We live in an age when our most private information is becoming exceedingly difficult to keep private. Cryptology allows for the creation of encryptive barriers that protect this information. Though the information is protected, it is not entirely inaccessible. A recipient may be able to access the information by decoding the message. This possible threat has encouraged cryptologists to evolve and complicate their encrypting methods so that future information can remain safe and become more difficult to decode. There are various methods of encryption that demonstrate how cryptology continues to evolve through time. These methods revolve around different areas of mathematics such as arithmetic, number theory, and probability. Another concern that has brought cryptology into everyday use and necessity is user authentication. How does one or a machine know that a user is who they say they are? Living in the age where most of our information is sent and accepted through computers, it is crucial that our information is kept safe, and in the appropriate care.

This examination explores the Viennese cultural milieu at the turn of the century in an effort to show the commonality of backgrounds and interests among those who created the culture during that period. In this the study aims at illustrating the similarities among those artists, intellectuals, and politicians in spite of the fact that their ideas helped lay the basis for the breakdown in integration of twentieth century culture which was illustrated by Carl E. Schorske in his Fin-De-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture. All this is in pursuance of the overall issue of the origin of the ideas which have dominated this century, an issue dealt with only tangentially in this study.

The concern of Chinese intellectuals with the "idea" of modern science from the West in the transition generation from 1895 to 1923 was fundamentally a concern about "national survival" and modernity. The value and meaning that accrued to science as "method" -- as a "thinking technique" -- and to the evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer as the "science of choice" among Chinese intellectuals of this period, was due to belief or disbelief in the power of these ideas to describe, explain, or solve the problematic of "modernity" in a Chinese context.

This thesis explores the intellectual history of editor, writer, and philosopher, Paul Piccone and Telos, an independent journal of contemporary critical theory, which he founded in 1968. Born in Italy, Piccone lived most of his life in the United States, earning his Ph.D. in philosophy at SUNY-Buffalo in 1970. Piccone served as Telos’ editor and a major contributor from 1968 to 2004. This thesis follows the trajectory of his thought by contextualizing his writing within the broader world of Marxist, and eventually post-Marxist, political philosophy. Telos also concerned itself with modern interpretations of historical dialectics and early 20th-century Marxist philosophy. Piccone himself predicated much of his philosophy on Husserlian phenomenology, which stresses concrete experiences, and his writing therefore stands at a unique confluence of Husserl and Marx. Piccone ultimately became a leading exponent of anti-Liberal philosophy and the theory of artificial negativity, which examines capitalist hegemony in both material and socio-historical terms.

Huang Yizhou is one of the famous Chineses classics in late Qing Dynasty, but the Previous studies has always been focused on his achievements of "San Li". In fact,Huang YiZhou also has great interest in thinking, from the book "jing xun bi yi" we can know his attempt is not only limited to textual ritual theory.Of course, ritual theory of Huang Yizhou's thought has a great impact, but in addition, Huang Yizhou's idea are there any other features? The purpose of this research is precisely this. The research methods in addition to this literature, but also hopes to include Huang Yizhou 's home school, make friends to search for clues.In a few word,this article is also about Huang Zhou's life, home school, make friends and explore books and other respects.We hope can understand more about Huang Yizhou 's thought 's special characteristic.

This dissertation provides an intellectual and social history of learned writing on Roman religious culture during the late Republic and early Empire. I examine the ways in which an elite learned literature, for which I propose the name "civil theology", constructed "Roman religion" as a religious system. The first part of the dissertation is an intellectual history of civil theology, especially focused on how these learned texts generated "Roman religion" as an object of knowledge. In order to elucidate how texts can authoritatively construct a religious system, I pursue a comparison between civil theology and the Mishnah, a rabbinic textual compilation. The second part of the dissertation is a social history of civil theology, concentrating on the social contexts of production and reception of the discourse. Firstly, I demonstrate how the discourse was embedded in the social relations of the profoundly competitive late Republican elite. Civil theology was not a socially marginal intellectual activity. Rather, knowledge about Roman religion provided resources for the social self-presentation of the elite. Secondly, I consider how civil theology became implicated in the new imperial socio-political order. Emperors drew on civil-theological knowledge to legitimize "religious reforms" and their personal rule; for the aristocracy, civil theology became entangled with responses to the new situation of autocracy. In a conclusion, I outline the continuing influence of civil theology and its construction of "Roman religion" in the high imperial period and late antiquity and consider how Roman civil theology can complicate the established scholarly approaches to the relationship between books and religion. / The Classics

This dissertation explores the development of the concept of synderesis between 1150 and 1450. In medieval moral psychology, synderesis referred to the innate capacity of the mind to know the first principles of natural law, or, alternatively, the will to follow these principles. But it was also interpreted as a mystical power of the soul, capable of uniting it to God. synderesis also appears in Late Medieval vernacular literature, as a character in moralising texts. By approaching synderesis from the point of view of conceptual history I synthesise these fields and explore how synderesis operated beyond the formal treatises of scholastic theology. Chapter two explores how synderesis developed in medieval scholasticism from Peter Lombard up to Thomas Aquinas. Chapters three and four explore how the mystical interpretation of synderesis first proposed by Thomas Gallus of Vercelli was incorporated into the mystical treatise Itinerarium mentis in Deum by Bonaventure of Balneoregio. Here, I analyse when, where and how Bonaventure integrated this mystical interpretation into his pre-existing moral-psychological interpretation of it and how his use of synderesis relates to the historical context in which the Itinerarium was written. I argue that synderesis should be seen as existing on a continuum of interpretations between moral psychology and mysticism. After Bonaventure and Aquinas, the concept undergoes a period of stagnation in academia, which is the subject of Chapter five. However, synderesis also appears in a number of non-academic texts in which the moral-psychological and mystical interpretations of the term coexist. Chapter six explores how Late Medieval vernacular authors drew on previous scholastic discussions of the concept. I focus here in particular on Guillaume de Deguileville's Le pèlerinage de l'âme, where synderesis appears not as the moral guide of the soul, but as the accuser of the soul before the court of heaven.

Taking Saba Mahmood's question 'Can secularism be other-wise?' (2010) as the starting point for a critical-historical investigation of the 'secular body' (Asad 2003; Hirschkind 2011), my thesis develops in two stages. In the first, I argue that current works of secular theory - particularly A Secular Age (Taylor 2007) - tend to rely on an excessively rationalistic conception of Enlightenment thought for the construction of their central conceptual categories (e.g. the 'immanent frame', 'buffered self', or 'modern exclusive humanism'), thus reinforcing a double-binary linking rationality to Euro-American secularity, and emotion to subaltern 'religion'. Against Taylor and others, I emphasise the contradictory, 'assembled' nature of Enlightenment discourse, and point to alternative, more body-centred strands of thought in key figures of the seventeenth-eighteenth-century French Enlightenment, such as Descartes, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Helvétius, and Holbach. Against common perceptions, and drawing on a range of philosophical works, institutional reports, and stage plays in French and in translation, I suggest these figures in some ways reinstated emotion and the body against the rationalistic tendencies of the past. Insofar as 'the secular' was shaped by the Enlightenment, it emerged out of a conscious project of nationalist cultivation, based fundamentally on manipulating the body and emotions. In the second stage, I consider the way Orientalist representations of non-Western religions meshed with prevalent theories of political manipulation to generate an affective system of anti-Catholic propaganda geared towards the national good. Though existing critiques of Taylor tend to focus on the importance of religious (i.e. Christian) constructions of Oriental religions for the genealogy of secularity (e.g. Mahmood 2010), I suggest a distinctively secular form of Orientalism emerged in the eighteenth century, in which anti-religion, racism, and nationalism merged into a powerful weapon of republican discourse, congruent with ambient theories of emotion. The aesthetic manipulation of racist and Orientalist tropes in Montesquieu's Lettres Persanes (1721) and Voltaire's Le Fanatisme (1741), for example, can be read as a practical response to existing theory on the power of images to regulate people's passions in the national interest.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is linked to the historiographical perspective of intellectual history. Based on that, it aims to analyze and to compare the content and form of the rhetoric of the partisan political discourse of the newspapers A Federação and Correio do Sul in the electoral process of Rio Grande do Sul in 1922. The analysis and the interpretation of partisan political discourse of the newspapers was carried out through the theoretical and methodological contributions of Pocock (2003), in the study of political discourse performance and the relationship between context and action; the operation modes of meaning and action of ideological symbolic strategies written by John Thompson (2009) and, particularly, the theory of argumentation of Perelman and Tyteca, with regard to the linking modes of argumentation. From the reading and interpretation of the rhetorical and ideological strategies applied in partisan political discourse of newspapers, it became possible to assume the way journalists perceived the events and how they interacted with the audience and readers. In the political context of 1922, the content and form of political discourse were defined according to the discursive situations that arose from events and confrontation with the political opponent. On one side was A Federação, representing the Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense; and on the other side, the Correio do Sul, representing the Partido Federalista and Aliança Libertadora. Once they were in opposing political boundaries, they developed a combative and competitive discourse in order to face the opponent and convince readers to join their political cause. / Este trabalho está vinculado à perspectiva historiográfica da história intelectual e objetiva analisar e comparar o conteúdo e a forma da retórica do discurso político-partidário dos jornais A Federação e o Correio do Sul no processo eleitoral do Rio Grande do Sul em 1922. A Análise e a interpretação do discurso político-partidário dos jornais parte dos aportes teórico-metodológicos de Pocock (2003), no estudo da performance do discurso político e da relação entre contexto e ação; dos modos de operação do sentido e da ação das estratégias simbólica de caráter ideológico de John Thompson (2009) e, principalmente, da teoria da argumentação de Perelman e Tyteca, no que diz respeito aos modos de ligação da argumentação. A partir da leitura e da interpretação das estratégias retóricas e ideológicas empregadas no discurso político-partidário dos jornais, torna-se possível traduzir a maneira como os jornalistas perceberam os acontecimentos e como interagiram com os interlocutores e leitores. No contexto político de 1922, o conteúdo e a forma do discurso político foram definidos em função das situações discursivas que surgiram dos acontecimentos e do confronto com o adversário político. De um lado, estava A Federação, que representava o Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense; de outro, o Correio do Sul, que representava o Partido Federalista e Aliança Libertadora. Por estarem em fronteiras políticas adversárias, desenvolveram um discurso combativo e competitivo para enfrentarem o adversário e convencerem os leitores a aderirem à sua causa política.

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-07-30T19:18:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes, Luis-Dissert-2014.pdf: 572926 bytes, checksum: 55b561563d5bdaa8399cb6de72082d88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-30T19:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes, Luis-Dissert-2014.pdf: 572926 bytes, checksum: 55b561563d5bdaa8399cb6de72082d88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A dissertação aqui apresentada pretendeu analisar o histórico conflituoso da região de Campos dos Goytacazes desde os primeiros contatos entre os indígenas ocupantes da região, os Goytacazes, e os colonizadores portugueses, com foco no principal conflito ocorrido na região, o do donatário Visconde de Asseca contra os grandes proprietários da região. Paralela à pesquisa citada, analisaremos também duas das principais obras escritas sobre o passado de Campos, datadas do início do século XX, realizadas por Julio Feydit e Alberto Lamego. Procuraremos perceber as discussões inclusas nos trabalhos dos citados autores, suas características e sua influência na historiografia posterior. Tais discussões têm como pano de fundo o histórico de ocupação da terra na área. / The presented dissertation sought to examine the historical conflicted of the region of Goytacases since the first contacts between the indigenous occupants of the region, Goytacases, and Portuguese colonizers focusing on the main conflict occurred in the region, the done Viscount Asseca against large landowners in the region. Parallel to the above research, we also analyze two major written about past Campos, tating from the early twentieth century, written by Julio Feydit and Alberto Lamego. We will try to understand the discussions included in the work of these authors, their characteristics and their influence on later historiography. Such discussions are as background historical occupation of land in the area.