published_or_final_version / abstract / Education / Master / Master of Education

<p>At the turn of the century 18/1900 Swedish law looked upon young people as being adults at about the age of 15. At 15, the young person had left school, had his first employment and provided for himself and also had been confirmed to full membership of the Swedish State Church. Thus he was to be considered an adult and responsible for his actions. Parents, society/school and Church had done what was expected of them and now it was up to the 15-years old to live according to the laws and to be punished if the laws were broken. Over the following hundred years, at the time of the millennium, Swedish society changed a lot. So the laws did not and still a young person of 15 is considered an adult in the eye of the Swedish law. This paper looks upon the ideas that the law was based on at the turn of the century 18/1900 and the ideas that are put forward by Swedish courts today. The law has not changed, but today Swedish young people leave school between the ages of 19-25, and find their first employment even later. The paper gives the historical background and looks at the underlying ideas of adulthood. How people think and what is considered being important in defining aduldthood has not changed much over those hundred years. In deciding if a person could pass as an adult, the Swedish law still use the same premisses today as it did a hundred years ago. As these premissies and ideas are the same, though society has changed, you can’t today be considered an adult until in your twenties.</p>

2 pp. / This publication gives active children and their parents ideas on how to choose everyday healthy snack choices to fuel them during sports.

Traditional undergraduate biology courses are content intensive, requiring students to understand and remember large amounts of information in short periods of time. Yet most students maintain little of the material encountered during their education. Poor knowledge retention is a main cause of academic failure and high undergraduate attrition rates. Characterizing strategies that support robust learning is critical for ensuring student success. One such strategy is testing effect, the observation that repeated testing can improve the fidelity and durability of retained knowledge more than an equal quantity of restudy. Numerous investigations have described the nature and boundaries of testing effect. Very few, however, have characterized its efficacy in actual classroom practice. The current study investigated whether repeated testing or repeated study affected student retention and understanding of complex biological concepts. The study was conducted in a large (~320 students) introductory biology class. All study conditions and assessments were required components of the course. Student retention of two fundamental molecular biology "big ideas" was targeted; (1) the relationship between genotype and phenotype, and (2) the relationship between gene expression and cell function. Students were randomly assigned to one of three repeated quiz or study conditions. For four weeks, students encountered various combinations of multiple-choice (MC) questions and review material related to big ideas 1&2 and/or unrelated lecture topics. Five weeks after the last quiz, all students completed identical MC final exam questions related to both big ideas. To determine the quality of "understanding" assessed by the MC questions, a subset of students also completed a short answer (SA) test prior to the final exam. Both question formats assessed the same knowledge (2 big ideas) at the same level (comprehension and application). Final exam performance supported the finding that repeated retrieval improves long-term retention of knowledge relative to repeated study. Novel to other previous work conducted at the undergraduate level, the current findings suggest that repeated testing affects student retention and understanding of sophisticated concepts. Careful design and analysis of parallel multiple-choice and short answer questions demonstrated that each can target and elicit similar qualities and types of knowledge.

Problem Ideation in group is used by many, often as a tool for creating new and innovative ways to solve problems and creating change. Groups may have difficulties to move from the phase of inspiration to the phase of ideation, if information and ideas aren’t defined in the team. The authors claim that this process can be helped by providing practical tools that are adapted and tested for the purpose. The reason is to foster concretization of volatile thoughts in form of inspiration and information. Purpose The study aims to investigate how Storyboard as a tool can be used to concretize thoughts and inspiration in a group before ideation. Method In order to collect empirical data the authors along with four other facilitators, conducted 24 DO TANK:s for the innovation contest Smart Lunch. The empirical data where then analyzed using theories related to the topic. To obtain further empirical information the authors conducted a open dialogue with the other facilitators. Conclusions The study shows that it’s possible to use Storyboard as a tool for specifying and collect a group’s thoughts before ideation. Furthermore the authors consider that the use of Storyboard enables a more efficient ideation as the groups becomes more focused when they’ve defined their thoughts. / Problemformulering Idégenerering i grupp används idag av många, ofta som ett verktyg för att kunna skapa nya och innovativa sätt för att lösa problem och skapa förändring. Det finns svårigheter för grupper att gå från det som författarna kallar inspirationsfasen vidare till idégenereringsfasen, då information och tankar fortfarande inte är fastställda. Författarna menar att denna process går att underlätta genom att tillföra konkreta verktyg anpassade och testade för idéutvecklingsprocessernas olika faser. Anledningen är att främja konkretisering av flyktiga och svårtolkade tankar i form av inspiration och information. Syfte Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur verktyget Storyboard, tidigare använt inom filmindustrin kan användas som konkretiseringsverktyg inför en idégenerering i en gruppkonstellation? Metod För att samla in empirisk data har författarna, tillsammans med fyra andra facilitatorer, genomfört 24 st. DO TANK:s för innovationstävlingen Smart Lunch. Detta empiriska material har sedan analyserats med hjälp av teorier kopplade till ämnet. För att få ytterligare empirisk information har författarna utfört en öppen dialogintervju med facilitatorerna. Slutsatser Studien visar att det med fördel går att använda verktyget Storyboard för att konkretisera och samla en grupps tankar inför en idégenrering. Vidare anser författarna att detta möjliggör en effektivisering av idégenrereringsprocessen då denna blir mer fokuserad när gruppen är enig.

A constructivist understanding of policy production as a struggle of meaning in which ideas and actors interact is the point of departure of this thesis. Prostitution policy is a salient example of such a struggle and is thus a suitable case for exploring the role of ideas in politics. The purpose of the thesis is threefold: to explain the process preceding the Swedish ban on the purchase of sexual services in 1998, to understand the dynamics in gendered policy and to develop a framework for policy analysis. In the first part of the thesis a dynamic model of frame analysis is developed consisting of three dimensions to analyze: the politically relevant ideas in terms of policy frames (in this case related to gender and power); ideas as restricting and facilitating for actors; actors’ framing strategies and the consequences of strategic framing in terms of risks and limitations. This comprehensive and dynamic model of frame analysis fills a gap in previous policy research. In the second part of the thesis the dynamic frame analysis is applied to explain Swedish prostitution policy. The empirical analysis contains a study of the policy process preceding the ban of 1998, a micro study of the actors’ involvement at a critical juncture and an analysis of the actors’ strategic framing. The thesis concludes that the process was path dependent in the sense that the institutionalization of different ideas, at different points of time, was important for the final outcome. However, the thesis also concludes that the involvement of the actors’, mostly women, was a decisive factor. In relation to previous research the analysis provides a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the policy process both with regard to the ideas from which the client criminalization claim emanated and also with regard to the actors’ role.

The study of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) has been dominated by various mainstream theories drawn from International Relations and European Studies. These have largely neglected the role of ideas, beliefs, values and practices regarding the use of police and military instruments, in other words, the strategic culture which shapes the security and defence policies of the European Union (EU). This strategic culture of the EU has become manifest in the way ESDP officials think about the deployment of military and police resources as well as in the way they plan ESDP missions. After introducing the concept in general terms, the thesis claims that the notion of strategic culture can be applied to the EU. Various innovative models of categorisationa re provided throughout the thesis in order to describe the state of development of EU strategic culture. An analysis of the development of the strategic culture of the EU is provided since the end of the Cold War up to the year 2007. Important developments such as the institutionalisation of ESDP and the establishment of influential policy networks are considered in detail. The study also takes into account the discourse of ESDP and questions the ideas that stem from it through interviews and questionnaires with ESDP officials. A cases tudy of the police and military missions of the EU in Bosnia Herzegovina is included in order to show how ideas regarding the use of force impact on the implementation of EU missions. In conclusion, the thesis claims that the EU has its own strategic culture which is characterised by a number of behavioural/structural elements as well as by certain ideas, values, beliefs and practices.

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Le développement de la musique religieuse de Henry Purcell pendant la seconde moitié du dix-septième siècle est le fruit d’un compromis fructueux entre les contraintes politiques et religieuses de l’Angleterre de la Restauration et l’influence du baroque continental. L’évolution stylistique de ses compositions reflète la politique menée par les souverains successifs : Charles II, Jacques II et Guillaume d’Orange. Musicien baroque en pays anti-papiste, Purcell se montre particulièrement habile dans la manière de mettre les mots en musique et parvient à un équilibre entre l’exigence des réformateurs en matière d’intelligibilité du texte et l’esthétique de la contre-réforme. / The development of Henry Purcell’s sacred music in the second half of the seventeenth century originates in a fruitful compromise between the political and religious constraints of Restoration England and the contribution of the continental baroque. The stylistic evolution of his religious compositions reflects the political and religious developments which took place during the successive reigns of Charles II, James II and William of Orange. As a baroque musician and a native of an anti-papist country, Purcell showed considerable skill in the art of setting words to music and managed to blend in the Reformers’ emphasis on the intelligibility of the text and Counter-Reformation aesthetics.

Walker Percy differs from other American novelists in that he started writing fiction relatively late in life, after being trained as a physician and after considerable reading and writing in philosophy. Although critics have appreciated Percy's skills as a writer, they have seen Percy above all as a novelist of ideas, and, accordingly, the majority of critical articles and books about Percy has dealt with his themes, especially his philosophical themes, as well as with his philosophical sources. This study explores, therefore, the critical response to philosophical ideas in Percy's five novels to date, as evidenced first by reviews, then by the later articles and books. The critical response developed gradually as critics became aware of Percy's aims and pointed out his use of Christian existentialism and his attacks upon Cartesianism, Stoicism, and modern secular gnosticism. These critical evaluations of Percy's philosophical concerns have sometimes overshadowed interest in his more purely artistic concerns. However, the more a reader understands the underlying philosophical concepts that inform Percy's novels, the more he may understand what Percy is trying to say and the more he may appreciate Percy's accomplishment in expressing his philosophical ideas so skillfully in fictional form. Critics and readers may enjoy Percy's novels without knowing much about his philosophical ideas, but they cannot fully understand them. Thus this study concludes that the critical response to philosophical ideas in Percy's novels has done both Percy and Percy's readers a service.