Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les architectures 3D NoC grâce à des implémentations de conception physiques en utilisant la technologie 3D réel mis en oeuvre dans l'industrie. Sur la base des listes d'interconnexions en déroute, nous procédons à l'analyse des performances d'évaluer le bénéfice de l'architecture 3D par rapport à sa mise en oeuvre 2D. Sur la base du flot de conception 3D proposé en se concentrant sur la vérification temporelle tirant parti de l'avantage du retard négligeable de la structure de microbilles pour les connexions verticales, nous avons mené techniques de partitionnement de NoC 3D basé sur l'architecture MPSoC y compris empilement homogène et hétérogène en utilisant Tezzaron 3D IC technlogy. Conception et mise en oeuvre de compromis dans les deux méthodes de partitionnement est étudiée pour avoir un meilleur aperçu sur l'architecture 3D de sorte qu'il peut être exploitée pour des performances optimales. En utilisant l'approche 3D homogène empilage, NoC topologies est explorée afin d'identifier la meilleure topologie entre la topologie 2D et 3D pour la mise en œuvre MPSoC 3D sous l'hypothèse que les chemins critiques est fondée sur les liens inter-routeur. Les explorations architecturales ont également examiné les différentes technologies de traitement. mettant en évidence l'effet de la technologie des procédés à la performance d'architecture 3D en particulier pour l'interconnexion dominant du design. En outre, nous avons effectué hétérogène 3D d'empilage pour la mise en oeuvre MPSoC avec l'approche GALS de style et présenté plusieurs analyses de conception physiques connexes concernant la conception 3D et la mise en œuvre MPSoC utilisant des outils de CAO 2D. Une analyse plus approfondie de l'effet microbilles pas à la performance de l'architecture 3D à l'aide face-à-face d'empilement est également signalé l'identification des problèmes et des limitations à prendre en considération pendant le processus de conception. / In this thesis, we study the exploration 3D NoC architectures through physical design implementations using real 3D technology used in the industry. Based on the proposed 3D design flow focusing on timing verification by leveraging the benefit of negligible delay of microbumps structure for vertical connections, we have conducted partitioning techniques for 3D NoC-based MPSoC architecture including homogeneous and heterogeneous stacking using Tezzaron 3D IC technlogy. Design and implementation trade-off in both partitioning methods is investigated to have better insight about 3D architecture so that it can be exploited for optimal performance. Using homogeneous 3D stacking approach, NoC architectures are explored to identify the best topology between 2D and 3D topology for 3D MPSoC implementation. The architectural explorations have also considered different process technologies highlighting the wire delay effect to the 3D architecture performance especially for interconnect-dominated design. Additionally, we performed heterogeneous 3D stacking of NoC-based MPSoC implementation with GALS style approach and presented several physical designs related analyses regarding 3D MPSoC design and implementation using 2D EDA tools. Finally we conducted an exploration of 2D EDA tool on different 3D architecture to evaluate the impact of 2D EDA tools on the 3D architecture performance. Since there is no commercialize 3D design tool until now, the experiment is important on the basis that designing 3D architecture using 2D EDA tools does not have a strong and direct impact to the 3D architecture performance mainly because the tools is dedicated for 2D architecture design.

O avanço da microeletrônica nas últimas décadas trouxe maior densidade aos circuitos integrados, possibilitando a implementação de funções de alta complexidade em uma menor área de silício. Como efeito desta integração em larga escala, as latências dos fios passaram a representar uma maior fração do atraso de propagação de dados em um design, tornando a tarefa de “timing closure” mais desafiadora e demandando mais iterações entre etapas do design. Por meio de uma revisão na teoria dos circuitos insensíveis a latência (Latency-Insensitive theory), este trabalho explora a metodologia de designs elásticos (Elastic Design methodology) em circuitos síncronos, com o objetivo de solucionar o impacto que a latência adicional dos fios insere no fluxo de design de circuitos integrados, sem demandar uma grande mudança de paradigma por parte dos designers. A fim de exemplificar o processo de “elasticização”, foi implementada uma versão síncrona da arquitetura do microprocessador Neander que posteriormente foi convertida a um Circuito Elástico utilizando um protocolo insensível a latência nas transferências de dados entre os processos computacionais do design. Ambas as versões do Neander foram validadas em uma plataforma FPGA utilizando ferramentas e fluxo de design síncrono bem estabelecidos. A comparação das características de timing e área entre os designs demonstra que a versão Elástica pode apresentar ganhos de performance para sistemas complexos ao custo de um aumento da área necessária. Estes resultados mostram que a metodologia de designs elásticos é uma boa candidata para projetar circuitos integrados complexos sem demandar custosas iterações entre fases de design e reutilizando as já estabelecidas ferramentas de design síncrono, resultando em uma alternativa economicamente vantajosa para os designers. / The advance of microelectronics brought increased density to integrated circuits, allowing high complexity functions to be implemented in smaller silicon areas. As a side effect of this large-scale integration, the wire latencies became a higher fraction of a design’s data propagation latency, turning timing closure into a challenging task that often demand several iterations among design phases. By reviewing the Latency-Insensitive theory, this work presents the exploration of the Elastic Design methodology in synchronous circuits, with the objective of solving the increased wire latency impact on integrated circuits design flow without requiring a big paradigm change for designers. To exemplify the elasticization process, the educational Neander microprocessor architecture is synchronously implemented and turned into an Elastic Circuit by using a latency-insensitive protocol in the design’s computational processes data transfers. Both designs are validated in an FPGA platform, using well known synchronous design tools and flow. The timing and area comparison between the designs demonstrates that the Elastic version can present performance advantages for more complex systems at the price of increased area. These results show that the Elastic Design methodology is a good candidate for designing complex integrated circuits without costly iterations between design phases. This methodology also leverages the reuse of the mostly adopted synchronous design tools, resulting in a cost-effective alternative for designers.

Die Dysregulation von Neurotransmittersystemen spielt eine wesentliche Rolle für die Pathophysiologie des Bladder Pain Syndrom/Interstitielle Zystitis (BPS/IC). Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der veränderten Expression muskarinerger (M2, M3) und purinerger (P2X1, P2X2, P2X3) Rezeptoren auf Urothelzellen und suburothelialen Myofibroblasten der Harnblasenwand im Rahmen BPS/IC. Dazu wurde eine Gruppe von Patientinnen mit Verdacht auf BPS/IC (n=17) einer Kontrollgruppe (n=7) gegenübergestellt. Die Gewebeproben der Patientengruppe sind im Zuge der Basisdiagnostik (transurethrales Harnblasenmapping) bei klinischem Verdacht auf das Vorliegen eines BPS/IC entnommen worden. Das Gewebe der Kontrollgruppe entstammt makroskopisch unauffälligen Bereichen von Harnblasen, welche im Rahmen einer radikalen Zystektomie oder einer lateral erweiterten endopelvinen Resektion (LEER-OP) entnommen worden sind. Die semi-quantitative Analyse der Rezeptorexpression erfolgte mittels indirekter Immunfluoreszenz, die Auswertung erfolgte mittels konfokaler Laserscanningmikroskopie. Die Ergebnisse der Patientengruppe wurden mit denen der Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Im Rahmen dessen wurde auch ein individuelles Rezeptorprofil für jeden Patienten erstellt. Es zeigte sich eine Hochregulation von M2R, M3R und P2X1R auf Urothelzellen sowie eine Hochregulation von M2R, M3R, P2X1R und P2X2R auf suburothelialen Myofibroblasten in der BPS/IC-Gruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Des Weiteren zeigten sich individuelle Unterschiede in den Rezeptorprofilen der Patienten. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund einer möglichen Beteiligung der Regulation von muskarinergen und purinergen Rezeptoren an der Pathophysiologie des BPS/IC diskutiert. Ferner werden diagnostische und therapeutische Möglichkeiten einer erweiterten Mollekulardiagnostik diskutiert.

Die Dysregulation von Neurotransmittersystemen spielt eine wesentliche Rolle für die Pathophysiologie des Bladder Pain Syndrom/Interstitielle Zystitis (BPS/IC). Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der veränderten Expression muskarinerger (M2, M3) und purinerger (P2X1, P2X2, P2X3) Rezeptoren auf Urothelzellen und suburothelialen Myofibroblasten der Harnblasenwand im Rahmen BPS/IC. Dazu wurde eine Gruppe von Patientinnen mit Verdacht auf BPS/IC (n=17) einer Kontrollgruppe (n=7) gegenübergestellt. Die Gewebeproben der Patientengruppe sind im Zuge der Basisdiagnostik (transurethrales Harnblasenmapping) bei klinischem Verdacht auf das Vorliegen eines BPS/IC entnommen worden. Das Gewebe der Kontrollgruppe entstammt makroskopisch unauffälligen Bereichen von Harnblasen, welche im Rahmen einer radikalen Zystektomie oder einer lateral erweiterten endopelvinen Resektion (LEER-OP) entnommen worden sind. Die semi-quantitative Analyse der Rezeptorexpression erfolgte mittels indirekter Immunfluoreszenz, die Auswertung erfolgte mittels konfokaler Laserscanningmikroskopie. Die Ergebnisse der Patientengruppe wurden mit denen der Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Im Rahmen dessen wurde auch ein individuelles Rezeptorprofil für jeden Patienten erstellt. Es zeigte sich eine Hochregulation von M2R, M3R und P2X1R auf Urothelzellen sowie eine Hochregulation von M2R, M3R, P2X1R und P2X2R auf suburothelialen Myofibroblasten in der BPS/IC-Gruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Des Weiteren zeigten sich individuelle Unterschiede in den Rezeptorprofilen der Patienten. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund einer möglichen Beteiligung der Regulation von muskarinergen und purinergen Rezeptoren an der Pathophysiologie des BPS/IC diskutiert. Ferner werden diagnostische und therapeutische Möglichkeiten einer erweiterten Mollekulardiagnostik diskutiert.

細數過去數十年，台灣類比IC設計產業發展從無到有，從客戶不相信台灣類比IC設計公司的能力，到現在彼此成為合作夥伴，從外商完全看不起台商，到現在大家同場競技，從沒有一家類比IC設計公司上市、櫃掛牌，到現在已有近十家類比IC設計公司掛牌，台灣類比IC設計產業實在值得更多的喝采與投資人的注意。 目前為止，台灣共有二十幾家類比IC設計公司，本研究主要以民國九十四年十二月底以前上市、櫃之茂達、立錡、沛亨、安茂、富鼎先進、致新、崇貿、點晶、圓創等九家類比IC設計公司為樣本 依其八十九年至九十三年之財務報表做為預估個案公司未來成長率及獲利率的依據，利用現金流量折現法採銷售導向及盈餘導向等兩種模式，依最樂觀、最可能發生及最悲觀等三種情境，估算其實質價格區間，並與各股目前之實際股價相比較，以推論目前股價的合理性以及目前股價可能隱含的銷售成長率及盈餘成長率，另以敏感度分析將各個評價因子繪製成龍捲風圖，來觀察個別關鍵評價因子對股價的影響程度。 此外，本研究依Aaker的分析架構，針對此依產業進行外在與內在分析，包括整個產業的環境分析、產業分析、競爭對手分析、顧客分析與關鍵成功因素(SWOT)分析，以期本研究能在財務分析之外，提供投資人對類比IC設計產業ㄧ全面通盤性之分析。 最後，根據本研究之實證結果，發現過去五年個股與大盤股價作分析，ϐ值均偏高，其可能原因: 1. 類比IC設計產業(相對於數位IC設計產業)，為一新興產業，市場給予之本益比較高， 2. 進口替代效應之潛在業績成長題材，持續發酵。

我國施行健保IC卡建置計畫至今已近十年，這段時間中，IC智慧卡之各種技術與應用蓬勃發展，在醫療、金融、交通等應用領域都已有長足進步。除健保卡外，舉凡悠遊卡、金融卡、門禁卡、學生證等，IC智慧卡的應用比比皆是，客觀環境有利於健保IC卡之功能再作提升。 　　本研究以文獻探討及專家訪談的方式，研究整合過程中可能面臨的各種技術、整合方式、未來運作模式與可能遭遇之困難，以及相關的因應措施，作為未來產業界之合作基礎。 　　研究期間共訪談學界與業界人士八次、訪談行政單位五次，並舉辦專家業者焦點座談會一場。從醫療、金融、交通及其他服務等角度，分析目前健保卡尚需改善或新增之功能；也探討發展健保IC卡多功能用途，在晶片卡之規格、介面及儲位規劃等關鍵成功因素。 　　而在可能營運方案上，健保IC卡多功能用途的實施將對社會帶來極大影響，本研究以現行法令之鬆綁與否區分為短期建議及長期建議，短期內可能之營運方案有：(1)健保局獨立運作發卡(2)健保局與相關單位成立聯合發卡小組以及(3)由健保局訂定卡片標準格式與儲位空間，由各發卡公司預留空間提供使用者至健保局寫入健保相關資料；倘在未來修法後，健保卡可在健保局核可情況下委由他人發行，那麼(4)訂定需求規範以標案方式委託外包廠商營運及(5)訂定標準後由各發卡單位申請核准後營運，此兩種方案亦可納入考量。 　　預期效益除多卡合一、方便攜帶外，IC智慧卡結合憑證帶來的高安全性與保密性也能降低卡片盜刷、資料外洩等情事發生。若有更多的公民營企業願意將現有各自獨立發放的卡片整合進來，對後台系統的整合將有革命性的進步，電子憑證的功能也將對系統安全的提升帶來極大幫助，多功能卡的高發行量也將為合作對象帶來商機，達成政府、產業界與民眾多贏的局面。

<p>The unprecedented and relentless growth in the electronics industry is feeding the demand for integrated circuits (ICs) with increasing functionality and performance at minimum cost and power consumption. As predicted by Moore's law, ICs are being aggressively scaled to meet this demand. While the continuous scaling of process technology is reducing gate delays, the performance of ICs is being increasingly dominated by interconnect delays. In an effort to improve submicrometer interconnect performance, to increase packing density, and to reduce chip area and power consumption, the semiconductor industry is focusing on three-dimensional (3D) integration. However, volume production and commercial exploitation of 3D integration are not feasible yet due to significant technical hurdles.</p><p>At the present time, interposer-based 2.5D integration is emerging as a precursor to stacked 3D integration. All the dies and the interposer in a 2.5D IC must be adequately tested for product qualification. However, since the structure of 2.5D ICs is different from the traditional 2D ICs, new challenges have emerged: (1) pre-bond interposer testing, (2) lack of test access, (3) limited ability for at-speed testing, (4) high density I/O ports and interconnects, (5) reduced number of test pins, and (6) high power consumption. This research targets the above challenges and effective solutions have been developed to test both dies and the interposer.</p><p>The dissertation first introduces the basic concepts of 3D ICs and 2.5D ICs. Prior work on testing of 2.5D ICs is studied. An efficient method is presented to locate defects in a passive interposer before stacking. The proposed test architecture uses e-fuses that can be programmed to connect or disconnect functional paths inside the interposer. The concept of a die footprint is utilized for interconnect testing, and the overall assembly and test flow is described. Moreover, the concept of weighted critical area is defined and utilized to reduce test time. In order to fully determine the location of each e-fuse and the order of functional interconnects in a test path, we also present a test-path design algorithm. The proposed algorithm can generate all test paths for interconnect testing.</p><p>In order to test for opens, shorts, and interconnect delay defects in the interposer, a test architecture is proposed that is fully compatible with the IEEE 1149.1 standard and relies on an enhancement of the standard test access port (TAP) controller. To reduce test cost, a test-path design and scheduling technique is also presented that minimizes a composite cost function based on test time and the design-for-test (DfT) overhead in terms of additional through silicon vias (TSVs) and micro-bumps needed for test access. The locations of the dies on the interposer are taken into consideration in order to determine the order of dies in a test path.</p><p>To address the scenario of high density of I/O ports and interconnects, an efficient built-in self-test (BIST) technique is presented that targets the dies and the interposer interconnects. The proposed BIST architecture can be enabled by the standard TAP controller in the IEEE 1149.1 standard. The area overhead introduced by this BIST architecture is negligible; it includes two simple BIST controllers, a linear-feedback-shift-register (LFSR), a multiple-input-signature-register (MISR), and some extensions to the boundary-scan cells in the dies on the interposer. With these extensions, all boundary-scan cells can be used for self-configuration and self-diagnosis during interconnect testing. To reduce the overall test cost, a test scheduling and optimization technique under power constraints is described.</p><p>In order to accomplish testing with a small number test pins, the dissertation presents two efficient ExTest scheduling strategies that implements interconnect testing between tiles inside an system on chip (SoC) die on the interposer while satisfying the practical constraint that the number of required test pins cannot exceed the number of available pins at the chip level. The tiles in the SoC are divided into groups based on the manner in which they are interconnected. In order to minimize the test time, two optimization solutions are introduced. The first solution minimizes the number of input test pins, and the second solution minimizes the number output test pins. In addition, two subgroup configuration methods are further proposed to generate subgroups inside each test group.</p><p>Finally, the dissertation presents a programmable method for shift-clock stagger assignment to reduce power supply noise during SoC die testing in 2.5D ICs. An SoC die in the 2.5D IC is typically composed of several blocks and two neighboring blocks that share the same power rails should not be toggled at the same time during shift. Therefore, the proposed programmable method does not assign the same stagger value to neighboring blocks. The positions of all blocks are first analyzed and the shared boundary length between blocks is then calculated. Based on the position relationships between the blocks, a mathematical model is presented to derive optimal result for small-to-medium sized problems. For larger designs, a heuristic algorithm is proposed and evaluated.</p><p>In summary, the dissertation targets important design and optimization problems related to testing of interposer-based 2.5D ICs. The proposed research has led to theoretical insights, experiment results, and a set of test and design-for-test methods to make testing effective and feasible from a cost perspective.</p> / Dissertation

During the thesis, a two-staged analog baseband circuit incorporating a passive analog filter and a wideband voltage amplifier were successfully designed, implemented in an IC mask layout in a 65nm CMOS technology, and joined with a previously designed analog front-end design to form a wideband observation receiver. The baseband circuit is capable of receiving an IF bandwidth up to 990MHz produced by the analog front-end using low-side injection. The final circuit shows high IMD3 of at least 90 dBc. The voltage amplifier delivers a voltage amplification of 15 dB with around 0.08 dB amplitude precision over the bandwidth, while the passive filter is capable of a passband amplitude precision of 0.67 dB over the bandwidth, while effectively suppress signal images created by the mixer with at least 60 dBc. Both stages were realized in an IC mask layout, in addition, the filter layout were simulated using an EM simulator.

As Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Mogi-Guaçu e Pardo, integram uma importante área de recarga do Aqüífero Guarani, e localizam-se na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Essas bacias drenam áreas com forte influência agropecuária, que influenciam de forma significativa as características limnologicas e físico-químicas. Destaca-se como a única região do estado cujas captações de água são todas superficiais. Assim, no presente estudo procurou-se avaliar a qualidade de amostras de água e sedimentos em áreas de captação superficial para abastecimento público pertencentes nas 13 micro bacias dessa região. Foram realizadas análises de metais e elementos-traço da água bruta e tratada e da água sobrenadante e intersticial do sedimento, de acordo com as normas contidas no Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17o edition. Foram realizadas também análises dos metais biodisponíveis nos sedimentos. Foram coletadas amostras de água superficial, que convencionamos chamar de água bruta, e de sedimento próximos aos pontos de captação e de água tratada, nas estações de tratamento de água da SABESP, com uma periodicidade bimestral, no período de Abril de 1998 a Abril 1999, totalizando sete campanhas de campo, representando 49 amostras por comunidade, num total de 637 amostras coletadas. Os elementos analisados foram selecionados atendendo-se as exigências de duas legislações federais: a resolução CONAMA no 20 e a Portaria 36/MS 90. Foram analisadas as espécies iônicas: (F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+ e NH4+), nutrientes (NO3- e PO43-) utilizando a técnica de Cromatografia Iônica, metais (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb e Zn) utilizando a técnica de Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica com Plasma de Argônio; os sedimentos foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios X e Difração de Raios X. A análise descritiva mostrou que as concentrações de Fe, Mn e Al diminuíram com o tratamento, os elementos Mg, Co, P, Cu, Na+ e K+ permaneceram na mesma concentração após o tratamento e, os elementos Ca, F-, Cl- e SO42- apresentaram concentrações superiores após tratamento. A água intersticial apresentou concentrações de metais, em média 2 a 30 vezes maiores do que concentração na coluna de água. As análises químicas revelaram que nenhum metal tóxico foi observado em concentrações acima daquelas estabelecidas por lei para as águas de rio classe 2. Somente o ferro e o manganês apresentaram concentrações superior em algumas comunidades. Os ribeirões, córregos e rios pertencentes às diferentes micro bacias analisadas mostraram concentrações de metais distintas. A análise de componentes principais para a água bruta apresentou seis fatores: o primeiro, o segundo e o quarto fator (Ba, Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, Co, Cu e P) parecem estar associados a fatores mineralógicos (formação geológica da região); o terceiro fator (Cl-, SO42- e pluviometria) à possibilidade de uma influência antrópica. Para a água tratada o programa apresentou 4 fatores: o primeiro e o segundo (Mg, Ca, Ba, K+ e P), sugerem a possibilidade de associação a formação geológica; e o terceiro e o quarto (F-, Cl- e NO3-) poderiam ser de compostos usados pela Estação de Tratamento de Água. A análise de componentes principais apresentou 3 fatores para cada uma das fases sobrenadante e intersticial, para ambos: o primeiro fator (Mg, Ca, Mn e Fe) poderia estar ligado ao Complexo Granito-gnaisse, o segundo, e o terceiro fator (Cu, Ba, P e Ni) rochas alcalinas do grupo de Poços de Caldas e a rochas metabasicas. As amostras de sedimentos também foram analisadas por componentes principais e foram obtidos 5 fatores: o primeiro e o segundo fator (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd Al, Ca e Ba) sugerem ligação com formação geológica, o quarto fator (P) poderia estar associado do Complexo de Poços de Caldas. Este estudo não mostrou a correlação entre metais biodisponíveis e matéria orgânica. / The present work aimed to evaluate the environmental water and sediment quality in Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo Rivers Basins (São Paulo State), in the localities of water supply intake for the 13 cities in the basins. Metals and ions analysis of the water and sediment were performed according to methods to procedures described in Standard Methods for Examinations of Water and Wastewater, 17th edition. The hydrographic basins from Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo Rivers have a large agriculture influence on limnologic, physical and chemical characteristics and this area is unique in the State of São Paulo that the water catchment for supply is only surface and is used for water supply agriculture, public and industrial as well as far other uses, and it is also the recharge of Guarani's aquifer and it is one of huge aquifers in the world. In this study sampling was carried out at in a hydrological period, they were sampled bimonthly for 12 months (April 98/April 99) and analyzed: ions (F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+ and NH4+), nutrients (NO3- and PO43-) using the Ion Chromatographic technique, metals (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn) using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric technique, organic carbon, using the Volumetric technique, for characterization of the sediments was used X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometric and X Ray Diffraction Spectrometric techniques in the 13 communities. During the catchment's period was gotten a large number of results. For it was used a computer software programs for descriptive, correlation and principal components analysis. The descriptive analyze was written Fe, Mn and Al getting down concentration after treatment water, the Mg, Co, P, Cu, Na and K elements still at same concentration after treatment concentration and, the Ca, F-, Cl- and SO42- elements getting upper concentration after treatment water. The interstitial phase showed 2 to 30 fold values than natural water. For supernatant and interstitial water, the most elements still at same concentration both phases, except for Al, Co and Cu that showed larger concentration on interstitial phase. The principal components analyze was written six factors: the first and second factors (Ba, Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, Co, Cu and P) suggest geological formation; the third factor (Cl-, SO42- e pluviometry) the possibility of an anthropogenic influence for natural water. For treatment water the software written 4 factors: the first and second factors (Mg, Ca, Ba, K+ and P) have the possibility to be associated to geological formation, and the third and fourth factor (F-, Cl- and NO3-) could be from used compounds at Water Treatment Station. The component principals analyze for supernatant and interstitial phases wrote three factors for both: the first factor (Mg, Ca, Mn and Fe) would be linkage to Granite-gneiss Complex, the second and third factor (Cu, Ba, P and Ni) suggest a linkage to metabasic and Poços de Caldas alkaline rocks. The sediment samples also were analyzed by principal components and were got five factors: the first, second and third (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd Al, Ca e Ba, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd Al, Ca and Ba) factors suggests geological formation; the fourth factor (P) could be from Poços de Caldas Complex. This study didn't show the correlation among bioavailable metals with organic matter.

As Bacias Hidrográficas dos rios Mogi-Guaçu e Pardo, integram uma importante área de recarga do Aqüífero Guarani, e localizam-se na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Essas bacias drenam áreas com forte influência agropecuária, que influenciam de forma significativa as características limnologicas e físico-químicas. Destaca-se como a única região do estado cujas captações de água são todas superficiais. Assim, no presente estudo procurou-se avaliar a qualidade de amostras de água e sedimentos em áreas de captação superficial para abastecimento público pertencentes nas 13 micro bacias dessa região. Foram realizadas análises de metais e elementos-traço da água bruta e tratada e da água sobrenadante e intersticial do sedimento, de acordo com as normas contidas no Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17o edition. Foram realizadas também análises dos metais biodisponíveis nos sedimentos. Foram coletadas amostras de água superficial, que convencionamos chamar de água bruta, e de sedimento próximos aos pontos de captação e de água tratada, nas estações de tratamento de água da SABESP, com uma periodicidade bimestral, no período de Abril de 1998 a Abril 1999, totalizando sete campanhas de campo, representando 49 amostras por comunidade, num total de 637 amostras coletadas. Os elementos analisados foram selecionados atendendo-se as exigências de duas legislações federais: a resolução CONAMA no 20 e a Portaria 36/MS 90. Foram analisadas as espécies iônicas: (F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+ e NH4+), nutrientes (NO3- e PO43-) utilizando a técnica de Cromatografia Iônica, metais (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb e Zn) utilizando a técnica de Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica com Plasma de Argônio; os sedimentos foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios X e Difração de Raios X. A análise descritiva mostrou que as concentrações de Fe, Mn e Al diminuíram com o tratamento, os elementos Mg, Co, P, Cu, Na+ e K+ permaneceram na mesma concentração após o tratamento e, os elementos Ca, F-, Cl- e SO42- apresentaram concentrações superiores após tratamento. A água intersticial apresentou concentrações de metais, em média 2 a 30 vezes maiores do que concentração na coluna de água. As análises químicas revelaram que nenhum metal tóxico foi observado em concentrações acima daquelas estabelecidas por lei para as águas de rio classe 2. Somente o ferro e o manganês apresentaram concentrações superior em algumas comunidades. Os ribeirões, córregos e rios pertencentes às diferentes micro bacias analisadas mostraram concentrações de metais distintas. A análise de componentes principais para a água bruta apresentou seis fatores: o primeiro, o segundo e o quarto fator (Ba, Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, Co, Cu e P) parecem estar associados a fatores mineralógicos (formação geológica da região); o terceiro fator (Cl-, SO42- e pluviometria) à possibilidade de uma influência antrópica. Para a água tratada o programa apresentou 4 fatores: o primeiro e o segundo (Mg, Ca, Ba, K+ e P), sugerem a possibilidade de associação a formação geológica; e o terceiro e o quarto (F-, Cl- e NO3-) poderiam ser de compostos usados pela Estação de Tratamento de Água. A análise de componentes principais apresentou 3 fatores para cada uma das fases sobrenadante e intersticial, para ambos: o primeiro fator (Mg, Ca, Mn e Fe) poderia estar ligado ao Complexo Granito-gnaisse, o segundo, e o terceiro fator (Cu, Ba, P e Ni) rochas alcalinas do grupo de Poços de Caldas e a rochas metabasicas. As amostras de sedimentos também foram analisadas por componentes principais e foram obtidos 5 fatores: o primeiro e o segundo fator (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd Al, Ca e Ba) sugerem ligação com formação geológica, o quarto fator (P) poderia estar associado do Complexo de Poços de Caldas. Este estudo não mostrou a correlação entre metais biodisponíveis e matéria orgânica. / The present work aimed to evaluate the environmental water and sediment quality in Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo Rivers Basins (São Paulo State), in the localities of water supply intake for the 13 cities in the basins. Metals and ions analysis of the water and sediment were performed according to methods to procedures described in Standard Methods for Examinations of Water and Wastewater, 17th edition. The hydrographic basins from Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo Rivers have a large agriculture influence on limnologic, physical and chemical characteristics and this area is unique in the State of São Paulo that the water catchment for supply is only surface and is used for water supply agriculture, public and industrial as well as far other uses, and it is also the recharge of Guarani's aquifer and it is one of huge aquifers in the world. In this study sampling was carried out at in a hydrological period, they were sampled bimonthly for 12 months (April 98/April 99) and analyzed: ions (F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+ and NH4+), nutrients (NO3- and PO43-) using the Ion Chromatographic technique, metals (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn) using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric technique, organic carbon, using the Volumetric technique, for characterization of the sediments was used X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometric and X Ray Diffraction Spectrometric techniques in the 13 communities. During the catchment's period was gotten a large number of results. For it was used a computer software programs for descriptive, correlation and principal components analysis. The descriptive analyze was written Fe, Mn and Al getting down concentration after treatment water, the Mg, Co, P, Cu, Na and K elements still at same concentration after treatment concentration and, the Ca, F-, Cl- and SO42- elements getting upper concentration after treatment water. The interstitial phase showed 2 to 30 fold values than natural water. For supernatant and interstitial water, the most elements still at same concentration both phases, except for Al, Co and Cu that showed larger concentration on interstitial phase. The principal components analyze was written six factors: the first and second factors (Ba, Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, Co, Cu and P) suggest geological formation; the third factor (Cl-, SO42- e pluviometry) the possibility of an anthropogenic influence for natural water. For treatment water the software written 4 factors: the first and second factors (Mg, Ca, Ba, K+ and P) have the possibility to be associated to geological formation, and the third and fourth factor (F-, Cl- and NO3-) could be from used compounds at Water Treatment Station. The component principals analyze for supernatant and interstitial phases wrote three factors for both: the first factor (Mg, Ca, Mn and Fe) would be linkage to Granite-gneiss Complex, the second and third factor (Cu, Ba, P and Ni) suggest a linkage to metabasic and Poços de Caldas alkaline rocks. The sediment samples also were analyzed by principal components and were got five factors: the first, second and third (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd Al, Ca e Ba, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd Al, Ca and Ba) factors suggests geological formation; the fourth factor (P) could be from Poços de Caldas Complex. This study didn't show the correlation among bioavailable metals with organic matter.