Quantensensoren, wie Atominterferometer und Atomuhren werden zu hochpräzisen und akkuraten Messungen von Inertialkräften und der Zeit benutzt und sind hervorragend dazu geeignet fundamentale Fragestellungen der Physik anzugehen und die Aussagen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie zu testen. Die Empfindlichkeit von Atominterferometern skaliert quadratisch mit der freien Entwicklungszeit und die Verwendung von Quantensensoren im Weltraum ist prädestiniert die Genauigkeit von Tests des Äquivalenzprinzips um mehrere Größenordnungen zu verbessern. Zusätzlich, werden präzise und akkurate Sensoren für Inertialkräfte, im Bereich der Navigation oder Geodäsie benutzt wo mobile auf Atominterferometrie basierende Geräte noch selten sind. Diese Arbeit trägt zur Entwicklung von hochempfindlichen und stabilen mobilen Quantensensoren bei. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurden drei mobile Vergleichsmessungen der Erdbeschleunigung mit dem Atominterferometer GAIN an verschiedenen geographischen Orten durchgeführt. Die demonstrierte Stabilität von 5*10^-11 g nach 10^5 s übertrifft die Stabilität von klassischen Gravimetern. Mit dem Ziel von Weltraumgestützten Atominterferometern wurde ein kompaktes Lasersystem für den Betrieb von Atominterferometrie mit Rubidium Bose-Einstein Kondensaten auf Höhenforschungsraketen entworfen, qualifiziert und in Betrieb genommen. Zusätzlich wurden drei Nutzlasten für dein Einsatz auf Höhenforschungsraketen realisiert um die Reife der notwenigen Subsysteme zu zeigen. Dopplerfreie Laserspektroskopie an Rubidium und Kalium wurde verwendet um eine optische Frequenzreferenz zu realisieren und während der Flüge wurde mit einem Frequenzkamm zu vergleichen. Diese Messung stellt einen ersten Test der Lokalen Lorenz Invarianz im Weltraum dar. Diese Aktivitäten ebnen den Weg für den zukünftigen Einsatz von Quantensensoren im Weltraum die noch nie dagewesene Tests der fundamentalen Physik, Weltraumgeodäsie oder sogar Gravitationswellen ermöglichen. / Quantum sensors, such as atom interferometers and atomic clocks are used for high precision and accurate measurements of inertial forces and time and are therefore ideally suited to address fundamental questions in physics and to test the predictions of general relativity. The sensitivity of atom interferometers scales quadratically with the free evolution time and the use of quantum sensors in space is predestined to improve the accuracy of such tests by several orders of magnitude. Additionally, precise and accurate sensors for inertial forces are required in the field of navigation or geodesy where mobile devices based on atom interferometry are still rare. This work contributes to the development of highly sensitive and stable mobile quantum sensors. In the course of this thesis, three measurement comparisons of the gravitational acceleration with the mobile atom interferometer GAIN were performed at different geographic locations. The demonstrated stability of 5*10^-11 g after 10^5 s surpasses the one reached by classical gravimeters. With the goal of space-born atom interferometry, a compact laser system for operation of atom interferometry with Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium on a sounding rocket was designed, qualified and put in operation. Additionally, three sounding rocket payloads were realized to show the technological maturity of the necessary subsystems. Doppler-free laser spectroscopy of rubidium and potassium was used to realize an optical frequency reference that was compared during the flights to an atomic microwave standard via a frequency comb. This measurement represents the first test of the Local Position Invariance in space. These activities pave the way for future deployment of quantum sensors in space enabling unprecedented tests of fundamental physics, space geodesy or even gravitational wave detection.

As elevadas perdas existentes no setor elétrico tem causado preocupação nas empresas de distribuição, aliadas ainda a necessidade crescente de um desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. Neste cenário a calibração periódica dos instrumentos destinados a medição (entre eles os transformadores de instrumentos) tornam-se essenciais e tais procedimentos encontram-se previstos no novo modelo de operação do setor elétrico. Porém, as dificuldades logísticas e operacionais de transporte a laboratórios metrológicos credenciados dificultam a execução de tais serviços. As técnicas e métodos desenvolvidos nesse trabalho visam a implementação de uma unidade eletrônica capaz de aquisitar e processar dados provenientes de transformadores de instrumentos, de natureza indutiva (denominado de convencional) e ópticos, bem como seus subsistemas de apoio, como ferramentas de medição e calibração portátil, móvel, para execução dos serviços metrológicos in situ nos ambientes das subestações e cabines primárias. Estes serviços, apesar de estarem em estágio incipiente, são de extremo interesse para empresas de energia elétrica. Este projeto está baseado no estado da arte de componentes da eletrônica analógica e digital, onde destacam-se conversores analógico/digital (A/D), microprocessadores, osciladores, FPGA e técnicas computacionais para processamento digital de sinais. São apresentadas as formas de implementação tanto em hardware como em software para esta unidade eletrônica de forma a atender aos requisitos funcionais especificados e às normas do INMETRO e normas internacionais equivalentes para aplicações metrológicas. A validação é baseada em testes comparativos dos fasores na frequência fundamental dos sinais obtidos, analisando os valores de amplitude (para cálculo de erro de relação) e de fase ( para cálculo de erro de fase) entre transformadores ópticos e convencionais, sendo que estes últimos podem ser de referência ou não. / The high losses in the electricity sector have caused concern in distribution companies, together with the growing need for sustainable economic development. In this scenario the periodic calibration of instruments intended for measurement (including instrument transformers) become essential and such procedures are provided for in the new model of operation of the electric sector. However, the logistical and operational difficulties of transportation to accredited metrological laboratories make it difficult to perform such services. The techniques and methods developed in this work are aimed at the implementation of an electronic unit capable of acquiring and processing data from instrument transformers of an inductive (conventional) and optical nature, as well as its supporting subsystems, such as portable and mobile measuring and calibration tools for the execution of on-site metrological services in the substations and primary cabins. These services, although in an incipient stage, are of extreme interest to electric energy companies. This project is based on the state-of-the-art components of analog and digital electronics, including analog/digital (A/D) converters, microprocessors, oscillators, FPGA and computational techniques for digital signal processing. The forms of implementation in both hardware and software for this electronic unit are presented in order to meet the functional requirements specified and the standards of the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia (INMETRO) and equivalent international standards for metrological applications. The validation is based on comparative tests of the phasors at the fundamental frequency of the obtained signals, analyzing the amplitude (for ratio error calculation) and phase (for phase error calculation) between optical and conventional transformers, the last one can be reference or not.

No presente trabalho é apresentada uma nova abordagem para medida de potenciais em altos níveis de tensão que utilizam sensores eletro-ópticos Pockels. Também descreve a aplicação da técnica de interferometria de luz branca em sistemas de alta tensão por fibras ópticas. Neste sistema a informação é codificada no espectro da luz, permitindo assim que a medida seja independente da potência óptica transmitida pelo link de fibras ópticas. Um protótipo foi construído e testado sob excitação de tensão a.c. até 20 kV em 60 Hz mostrando boa resposta e demonstrando a viabilidade deste método. / A new approach to perform measurement of potentials in high voltage levels using electrooptical Pockels sensors is presented here. This work describes an application of the White Light Interferometry technique to a high voltage optical fiber measurement system. In this system the information is encoded in the spectrum of the light, allowing the measurement to be independent of the optical power transmitted by the optical fiber link. A prototype was built and tested under excitation of a.c. voltages up to 20 kV in 60 Hz showing good response and demonstrating the feasibility of this method.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Carrier-Envelope Phasendrift modengekoppelter Laser sowie Maßnahmen zu deren aktiver und passiver Stabilisierung. Das restliche Phasenrauschen wird in verschiedenen Messaufbauten im Hinblick auf physikalische Ursachen und mögliche Optimierungen untersucht. Dazu werden einführend verschiedene Interferometeranordnungen zur Messung der CEP Drift von Ti:Saphir Oszillatoren systematisch auf ihr Eigenrauschen hin untersucht. In einem Vergleichsexperiment wird die Überlegenheit kompakter Interferometeraufbauten demonstriert. Zusätzlich wird eine einfache Anordnung vorgestellt, welche die Bestimmung der Phase eines spektralen Interferenzmusters. Das analoge Verfahren wird zur Einzelschussanalyse der CEP Drift von Verstärkerimpulsen verwendet. Hiermit werden erstmals schnelle Rauschbeiträge aufgedeckt. Ergänzend wird ein Konzept zur orthogonalen Kontrolle der CEP Drift mithilfe einer speziellen Kompensatoreinheit diskutiert. Der Kompensator besteht aus zwei Keilprismen, hergestellt aus unterschiedlichen optischen Materialien, die als Einheit verschoben werden. Durch geeignete Wahl der Materialien werden Effekte auf die Gruppenlaufzeit oder deren Dispersion gleichzeitig eliminiert. Darüber hinaus wird ebenfalls erstmalig ein lineares Messverfahren demonstriert, das die CEP Drift auch für ps-Oszillatoren erschließt. Zur linearen Detektion wird die spektrale Interferenz aufeinander folgender Impulse eines Impulszuges aufgelöst, die mit einem Ringresonator überlagert werden. Abschließend wird ein neues Verfahren präsentiert, das einen Impulszug generiert, dessen Einzelimpulse eine identische Feldstruktur aufweisen. Dazu das Messsignal direkt an ein externes Rückstellelement übergeben ohne eine zusätzliche Regelschleife zu benötigen. Auf diese Weise können Bandbreitenprobleme der Regelschleife vermieden werden. Da Rückstellelement und Laser voneinander getrennt sind, bleibt der Laser in seinem Betrieb ungestört. / This work discusses the carrier-envelope phase drift of mode-locked lasers as well as techniques for its active and passive stabilization. In order to reveal the physical origin of the drift, the investigations focus on the analysis of residual phase noise. From the analysis, potential improvements are developed. For this purpose, in a first experimental approach, different interferometer configurations for CEP drift detection of Ti:sapphire oscillators are compared. Comparative studies clearly reveal the superiority of compact interferometer set-ups in terms of noise. In a second series of experiments, a simple assembly is introduced for the direct extraction of the phase from spectral interference patterns. The analog method is demonstrated with single-shot measurements and utilized for stabilization of the CEP drift of an amplifier system, thereby enabling monitoring of additional fast noise contributions for the first time. Moreover, a concept for orthogonal control of the CEP drift by a specially designed compensator assembly is discussed. This assembly consists of two thin wedge prisms made from different optical materials. By choosing an appropriate material group delay and its dispersion are eliminated synchronously. Furthermore, a linear method is presented that provides access to the CEP drift of ps-oscillators for the first time. The newly introduced much more general linear approach relies on resolving the spectral interference of subsequent pulses from a pulse train, which are superimposed utilizing a ring resonator. Finally, a technique is demonstrated that generates a pulse train consisting of single pulses with identical field structure. Particularly, the heterodyne signal is directly fed forward to the external feedback element, replacing the classical servo loop. Therefore, servo bandwidth limitations are eliminated. Since feedback element and laser oscillator are decoupled, the laser performance is not corrupted by side effects from the feedback.

Neste trabalho, medimos o perfil 3D de superfícies (microtopografia) utilizando uma técnica de interferometria óptica: Phase-Shi,ftzng (Deslocamento de Fase). Utilizamos um interferômetro do tipo Twyman-Green para produzir fi.guras de interferência da superfície analisada. Essas imagens foram armazenadas usando-se uma câmera CCD ligada à um microcomputador. Para obter a microtopografia, calculamos o Mapa de Fase a partir das imagens digitalizadas usando um programa de microcomputador. Posteriormente um outro programa removeu a ambiguidade da função tangente (unwrapping), pela Técnica do Autômato Celular, usada no cáiculo do Mapa de Fase. Então efetuamos os cálculos para determinar a microtopografia da superfície. Depois fizemos a análise da microtopografia, levantando informações relevantes para a sua caracterização. Analisamos objetos com alta refletividade (espelhos planos e redes de Ronchi) e obtivemos bons resultados. Também comparamos alguns dos resultados obtidos com a técnica de Deslocamento de Fase com os resultados obtidos pela análise de Franjas de Igual Espessura. / In this work we measured the 3D profile of surfaces (microtopography) using a optical interferometric technique: Phase-Shifting. We used a interferometer of type Twyman-Green to produce interferograms from analyzed surface. These images was captured using a CCD camera that was linked to a microcomputer. To obtain a microtopography, we calculated the Phase Map using the digitalized images and a software of microcomputer. Then another program removed the wrapping of tangent fuction, using the Cellular-Automata Technique, that was used to calculate the Phase Map. So we calculated the microtopography of the surface. After we did the analyses of the microtopography, find out some important informations of its description. We studied objects with high reflectivity (plane mirrors and Ronchi ruting) and we obtained good results. Also we compared some results with that obtained by analyses of Fringes of Equal Thickness\'

E consenso que o crescente consumo de combustíveis fósseis na geração de potencia tem provocado uma maior degradação do meio ambiente. Para mitigar os efeitos adversos desse consumo, novas fontes e usos sustentáveis de energia são necessários. O uso de etanol na atual geração de motores de combustão interna demanda informações detalhadas sobre os processos de nebulização, evaporação, mistura e combustão das gotas desse combustível. Adicionalmente, novas estratégias de injeção de combustível em MCIs com injeção direta estão em desenvolvimento, como a injeção estraticada. Essa estratégia consiste na injeção de combustível em elevadas frequências durante as etapas de admissão e combustão do ciclo motor. Neste trabalho, técnicas avançadas de diagnostico a laser são utilizadas para analisar a inuência da frequência de injeção de combustível no processo de combustão de sprays pulsados de etanol, em que as chamas resultantes são estabilizadas por um swirler. A técnica de interferometria por efeito Doppler (PDI) foi utilizada para medir o diâmetro e a componente axial da velocidade das gotas. O campo de velocidades do escoamento de ar foi avaliado pela técnica de velocimetria por imagens de partículas (PIV) em duas taxas de aquisição (7,4 Hz e 2.000 Hz) para avaliar tanto valores médios quanto rastrear estruturas coerentes no escoamento. O mesmo sistema PIV foi utilizado para identificar a posição de aglomerados de gotas pela técnica de espalhamento Mie ao longo de eventos individuais de injeção. Já a técnica de uorescência induzida por laser do radical hidroxila (LIF-OH) foi utilizada com taxa de aquisição de 4.700 Hz para rastrear a região com presença deste radical próximo ao queimador utilizado. Imagens da luminescência química espontânea foram obtidas para observar características globais das chamas. O queimador, posicionado em um ambiente aberto, e composto por um dispositivo swirler e um injetor automotivo. As frequências de injeção de 100 Hz, 250 Hz e 400 Hz foram escolhidas para as análises por produzirem chamas com características que variam desde uma chama estável e ancorada ao queimador até o comportamento similar a uma chama suspensa e instável. Etanol anidro líquido foi utilizado como combustível e fornecido ao injetor a pressão e vazão constantes para todos os casos. Os resultados indicaram que a variação na frequência de injeção produziu sprays com diferentes densidades. A menor frequência de injeção produziu um spray com maior densidade, em que as gotas formaram um aglomerado pouco sensível ao escoamento de ar na linha de centro do queimador. Esse aglomerado produz uma chama ancorada ao queimador com formato alongado e estreito. Já a maior frequência de injeção produziu um spray com menor densidade, permitindo que a dinâmica das gotas seja mais susceptível ao escoamento de ar. Essa maior inuência do escoamento de ar promoveu uma maior dispersão espacial das gotas e um processo de combustão com maior susceptibilidade a instabilidades locais do escoamento. Essas instabilidades locais foram associadas a passagem periódica de estruturas coerentes do escoamento de ar através da região de reação das chamas, produzindo uma chama com presença intermitente do radical OH e ausência de emissão de luminescência química espontânea próximo a saída do queimador. / The increase in consumption of petroleum-based fuels promotes environmental degradation and, to mitigate the adverse effects of this consumption, new sustainable sources and uses of energy are required. The use of ethanol as an option to conventional fuels on current generation of engines and gas turbines requires detailed information on atomization, evaporation, mixture and combustion processes of ethanol droplets. In addition, new strategies to fuel injection in ICEs are being developed, such as the stratied fuel injection. In this strategy, fuel is injected in higher injection frequencies along the air intake and combustion phases of the engine cycle. In this work, advanced techniques of laser diagnostic are applied to analyze the inuence of fuel injection frequency on the behavior of the combustion process of pulsed ethanol sprays, in which the resulting ames are stabilized by a swirler. The Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI) technique is applied to measure both diameter and axial velocity of droplets produced by the injector under different conditions of injection frequency. The velocity eld of the airow is evaluated by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) using two repetition rates (7,4 Hz and 2.000 Hz) to evaluated both mean values and to track coherent structures in the ow. The PIV equipment is also used to evaluate the position of droplet groups by Mie scattering during the individual injection events. A high repetition rate (4.700 Hz) Laser Induced Fluorescence of hydroxyl radical (LIF-OH) system is applied to track the region with presence of OH in a vertical plane near the exit of the burner. Images of spontaneous chemical luminescence are acquired to analyze general aspects of the ames. The burner consists on a swirler and an automotive injector and is positioned in an open space with quiescent air. The analyzed injection frequencies are 100 Hz, 250Hz and 400 Hz, presenting characteristics ranging from a stable anchored ame to a lifted-like unstable ame. Liquid anhydrous ethanol is delivered to the injector with constant pressure and ow rate for all cases. Results show different spray densities produced by the change in the injection frequency. The case with lower injection frequency produced higher spray densities, in which the formation of large groups of droplets prevents the inuence of the recirculating airow on droplet dynamics. This case presented an anchored, elongated, narrow and stable ame. The case with higher injection frequency produced lower spray densities, in which droplet dynamics are more susceptible to the velocities of the airow. This inuence of the airow promotes spatial dispersion of droplets, been more prone to instabilities on the local combustion process. These local instabilities are associated to the inuence of periodic coherent structures of the ow passing through the reaction zone, which leads to the intermittent presence of OH and the absence of spontaneous chemical luminescence near the injection plane of the burner.

"Thermal infrared (IR) imaging systems are widely used in medical, industrial, and defense applications. IR imaging systems utilize a lens to focus IR radiation onto a focal plane array (FPA) of IR detectors, which transduce the IR radiation from the scene into signals that can be further processed. In conventional IR imaging systems, electronic readout integrated circuitry (ROIC) is used to read out the information from the FPA, and computer signal processing allows for an IR image to be displayed on an electronic screen. However, the ROIC decreases the thermal isolation and sensitivity of the IR detectors in the FPA, and the computer processing and electronic display increase the cost, weight, and complexity of the IR imaging system. This thesis focuses on the development of an IR direct viewing system that does not require any ROIC, computer signal processing, or electronic display. This is accomplished through the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) uncooled IR imaging detectors, which consist of arrays of bimaterial thermomechanical cantilever structures that tilt as a function of IR radiation from a scene. Other members of the WPI-ME/CHSLT group have previously shown that an interferometric optical readout mechanism based on digital holography and computer processing can eliminate the need for ROIC and be used to measure the nanometer scale tilt of the structures in a MEMS-based IR imaging system that was found to have a responsivity of 1.5 nm/K. However, these previously demonstrated results required significant computer processing and an electronic display. The hypothesis of the current work is that an optomechanical readout mechanism can be used to realize an IR direct viewer without the use of ROIC, computer signal processing, or an electronic display. Three optical readout mechanisms were identified for transducing the nanometer scale deformations of the MEMS structures in the FPA into a directly observable visible light image. Two of these, one using live holography and the other using Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC), were based on interferometry, while the third, using reflectometry, was based on geometrical optics. The identified optical readout mechanisms were analytically evaluated based on the performance and perception of the human vision system (HVS), and preliminary experimental results were obtained using optical setups constructed for all three readout mechanisms. Based on the analytical and experimental investigations, reflectometry was selected as the most suitable readout mechanism for a direct viewer. A visible light camera was used with custom software to determine a temperature sensitivity of 137 mK for the reflectometry readout, and thermal images of scenes at human body temperature were demonstrated using limited computer processing. A false color, direct view, live IR imaging system was then demonstrated based on a two color reflectometry readout and the output was characterized with respect to the color differentiation sensitivity of the HVS. The system temperature sensitivity, based on the theoretical color differentiation sensitivity of a human observer, was found to be on the order of 10 K across a measuring range of roughly 400 °C, and objects with a temperature as low as approximately 150 °C were distinguishable. The advantages and limitations of the developed IR imaging system are identified and recommendations for further developments and future work are provided."

Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons une approche jusqu’à maintenant inexplorée dans le développement des interféromètres atomiques; la rétroaction des états atomiques au cours de leur évolution. Le long de cet objectif, nous présentons des nouvelles techniques expérimentales, comme la condensation de Bose-Einstein tout-optique d’atomes de rubidium-87 à l’aide d’une cavité optique, une nouvelle technique de stabilisation de laser décalage de fréquence serrodyne et le développement de la spectroscopie par modulation de fréquence comme un outil non-destructif pour mesurer des différences de population atomique. Cette détection non destructive est combinée à la rétroaction, soit directement sur les atomes avec un rayonnement micro-onde soit sur l’oscillateur à micro-ondes. De cette manière, nous montrons que les états quantiques atomiques peuvent être protégés contre la décohérence d’un bruit collectif. Grâce à cette méthode, nous développons des protocoles de rétroaction dédiés pour améliorer les interféromètres atomiques, et démontrons expérimentalement l’un d’entre eux dans le cas d’une horloge atomique. Nous montrons que le temps d’interrogation dans les interféromètres atomiques peut être prolongé, ce qui est prometteur pour augmenter la sensibilité des senseurs atomiques. / In this thesis, we describe an until now unexplored approach in the operation of atomic interferometers; the feedback control of the atomic states during their evolution. Towards this goal, we present several novel experimental techniques, such as the all-optical Bose-Einstein condensation of rubidium-87 in a cavity enhanced dipole trap, a new laser stabilization technique based on serrodyne frequency shifting and the development of frequency modulation spectroscopy as a minimal destructive tool for the measurement of atomic population differences. This nondestructive detection is combined with feedback, either directly on the atoms with microwave radiation or on the microwave oscillator. In this way, we show that atomic quantum states can be protected against decoherence from collective noise. We develop dedicated feedback protocols to use this method to improve atomic interferometers, and experimentally demonstrate one such protocol in an atomic clock. We show that the interrogation time in atomic interferometers can be prolonged, which holds promise for increasing the sensitivity of atomic sensors.

Une manière efficace de contraindre la formation des planètes est l'étude des disques protoplanétaires. Les premières images de ces disques ont été obtenues dans les années 80 en infrarouge et en millimétrique. Ces images dévoilaient pour la première fois la morphologie de l'excès infrarouge vu dans les distributions spectrales d'énergies des étoiles jeunes. Depuis, de nets progrès ont été faits et, outre la détection directe de planètes, nous sommes capables de distinguer les perturbations que celles-ci pourraient engendrer dans ces disques. La région interne de ces disques, où la majorité des planètes sont détectées, est complexe car étant le théâtre de nombreux phénomènes encore mal contraints (sublimation de la poussière, vents, accrétion). Pour les étoiles jeunes les plus proches, observer ces régions revient à atteindre une résolution angulaire de l'ordre de la milliseconde d'arc, inatteignable avec un télescope monolithique. L'interférométrie optique permet de satisfaire cette contrainte. Cette technique consiste à combiner la lumière de deux télescopes ou plus afin de la faire interférer. Ces interférences permettent de contraindre la morphologie de l'objet observé à l'aide de modèles. Mais afin de comprendre les phénomènes en jeu il est nécessaire d'avoir une image indépendante de ces modèles. La reconstruction d'images est possible avec l'avènement récent d'interféromètres à 4 télescopes ou plus. Les premières images ont ainsi pu être reconstruites. Cependant, l'étoile centrale ne permet pas d'accéder facilement à l'image de l'environnement. Ma thèse a donc consisté à outrepasser cette difficulté en développant une méthode de reconstruction d'image adaptée à l'environnement protoplanétaire des étoiles jeunes. Elle consiste à séparer l'étoile centrale de l'image afin de reconstruire son environnement tout en prenant en compte la différence de température entre ces deux éléments. Grâce à cette méthode et aux instruments interférométriques du VLTI, j'ai pu reconstruire les images des premières unités astronomiques d'une douzaine d'étoiles de Herbig et de révéler leurs morphologies. J'ai ainsi pu appliquer une analyse géométrique originale afin de les caractériser. Enfin, j'ai analysé plus en détail un étoile particulière, MWC158, dont j'ai imagé la variabilité qui pourrait être interprétée comme une éjection de matière. Ma thèse démontre l'importance de la prise en compte des aspects chromatiques dans la reconstruction d'image ainsi que de l'adaptation de cette méthode à la spécificité des étoiles jeunes. / An effective way to understand the formation of planets is the study of protoplanetary disks. The first images of these disks were obtained in the infrared and the millimeter in the 80s. These images unveiled for the first time the morphology of the infrared excess seen in the spectral energy distributions of young stellar objects. Since then, significant progress has been made and, in addition to the direct detection of planets, we are able to distinguish the disruption they could cause in these disks. The inner region of these disks, where the majority of planets are found, is complex as being the scene of many phenomena still poorly constrained (dust sublimation, winds, accretion). For the closest young stars, observing these regions amounts to achieve an angular resolution of the order of a milliarcsecond, unattainable with monolithic telescopes. The optical interferometry can reach such a small angle. This technique consists in combining the light of two or more telescopes to make it interfere. These interferences can be used to constrain the morphology of the observed object by using models. But to understand the phenomena involved in the inner parts of young stellar objects, it is necessary to have an independent image. Image reconstruction is possible with the recent advent of interferometers with 4 or more telescopes. The first images were able to be rebuilt. However, the central star does not allow easy access to the environment morphology. The goal of my thesis was to bypass this difficulty by developing a method of image reconstruction which is adapted to the protoplanetary environment of young stars. It consists in separating the central star of the image to reconstruct its environment while taking into account the temperature difference between the two. With this method and the VLTI interferometric instruments, I reconstructed the images of the first astronomical unit of a dozen of Herbig stars and revealed their morphologies. I was able to apply a novel geometric analysis to characterize them. Finally, I have analyzed in more detail a particular star, MWC158, which I imaged the variability that could be interpreted as a matter ejection. My thesis demonstrates the importance of the inclusion of chromatic aspects in image reconstruction and adaptation of this method to the specific characteristics of young stars.

Moduladores espaciais de luz são elementos que fazem a modulação de uma frente de onda de modo a resultar em uma distribuição de luz desejada. Eles operam por difração, de acordo com o princípio de Huygens-Fresnel, e por este motivo são chamados Elementos Ópticos Difrativos (EODs). O foco deste trabalho é o estudo da modulação de frentes de onda, através da Teoria Escalar da Difração. O objetivo inicial foi o domínio do cálculo dos moduladores espaciais de luz, através da implementação do Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier. São calculados três EODs de fase: fase contínua, 4 níveis de fase e fase binária. Os resultados são avaliados através do cálculo da eficiência difrativa e da relação sinal-ruído. Para verificação do cálculo, hologramas binários foram fabricados usando filme fotográfico, de maneira simples e baixo custo. Algumas reconstruções simuladas e ópticas são apresentadas, demonstrando a viabilidade do uso do algoritmo na codificação de EODs. Em seguida, é feita a análise das frequências de ressonância de moduladores de ferroeletretos com canaleta, através de uma montagem experimental baseada no interferômetro de Michelson. Os ferroeletretos apresentam o efeito piezoelétrico e vêm sendo produzidos através de novas técnicas de fabricação. No campo da óptica tem-se o interesse em caracterizar ferroeletretos de modo a utilizá-los como possíveis moduladores de luz. São apresentados a montagem interferométrica em detalhes e o procedimento usado para medir as frequências de ressonância. Os resultados obtidos e as discussões demonstram a viabilidade do uso da montagem interferométrica proposta na caracterização de ferroeletretos. / Spatial light modulators perform the modulation of wavefront so that the desired light distribution is acquired. They work by diffraction, according to the Huygens-Fresnel principie, and for that they are called Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs). The focus of this work is the study of light modulators through Scalar Diffraction Theory. The initial objective was to execute the calculation of spatial light modulators through the implementation of the so-called Iterative Fourier Transform AIgorithm. The calculation of three phase holograms is made: analog phase, 4 leveI phase and binary phase. The results are evaluated by calculating the diffraction efficiency and by signal to noise ratio. To verify the calculation, binary holograms were fabricated using photographic film in a simple and low cost way. Simulated and optical reconstructions are presented, showing the viability for the use of the algorithm in the coding of DOEs. Next, the resonance frequencies analysis in open tubular channels ferroelectrets is made through an experimental setup based in the Michelson interferometer. The ferroelectrets present the piezoelectric effect and are continuously produced through new techniques. In optics there is in interest in feroelectrets characterization in order to use them as spatial light modulators. The interferometric setup and the procedure used to measure the resonance frequencies are shown. The obtained results and discussion demonstrate the viability of the use of optical measurements in the characterization of ferroelectrets.