Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Sociology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 315-358). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29347

O pensador do século XIV Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) é considerado por muitos um precursor das ciências sociais e da filosofia da história. Sua obra, Os Prolegômenos ou Filosofia Social, principal objeto de estudo no presente trabalho, é um marco na sociologia geral, na história e na economia. O objetivo desta dissertação não é estudar as teorias presentes nesse texto em minuciosos detalhes. Ao invés disso, colocaremos Ibn Khaldun sob uma luz diferente. Trataremos aqui da cosmovisão que está por trás dos escritos desse pensador. Acreditamos que ele tentou conciliar um método até então novo de fazer pesquisa histórica, sociológica e econômica, baseado na lógica aristotélica e em certo cuidado com os fatos, porém, sempre com a intenção de enquadrar suas descobertas em uma moldura teológica fundamentada no Alcorão. A partir desse esforço, buscaremos demonstrar como conceitos econômicos, políticos e religiosos fundamentam, em Os Prolegômenos, certa cosmovisão fatalista e cíclica da história e em quais pontos ela pode ser considerada extremamente autoral e exemplar para uma melhor compreensão do mundo islâmico do século XIV. / The 14th century thinker Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) is considered by many to be a forerunner of the social sciences and the philosophy of history. His work, The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history, main object of study in the present work, is a milestone in general sociology, history and economics. The purpose of this dissertation is not to study the theories present in Ibn Khaldun\'s text in minute detail. Instead, we will put Ibn Khaldun in a different light. We will deal here with the worldview behind the writings of this thinker. We believe that he tried to reconcile a hitherto new method of doing historical, sociological and economic research, based on Aristotelian logic and some caution with facts, but always with the intention of conforming his findings in a theological framework based on the Quran. From this effort, we will try to demonstrate how economic, political and religious concepts in The Muqaddimah ground for a certain fatalistic and cyclical worldview on history and at what points it can be considered extremely authorial and exemplary for a better understanding of the Islamic world of 14th century.

O pensador do século XIV Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) é considerado por muitos um precursor das ciências sociais e da filosofia da história. Sua obra, Os Prolegômenos ou Filosofia Social, principal objeto de estudo no presente trabalho, é um marco na sociologia geral, na história e na economia. O objetivo desta dissertação não é estudar as teorias presentes nesse texto em minuciosos detalhes. Ao invés disso, colocaremos Ibn Khaldun sob uma luz diferente. Trataremos aqui da cosmovisão que está por trás dos escritos desse pensador. Acreditamos que ele tentou conciliar um método até então novo de fazer pesquisa histórica, sociológica e econômica, baseado na lógica aristotélica e em certo cuidado com os fatos, porém, sempre com a intenção de enquadrar suas descobertas em uma moldura teológica fundamentada no Alcorão. A partir desse esforço, buscaremos demonstrar como conceitos econômicos, políticos e religiosos fundamentam, em Os Prolegômenos, certa cosmovisão fatalista e cíclica da história e em quais pontos ela pode ser considerada extremamente autoral e exemplar para uma melhor compreensão do mundo islâmico do século XIV. / The 14th century thinker Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) is considered by many to be a forerunner of the social sciences and the philosophy of history. His work, The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history, main object of study in the present work, is a milestone in general sociology, history and economics. The purpose of this dissertation is not to study the theories present in Ibn Khaldun\'s text in minute detail. Instead, we will put Ibn Khaldun in a different light. We will deal here with the worldview behind the writings of this thinker. We believe that he tried to reconcile a hitherto new method of doing historical, sociological and economic research, based on Aristotelian logic and some caution with facts, but always with the intention of conforming his findings in a theological framework based on the Quran. From this effort, we will try to demonstrate how economic, political and religious concepts in The Muqaddimah ground for a certain fatalistic and cyclical worldview on history and at what points it can be considered extremely authorial and exemplary for a better understanding of the Islamic world of 14th century.

The problem of corruption is an enduring problem in societies throughout time. In this study I examine Machiavelli and Ibn Khaldun's perspectives on corruption, a major theme in their writings. I show that corruption in their works is identified in relation to the polity. Both thinkers diverge from classical and ethical views of corruption, while also differing from modern approaches. I study how they define corruption, their understanding of the primary reasons leading to corruption, and their recommendations and treatments to address the problem. The underlying theme in their discussions is that corruption eats at the very fabric of a society, leading to the downfall of the political regime. Through a comparative lens, I not only analyze the distinct historical contexts in which they wrote, but also their distinct intellectual repertoires and rhetorical methods. By comparatively examining their insights, I aim to make their views relevant and insightful for contemporary discussions on corruption.

Le but de cette thèse est de conceptualiser la société civile islamiste. Nous nous sommes demandés : y a-t-il un autre modèle de société civile dans le monde arabe qui diffère du modèle occidental? Plus particulièrement, il s'agit de mieux comprendre le rôle de l'islam dans l'espace public arabe. Notre recherche doctorale essaye de répondre à la question qui se traduit comme suit : de quelle façon la société civile islamiste conceptualisée selon le modèle d'Ibn Khaldûn définit-elle à la fois l'espace public et l'espace privé? Pour ce faire, nous étudions le modèle de formation des sociétés en nous basant sur les travaux d'Ibn Khaldûn, à savoir, 'umrân badawi, civilisation bédouine et 'umrân bashari, civilisation urbaine. Nous avons réussi à démontrer que les deux civilisations coexistent et sont liées par l''assabiya, esprit de clan. La société tribale assure le rôle du contre-pouvoir et le revendique à la fin du cycle de l''assabiya. Dans cette logique sociale, la religion joue le rôle du frein interne, wazi' batini. Nous avons tracé les contours de l'espace public arabe et avons conclu que la civilisation arabo-musulmane a connu une bourgeoisie différente de celle de l'Europe. Les marchands arabes n'ont jamais voulu éliminer la noblesse ni renverser le pouvoir politique en place. La sphère publique arabe est constituée de la superposition de la sphère marchande et la sphère du don. La logique du don chez les Arabes impose une charge symbolique et culturelle à toutes les sphères. Le roi, les notables et les marchands sont assujettis au don afin d'accéder à un statut social. Le don redistribue les richesses tout en maintenant la hiérarchisation de la société arabo-musulmane. Dans cette logique, les Arabes sont raisonnables et non rationnels. Leurs échanges et délibérations dans la sphère publique répondent au sens commun de la société. En étudiant le mouvement chiite, Hizbollah et en ouvrant notre réflexion sur le printemps arabe, nous avons conclu que de la société civile islamiste est une société étagée. Cette société repose sur la sphère économique et traversée par le religieux. Ce sont les institutions du waqf qui limitent les charges symboliques imposées par la logique du don. Dans cette perspective, l'islamisme devient un mode de vie culturel et social et assurera un rôle d'autolimitation. L''assabiya assure les liens de médiation et de communication sociale. La liberté se loge dans les libertés de conscience et de pensée. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : société civile, islamisme, printemps arabe, assabiyya, espace public

The history of Banu Umayya has since the collapse of the caliphate occupied a major part in Islamic historiography. The present thesis analyses the presentation of the Umayyads in Ibn Khaldun’s al-Muqaddima and its relation to previous historical traditions. The thesis examines the social and intellectual context in which Ibn Khaldun stood and how it is represented in his historiography, while also providing an overview of the various socio-political, intellectual and historiographical developments in Islam. The theoretical perspectives are based on the concept of agency, examining the intellectual room for manoeuvre that the historian disposed of while composing the works. The relation between the past-as-history and the historical past is emphasised and analysed by examination of narrative arrangements and content in relation to the historians’ contexts. Rather than viewing Ibn Khaldun as an exception, the study clarifies his contextual representativity by analysing his views on the Umayyads. The thesis also discusses the historiographical significance of the Umayyad history for the later development of Islam, while thereby attempting to open the field of research regarding the Umayyad history and its importance as self-definitions among later movements, historians and traditions of Islam.

Ce mémoire porte sur les retraductions françaises du XXe siècle d’Al Moqaddima (Les Prolégomènes) (1377) d’Ibn Khaldoun, un traité historique et philosophique du XIVe siècle. La première traduction française, Les Prolégomènes, est réalisée par De Slane entre 1840 et 1863. Elle est suivie de deux retraductions, à savoir Discours sur l’histoire universelle (1967- 1968) réalisée par Vincent-Mansour Monteil, et Le Livre des Exemples I : Autobiographie, La Muqaddima (2002) réalisée par Abdesselam Cheddadi. L’objet de ce mémoire est de mener une analyse contextuelle, paratextuelle et discursive de ces deux retraductions de l’œuvre monumentale d’Ibn Khaldoun, afin de dégager les principaux facteurs déterminant, dans chaque cas, le choix de retraduire. Notre approche théorique s’inscrit dans le contexte récent de remise en cause de ladite « hypothèse de la retraduction » d’Antoine Berman, qui privilégie une analyse textuelle de l’œuvre (re)traduite en négligeant quelque peu l’analyse contextuelle éclairant les conditions de production des retraductions, et en limitant le positionnement du traducteur à sa relation envers la « vérité » du texte source. Ainsi, en retraçant l’histoire des différentes éditions des Prolégomènes au XXe siècle, en exposant le contexte qui entoure les retraductions, et en nous nous attachant aux stratégies discursives déployées par les traducteurs en marge de ces dernières, nous tenons compte des réflexions récentes sur les « causalités multiples » du phénomène de la retraduction, tout en montrant comment la subjectivité du traducteur, ses décisions et ses motivations sont reliées à tous les éléments extratextuels ou contextuels mis en valeur par les théoriciens. Nous montrons par notre analyse que les deux retraductions au corpus sont motivées par des facteurs internes au texte (tels que l’authenticité de leur original, une meilleure connaissance du texte, de la langue et de la culture source, la nécessité de corriger des erreurs dans les traductions antérieures), mais aussi par de nouveaux éléments externes au texte (tels que le changement de normes sociales, littéraires et traductionnelles, l’émergence de nouvelles interprétations du texte, le positionnement idéologique du retraducteur, sa volonté de s’imposer comme une autorité, etc.). La retraduction s’avère donc un phénomène complexe motivé par une combinaison de facteurs, à la fois internes (textuels), externes (contextuels) et personnels, propres au (re)traducteur. / This thesis studies the XXth-century French retranslations of Ibn Khaldun’s XVIth- century historical and philosophical treatise Al Moqaddima (or Prolegomena, 1377). The first French translation as Les Prolégomènes was written by De Slane between 1840 and 1863. It was followed by two XXth-century retranslations, respectively entitled Discours sur l’histoire universelle (1967-1968) by Vincent-Mansour Monteil, and Le Livre des Exemples I : Autobiographie, La Muqaddima (2002) by Abdesselam Cheddadi. This thesis explores the contexts, paratexts, and discursive strategies surrounding each retranslation of Khaldun’s monumental treatise, in order to clarify the major factors that determine, in each case, the translator’s decision to retranslate. Our theoretical approach stems from recent debates around Antoine Berman’s “retranslation hypothesis”, which focuses on a textual analysis of retranslations, and tends to downplay the importance of the context surrounding the production of retranslations, and limits the translator’s positioning to his/her relationship to the “truth” of the original. By documenting the history of XXth-century editions of Khaldun’s Prolegomena, by establishing the context surrounding each retranslation, and by analyzing the discursive strategies deployed by each retranslator in the margins of his work, our study takes into account recent theories of “plural causality” in retranslation; we also highlight the ways in which the translators’ subjectivity, their choices and motivations are deeply connected with the extra-textual, or contextual elements emphasized by such theories. Our analysis shows the two translations under study to be motivated by internal, textual factors (such as: more authentic original manuscripts, better textual criticism and understanding of the source language and culture, the necessity to correct errors in the previous translations, etc.), but also extra-textual, or contextual factors (changing social, literary and translation norms, new interpretations of the original, the translator’s ideological position and need to establish his authority, etc.). In the end, retranslation emerges as a complex phenomenon deriving from a variety of causes, at once internal (textual), external (contextual), and personal, that is, due to the translator’s own agency.

Recognizing the importance of innovation, we see that entrepreneurship and its supporting ecosystem contributes to increased prosperity in society. We also understand that the entrepreneurial phenomenon increases in efficiency through internationalization. Within the international context, knowledge transfer can be complex and requires people of multicultural background for successful interpretation. Demanding abilities to code and decode the transferred knowledge and integrate it into practices, interactions and learning for successfully creating new knowledge as a result. Our purpose for this research was to emphasize and give clarity of the process from initiatives to internationalization to successfully transferring knowledge. Being master students in an entrepreneurial program and working with related projects in our worklife, we were accustomed to- and possessed necessary background information for the topic. This gave us abilities to contact and form interviews for various science and technology parks (STP). We were motivated to collect data through a qualitative study, interviewing STPs with practical insight measuring selected theories presented in our literature review. Our findings correlate the selected theories, and give impressions that networking platforms provided by government, universities and international organizations contribute significantly in connecting STPs to international players. We also record that the government’s position is crucial in providing infrastructure and financial support to STPs. Further the challenge of knowledge transfer is positively related to complementary interest and trust, which is better resolved through awareness of multicultural networks. Further research can be recommended to investigate the objectives of institutions in an entrepreneurial ecosystem, between and in relation to the tenants. For direct understanding of international activities, we would also like to propose a research measuring science and technology parks’ engagement for internationalization and the financial results of tenants within the same time period.

This thesis examines the extent to which Ibn Khaldun can legitimately be considered a founding father of sociology. To pursue this research, Khaldun's theoretical framework will be compared with four Western scholars: Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Giambattista Vico, and Ludwig Gumplowicz. This paper begins with an Introduction (Chapter I), followed by a general overview of Khaldun's work (Chapter II). Next, Khaldun's work is compared to that of Auguste Comte (Chapter III), Emile Durkheim (Chapter IV), Ludwig Gumplowicz (Chapter V) and Giambattista Vico (Chapter VI). In each of these chapters, Khaldun is compared and contrasted to the other social theorist, illustrating their similarities and considering their differences. Finally, in Chapter VII, I put forth conclusions that consider the extent to which Khaldun can validly be considered a founding father of sociology.