Nursing faculty are utilizing high-fidelity patient simulation (HPS) with debriefing to help engage nursing students in making competent clinical decisions. This quasi-experimental study examined the use of HPS with debriefing and students’ ability to make nursing care decisions using standardized exams. The experimental group received debriefing after HPS and the control group did not receive debriefing after HPS. The pre- and post-test assessed participants’ ability to make clinical care decisions. The analysis of the pre-test and post-test HESI scores showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups.

本研究旨在探討如何設計以建構主義為基礎的專題導向式VR學習環境，並進一步藉由教學實驗探討運用此VR學習環境能否提升學童的學習效果，以及配合「配對合作」、「引導輔助」策略之應用，是否能提升VR學習環境輔助學習之效果。最後，則藉由晤談之分析，瞭解學童經過教學後仍存在哪些錯誤概念，並藉由不同學習環境及不同學習成就學童心理模式之比較，進一步推論影響學童概念之因素，期能提供教學者及後續研究者之參考。 本研究兼採發展學習軟體、準實驗研究法、問卷調查法及晤談法。首先設計並製作「地球的運動VR學習環境」。並選取台南市進學國小三個班級125名學童為對象，進行兩週之教學實驗。隨後進行紙筆測驗立即後測，並於四週後進行延宕後測。此外，在教學後依據學習成就及學習環境，分別選取12名學童參與晤談，以瞭解其心理模式。根據研究所獲得的資料，本研究之主要結論如下： 1. 本研究之VR學習環境有助於學童地球的運動相關概念之學習，然而仍有部分設計未達理想。整體而言，建構式虛擬實境學習環境之設計是值得發展的方向。 2. VR學習環境配合引導策略之應用，有助於學童之立即學習，對於問題層次較為抽象的專題報告，也有較好的效果。但在保留學習以及問題架構較明顯的專題報告中，是否給予輔助則無明顯差異。 3. 在地球的運動VR學習環境中，配對學習的效果並未優於個別學習。同時也沒有證據顯示配對學習的過程中，產生增進學習效果的互動過程。 4. 在VR學習環境中，採自由探索方式的學童有較正向的「學習經驗」和「互動經驗」。 5. 不同學習成就的學童其地球的運動相關概念有著極大的差異，一些容易受到直覺觀念影響的錯誤觀念，即使經過教學也很難改變。 6. 課本平面教材在傳達具有空間性質的概念時，易使學童誤解，有必要發展3D空間性質的教材。 根據研究結果，本研究提出建議，以供教育行政單位、國小自然科教師、電腦輔助教學軟體發展者以及未來相關研究之參考。 / The purposes of this dissertation were (1) to design and develop an innovative VR-based learning environment to teach "the motion of the earth" for the 6th grade students, (2) to investigate the effects after two weeks' instruction of VR-based learning environment on students’ learning achievements, which include different cognitive levels and different content areas, (3) to investigate the effects of cooperative dyads and provide guidance within the VR-based learning environment, (4) to analyze what factors may influence on the conceptual knowledge about the earth for sixth graders through interviews. Research approaches of this study included designing a computer-based learning environment, quasi-experiment, questionnaire survey and structured interview. The VR-based learning environment was designed through the processes of literature review, objective analysis, and content analysis. The evaluation of the VR learning environment was conducted through questionnaire surveying 12 experts and 76 students of the 6th grade to elicit their general opinions. This study employed quasi-experimental design to experiment on 3 classes of 125 students from Tainan Jying-Shyue elementary school. Two classes participated in VR learning environment. The members of the two classes were grouped by heterogeneous mixed-ability dyads or individual learning. The members of one of the VR groups learned through the guidance of worksheets; the students of the other VR group explored the environment by themselves. The third class was a control group whose members learned in traditional model based learning environment. After two weeks' instruction, all subjects accepted the test of the unit of "the motion of the earth" and retest after 4 weeks. 12 subjects attending interviews were selected from 125 students by different test achievements and different groups for the analytic framework. Through the design and evaluation of the VR world and the results from quantitative measure and interview data, the results were as follows: 1. We were gaining insights into the virtual reality's potential and limitations for learning. Constructivist VR-based learning environment is a new direction in the future. 2. Students learning by VR learning environment through guidance performed significantly better on the posttest than the other groups. Whether provided guidance or not, students learning by VR outperformed on test after 4 weeks than traditional learning environment. 3. There were no interaction effects between cooperative dyads and other factors. Cooperative dyads had no effect on test achievement in this study. 4. Students exploring the VR environment by themselves had more positive " learning experience" and "interactive experience" toward the environment than those learned through guidance. 5. Students with different achievement levels held extremely different mental models of the earth. The native conceptual knowledge of the earth was difficult to replace even after instruction. 6. The incorrect mental models concerned 3D concepts held by students were ineffectively corrected by the 2D textbooks. Based on the results of the study, recommendations are then made for related educational administration institution, researchers, instructional designers and elementary teachers.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

Cette thèse, au croisement de la didactique comparée et de la didactique des mathématiques, porte sur la mise en œuvre dans des classes ordinaires actuelles d’une ingénierie didactique broussaldienne élaborée dans les années 80. L’ingénierie concerne l’introduction de la soustraction à l’École primaire (7-8 ans). La recherche s’appuie sur des études de cas. Elle analyse, selon une approche comparative, le fonctionnement de trois systèmes didactiques contrastés par 1) leur appartenance à des systèmes éducatifs différents : l’un en France, l’autre en Suisse ; 2) l’expérience des enseignantes : chevronnées versus en début de carrière. L’enquête, qualitative, porte sur 52 séances de mathématiques et rend compte, a partir du modèle théorique de l’Action Conjointe en Didactique (ACD), de la co-construction in situ du savoir relatif à la soustraction via une analyse ascendante de la transposition didactique. L’articulation de différentes échelles d’analyse (mésodidactique et microdidactique documentant l’interprétation macrodidactique) met en évidence l’influence combinée des préconstruits institutionnels et de l’épistémologie pratique des professeurs sur les mises en œuvre observées. En cela, les résultats rejoignent ceux d’autres travaux comparatistes montrant un entrelacement de ces deux déterminants comme dimension générique présidant à l’interprétation de phénomènes didactiques. Par ailleurs, la recherche permet de mettre en évidence deux moments cruciaux dans l’architecture de l’ingénierie didactique. Ces deux moments mettent exergue la nécessité d’une compréhension fine par les enseignants des logiques épistémiques des ressources didactiques qu’ils utilisent dans leur classe. / This doctoral thesis, located at the crossing of comparative didactics and mathematic didactics aims at characterizing the implementation of an instructional design built in the 1980s in current regular classes. The instructional design concerns the introduction of subtraction in primary school (7-8 years old). The research is rooted in case studies, It carries out a comparative analysis of the functioning of three didactical systems which are contrasted by 1) their educational systems affiliation: Suiss and French; 2) the difference in teachers’ experiences in teaching. The qualitative inquiry focuses on 52 lessons in mathematics. It is conducted against the background of the theoretical framework of Joint Action in Didactics (JAD) and it accounts for the in situ co-construction of the knowledge related to subtraction through a bottom up analysis of the didactic transposition. The articulation of various analytic scales (mesodidactic and microdidactic that document the macrodidactic interpretation) underlines the combined influence of curriculum orientations and teacher’s practical epistemology on observed implementations. In that, the findings converge to other comparatist works showing the interweaving of these two determinants as a generic dimension affecting the interpretation of didactic phenomena. In addition, the research highlights two crucial stages in the organization of this instructional design, that underline the need for teacher’s clear understanding of the epistemic logic of any didactical resources used in their class.

The main purpose of this research is to establish whether ICT models as implemented in distance education do help to render desirable results (increment in throughput, meeting clientele expectations, and reduction in learner drop-outs). If it is not the case, what could be done to overcome the established hindrance? The researcher employed programme evaluation (PE) which integrates both the positivistic and phenomenological aspects of research. The samples were drawn from the population group through probability and non-probability techniques. Different research strategies within PE such as discovery, inspection and auditing were at first employed to gauge the physical presence of what is being achieved by Unisa through use of myUnisa & DVC; followed by the use of the surveys (personal interviews, administered questionnaires, focus group interviews). The ultimate outcomes of the said research activities are audiovisual recordings, statistically analysed transcripts and questionnaire data. The researcher employed the following key questions in grappling with issues in this area; their findings are also given: i. Does the application of ICTs facilitate and enhance flexible learning at Unisa? With reference to flexible delivery as it relates to aspect of teaching and learning in Engineering, it has been established that minimal use is made of ICTs. Are the technologies correctly applied for teaching and learning? Based on the evidence of research findings it has been established that technology application is mainly used for administrative support rather than for teaching and learning. iii. Do the instructional design and technological applications meet the needs of their users? As matters stand, the study suggests that users' expectations through rating their perceptions and attitudes (academics, tutors, instructional designers, multimedia developers and learners), are far from being met (as all the critical parts of the models are not yet in place regarding the Engineering and other departments). According to the main finding, while there is some evidence of efforts aimed at proper implementation, underutilisation of the ICTs appears to be the main problem, as established at Unisa and elsewhere. The research is concluded through a number of recommendations based on the established findings. / Educational Studies / (D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies))

This study investigates the terms, dialogue, structure and active learning in Open Distance Learning texts in aa constructivist and problem-solving approach. In-text activities are imbedded in selfstudy texts. Their construct is validated against appropriate instructional design and learning theories for active learning. A course team developed, implemented and piloted a Unisa course for mathematics teachers in South Africa. The results describe their professional development through action learning. The Tornado-approach affects teams in organisations. A team used participatory action research and action learning with rich descriptions to document the longitudinal case study of four action research cycles over eight years. Qualitative research involved a literature survey, notes, portfolios, mindmaps, letters, interviews, document analyses, and assessment results. Our action research demonstrates ways to implement a post-modern learning design in an industrialized institution. The researcher applies action learning in professional development, in team management, and suggests models for successful/unsuccessful teams (tornado-effect). / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an instructor-led and a self-managed computer training course. A sample of forty nine (n=49) previously disadvantaged South African adult learners was used. Half the sample was randomly assigned to the instructor-led course, while the other half was assigned to the self-managed course. Data dealing with the course content and design, subject demographics, previous computer experience, preferred learning style, and learning potential was collected prior to each course. After the course, the ability to create key outcomes using the learned software was assessed, as well as subject perceptions of the course and various support and performance system factors. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the performance on the competence assessment of the students from the two groups. The data did, however, indicate a stronger preference for the self-managed approach. A number of limitations to the study were also noted. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T16:16:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WELTER_Eline_2016.pdf: 27782397 bytes, checksum: f2050143ad69181311811e982813ec1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T16:17:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 WELTER_Eline_2016.pdf: 27782397 bytes, checksum: f2050143ad69181311811e982813ec1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T16:17:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 WELTER_Eline_2016.pdf: 27782397 bytes, checksum: f2050143ad69181311811e982813ec1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T16:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WELTER_Eline_2016.pdf: 27782397 bytes, checksum: f2050143ad69181311811e982813ec1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / Não recebi financiamento / The use of technology to improve the process of teaching and learning is a well-known practice, young people have shown increasing interest in the use of computers and mobile devices as support classes. To encourage this practice, several pedagogical activities can be performed via Internet. However, to contribute to the teaching of History and spread of Culture and Art, museums have sought space in virtual environments. From this premise, it was observed that virtual museums can be seen as an important tool in the teaching and learning process. The aim of this work is to propose a cycle to help create learning scenarios from elements of a museum, based on personas technique to support the teaching of History or a related field. In the first part of the study, Action Research methodology was adopted to carry out the investigation process by the teachers, museums expert and students; to verify the viability of the use of learning scenarios. The AR1 was conducted with 14 teachers and 1 museum expert to verify the feasibility of creating a learning scenario from museum elements. Already AR2 was conducted with 174 elementary school students, to verify the acceptance of learning scenarios. One of the results identified by the AR1 were the artifacts required to compose learning scenarios. However, there was a need for a device to aid in building the persona. For this, there was an adjustment in the empathy map technique called MapLearn as teacher support during the persona construction process. It has also been identified the need to create a cycle to support teachers and museum experts for the creation of learning scenarios. The validation of the proposal included the evaluation of MapLearn; cycle e-MuLearn; and learning scenarios, through 2 case studies and a controlled experiment. The analyses showed that the cycle e-MuLearn and their artifacts can contribute to creation of learning scenarios to support teaching of History. / O uso de tecnologias para melhorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem é uma prática bastante conhecida, os jovens têm apresentado cada vez mais interesses no uso do computador e dispositivos móveis como apoio `as aulas. Para incentivar esta prática, diversas atividades pedagógicas podem ser realizadas através da Internet. Para contribuir com o ensino de História e disseminação da Cultura e Arte, os museus têm buscado espaço nos meios virtuais. Partindo dessa premissa, observou-se que os museus virtuais podem ser vistos como uma importante ferramenta no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. O objetivo desta dissertação é propor um ciclo para auxiliar a criação de cenários de aprendizagem a partir de elementos de um museu, baseado na ttécnica de personas, como apoio ao ensino de História ou áreas correlatas. Na primeira parte do estudo, a metodologia de pesquisa-ação foi adotada para realizar o processo de investigação junto a professores, museólogos e alunos; para verificar a viabilidade da utilização dos cenários de aprendizagem, foram realizados dois ciclos de pesquisa-ação chamados de AR1 e AR2. O AR1 foi realizado com 14 professores e 1 museólogo, para verificar a viabilidade de criação do cenário de aprendizagem a partir de elementos de um museu. Já o AR2 foi realizado com 174 alunos do ensino fundamental, para verificar a aceitação dos cenários de aprendizagem. Um dos resultados identificado através do AR1, foram os artefatos necessários para compor os cenários de aprendizagem. No entanto, observou-se a necessidade de um artefato para auxiliar na construção da persona. Para isso, realizou-se uma adaptação na técnica de mapa de empatia, denominada MapLearn, como apoio ao professor durante o processo de construção da persona. Também se identificou a necessidade da criação de um ciclo para apoiar professores e museólogos durante a criação dos cenários de aprendizagem. A validação da proposta incluiu a avaliação do MapLearn; o ciclo e-MuLearn; e os cenários de aprendizagem, através de 2 estudos de caso e um experimento controlado. As análises apontaram que o ciclo e-MuLearn e seus artefatos podem contribuir com a criação de cenários de aprendizagem, como apoio ao ensino de História.

Esta pesquisa investiga a adequação da abordagem de Learning Design como fundamentação teórico-prática para a contextualização do design instrucional. Partindo da premissa de que o aprendizado eletrônico é um fenômeno multidimensional, a pesquisa analisa as dimensões pedagógica, semântica, tecnológica, do aluno e organizacional, que correspondem aos interesses das diferentes comunidades envolvidas - professores e especialistas em educação, pesquisadores, especialistas em tecnologia, alunos e gestores. Utilizando a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa e a perspectiva teórico-descritiva, os fundamentos teórico-práticos do Learning Design são cotejados com o estudo de caso do STEA - Sistema Transversal de Ensino-Aprendizagem, desenvolvido no âmbito do Núcleo de Educação de Jovens e Adultos e Formação Permanente de Professores (NEA) da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (FEUSP). O caso contempla todos os processos do sistema de aprendizado eletrônico - do planejamento, design, implementação, execução e avaliação, até a formação e a atualização continuada de professores em serviço, abrangendo também a produção de materiais didáticos e ações complementares de pesquisa acadêmica, sob a perspectiva contextualizada do design instrucional. A pesquisa resultou na confirmação do Learning Design como fundamentação teórica para o design instrucional contextualizado, destacando-se que sua implementação nas práticas pedagógicas nacionais depende do aprimoramento das ferramentas de autoria, instanciação e execução de atividades de aprendizagem, para incorporar características da Web 2.0 e possibilitar a difusão do E-learning 2.0 como inovação no aprendizado eletrônico. / This research investigates if Learning Design approach can be seen a theoreticalpractical framework for contextualized instructional design. Based on e-learning as a multidimensional phenomenon, the research analyzes the pedagogical, semantic, technological, student and organizational dimensions, in correspondence to the interests of different e-learning communities - teachers and educational specialists, researchers, technology specialists, students and managers. Using qualitative approach and theoretician-descriptive perspective, the theoretical and practical framework of Learning Design are confronted to STEA case study, a transversal system for teaching and learning, developed by Nucleus of Adult and Young Education (NEA) of the College of Education of the University of São Paulo (FEUSP). Case study contemplates all the processes involved in e-learning system - planning, design, implementation, execution and evaluation, teachers education in service, enclosing the production of didactic materials and complementary actions of academic research, under a contextual approach of design instrucional. The research confirms Learning Design as theoretical framework for contextualized instructional design and distinguishes that its implementation in national practices depends on the improvement of authorship, instantiation and run tools, in order to incorporate features of Web 2.0 and to make possible the diffusion of E-learning 2.0.