in the brain. The AChE activity was inhibited in brain and muscle of fish after exposure to both insecticides. The results from these studies show that carbofuran and fipronil cause disturbances in biochemical parameters of fish exposed in rice field as in laboratory condition. These studies revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress, without affecting the survival of fish, but can be harmful to your health. / Os pesticidas são substâncias amplamente usadas na agricultura, pois os mesmos possibilitam o aumento da produtividade. Entretanto, seu uso desordenado e excessivo vem provocando diversos impactos sobre o meio ambiente. Em razão disso neste estudo investigaram-se os efeitos da exposição de carpas (Cyprinus carpio) aos inseticidas carbofuran (2 anos agrícolas) e fipronil (1 ano agrícola) em condição de lavoura de arroz irrigado por 7, 30 e 90 dias, bem como em condição de laboratório por 30 dias. Além de avaliações de parâmetros de crescimento e de resíduos dos pesticidas na água. A atividade SOD em fígado aumentou após 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição a 50,0 μg/L de carbofuran sob condições de lavoura de arroz irrigado nos anos 1 e 2. Uma diminuição na atividade da CAT hepática foi observada após 30 dias de exposição em ambos os anos experimentais. Na atividade da GST em fígado ocorreu um aumento significativo após 30 dias de exposição, e uma diminuição após 7 e 90 dias em ambos os anos experimentais. Os níveis de proteína carbonil diminuíram após 90 dias no primeiro ano experimental. Durante o segundo ano experimental, os níveis de proteína carbonil foram reduzidos em todos os períodos de exposição. Em ambos os anos experimentais, os níveis de TBARS aumentaram significativamente em cérebro após todos os períodos analisados, enquanto que no fígado e músculo um aumento significativo ocorreu apenas após 30 e 90 dias de exposição. O carbofuran não influenciou significativamente o crescimento dos peixes quando comparado ao grupo controle em ambos os anos experimentais. A atividade da SOD em fígado aumentou enquanto a atividade hepática da CAT foi inibida nos períodos de 7, 30 e 90 dias de exposição ao fipronil em condições de lavoura de arroz irrigado. Não foram observadas alterações na atividade da GST em todos os períodos experimentais. O conteúdo de proteína carbonil aumentou após 30 e 90 dias de exposição, ao passo que, os níveis TBARS aumentaram em todos os tecidos analisados (músculo, fígado e cérebro) e períodos analisados. Em relação ao crescimento das carpas durante o período experimental, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos peixes tratados com fipronil em relação ao grupo controle. Em um terceiro estudo realizaram-se avaliações em carpas expostas aos inseticidas carbofuran e fipronil por 30 dias em condições de laboratório. Ocorreu um aumento nos níveis de TBARS em fígado, músculo e cérebro dos peixes, assim como da carbonilação de proteínas em fígado após exposição a ambos os inseticidas testados. A atividade da CAT hepática permaneceu inalterada assim como a GST em fígado, músculo e cérebro tanto na exposição ao carbofuran como ao fipronil. O sistema antioxidante não enzimático apresentou aumento dos níveis de GSH em fígado após exposição a ambos inseticidas, enquanto que, em músculo e cérebro não se alteraram. Assim como, demonstrou aumento nos níveis de ácido ascórbico em fígado, músculo e cérebro após exposição ao inseticida carbofuran. Após exposição ao fipronil somente ocorreu aumento dos níveis deste parâmetro em cérebro. A atividade da enzima AChE mostrou-se inibida em cérebro e músculo dos peixes após exposição a ambos os inseticidas. Os resultados obtidos nestes estudos mostram que os inseticidas carbofuran e fipronil provocam desordens em parâmetros bioquímicos nos peixes expostos em condições de campo bem como, em condições de laboratório. Evidenciou-se a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo, sem afetar na sobrevivência dos peixes, mas podendo ser prejudicial para a saúde destes.