The Platonic ontology and the participation scheme have been 'dissected' and reformulated by many scholars. The specific elements and dynamics of 'participation' have been continuing subjects of controversy in Platonic studies. This project is not intended to ratify Plato's doctrine of participation in order that it be 'corrected' . Rather, the thesis focuses on the examination of the details of the ontoloqy which Plato provides in the dialogues themselves. As he was developing the Theory of Forms and the relationships between the primary ontological entities, he recognized certain inconsistencies that spurred him on to readjust the theory. It is in the spirit of discovering the true elements of the reformed participation story that this thesis was developed. In a study of two dissenting interpretations of Plato's ontolgoy (the bipartite and tripartite interpretations), the tripartite ontology offers solutions to some of the more significant problems arising from the bipartite interpretation. The tripartite incorporation of an immanent character, along with the textual evidence supporting this interpretation, are integral to the proper elucidation of Plato's ratified participation story. Beyond unfolding Plato's immanent character it is important to understand the nature of this distinct (though not separate) entity, and the role it performs in the later ontology. It is with the desire to present the textual support for, and details of, the immanent character that this thesis diverges from traditional Plato scholarship. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The Platonic ontology and the participation scheme have been 'dissected' and reformulated by many scholars. The specific elements and dynamics of 'participation' have been continuing subjects of controversy in Platonic studies. This project is not intended to ratify Plato's doctrine of participation in order that it be 'corrected' . Rather, the thesis focuses on the examination of the details of the ontoloqy which Plato provides in the dialogues themselves. As he was developing the Theory of Forms and the relationships between the primary ontological entities, he recognized certain inconsistencies that spurred him on to readjust the theory. It is in the spirit of discovering the true elements of the reformed participation story that this thesis was developed. In a study of two dissenting interpretations of Plato's ontolgoy (the bipartite and tripartite interpretations), the tripartite ontology offers solutions to some of the more significant problems arising from the bipartite interpretation. The tripartite incorporation of an immanent character, along with the textual evidence supporting this interpretation, are integral to the proper elucidation of Plato's ratified participation story. Beyond unfolding Plato's immanent character it is important to understand the nature of this distinct (though not separate) entity, and the role it performs in the later ontology. It is with the desire to present the textual support for, and details of, the immanent character that this thesis diverges from traditional Plato scholarship. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Vi har genom samtalsintervju försökt att få en bild av några lärares attityder till svenskhet, både utifrån sig själva och utifrån sin yrkesroll. Vi har undersökt hur de ser på interkulturell pedagogik och på vilket sätt de väver in den i sin undervisning. I studien har vi även försökt få en bild av hur man kan urskilja en immanent pedagogik utifrån lärarnas svar. Sammanlagt ingår 10 lärare i studien, varav hälften är svensklärare och hälften är svaslärare (svenska som andraspråklärare). Studien har en jämförande diskussion, huruvida svaren skiljer sig åt mellan svensklärare och svaslärare. Vi kom fram till att svaslärarna i högre grad var medvetna om svenskheten i sin yrkesvardag än svensklärarna. Vi såg att den interkulturella pedagogiken generellt behöver utvecklas i dagens skola. Vad gäller den immanenta pedagogiken tolkade vi det, utifrån lärarnas svar, som att den finns i dagens skola.

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Tema for denne oppgaven er refleksjon i veiledning i barnehagen, og studiens problemstilling er som følger: Hva kjennetegner refleksjon man har over seg selv som voksen i barnehagen gjennom veiledning med tilbakevisning, og hvordan kan veiledning med tilbakevisning bidra til veisøkers subjektskaping? Teori som anvendes er blant annet Schibbyes teori om dialektisk relasjonsforståelse og Arendts teoretiske begrep oikos og polis. Ved hjelp av teorien drøftes veisøkers subjektskaping gjennom refleksjon over seg selv som voksen i barnehagen. Observasjoner av veiledning i barnehagen er analysert med tanke på refleksjon man har over seg selv. Her skilles det mellom transcendent refleksjon, som er overskridende og åpner opp for nye forståelser, og immanent refleksjon, som bekrefter tidligere antagelser og oppfatninger. Den overskridende refleksjonens polis trekkes fram som et demokratisk, likeverdig møtested hvor nye forståelser kan fødes. Dette beskrives som en motsetning til den immanente refleksjonens oikos som begrenser seg til å bekrefte tidligere forståelser. Det er valgt en kvalitativ forskningsmetode med en hermeneutisk tilnærming. Metoden for studien har vært å observere personalveiledning i barnehagen hos ett informantpar. Dette ble gjort ved hjelp av film og tilbakevisninger av utvalgte filmklipp. Til slutt ble det foretatt et intervju av informantene med fokus på hvordan de hadde opplevd å være med på denne studien. Pauser og stillhet i veiledningen har trådd fram som kjennetegn på veisøkers refleksjon over seg selv, og funn fra observasjonene kan tolkes som at både veisøker og veileder ved hjelp av tilbakevisningene kan få hjelp til å utvide sin bevissthet på hvordan pausene kan påvirke deres refleksjon. Tilbakevending som ikke må forveksles med tilbakevisning som metode, ble et annet kjennetegn på veisøkers refleksjon over seg selv. Her har veisøker og veileders opplevelse av å få mulighet til å vende tilbake flere ganger til samme tema blitt utforsket. Det kan se ut som at flere tilbakevendinger ga mulighet for at både veisøker og veileder utvidet sine forståelser og dermed kunne ha mulighet til å skape nye tanker og blikk på seg selv. Når det gjelder hvordan veiledning med tilbakevisning kan bidra til veisøkers subjektskaping, får veisøkers syn på seg selv som voksen i barnehagen stor plass i denne studien. Veisøkers refleksjon over seg selv er analysert og delt inn i tre ulike roller: Den Ikoniske Voksne, Den Immanente Voksne og Den Gode Voksne. Ved hjelp av drøfting av disse ulike voksenrollene er det prøvd å se hvordan man gjennom transcendent refleksjon over seg selv kan skape forbindelser mellom den voksne som ikon og den voksne som subjekt. Ved å skape bevissthet på denne forbindelsen kan subjektet få mulighet til å utvikle seg videre.

This thesis explores the question of what it means to be a critical being, and how we can cultivate and enact a critical orientation through the ancient Aristotelian notion of phronesis. I begin by defending the claim that the familiar traditions and methods of rhetoric and hermeneutics have their practical, experiential and critical origins in a fundamental and constitutive human desire to express and understand ourselves and others through the most primary of human capabilities: listening, speaking, interpreting and understanding. This way of describing hermeneutics and rhetoric gives us a sense of their origins in lived experience. It also reminds us that rhetorical expression and hermeneutic understanding are not to be thought of as merely ‘systematized disciplines’, ‘instruments’ or ‘methods’ that we can be indifferent to, but part of our participatory linguistic experience. I argue that once the interpenetrating relation of rhetorical expression and hermeneutic understanding is made apparent, an implicit critical-thinking dimension in experience also becomes visible. This ‘critical dimension’ is not discovered in static theory, procedure or method, but, rather, something that is enacted over time with and among others. It is Aristotle’s concept of phronesis, and his understanding of insight and practical reasoning that best captures the emergence and enactment of critical thinking-being. Phronesis is a mode of practical reasoning that is always in motion, always challenging and interrogating the relation between the particular circumstances we find ourselves in, and the historical traditions, general rules, laws or procedures that form our normative background. I allow this argument for a critical hermeneutics through phronesis to be challenged by Jürgen Habermas’s critical sociological approach. I conclude, firstly, that Habermas’s critical theory relies for its critical thrust on a hermeneutical reflective tradition of immanent critique and insights about communication that can be grasped through phronetic reasoning, tradition and concrete embodied linguistic practices. Secondly, I argue that critical hermeneutics enacted through practical reasoning and phronesis describes a way of thinking-acting-desiring being that is more congruent with our actual experience, and therefore capable of meeting the personal, occupational, moral and political exigencies of a complex and diverse contemporary world.

The following study investigates the impact of the secular processes present in Early Modern Japan on Matsuo Bashō's prose. The theoretical basis for exploring this development is found in Durkheim’s distinction between the transcendent and the immanent, as well as the theoretical framework for secularism. The exploration of Bashō's writings is conducted through several key themes: self-presentation, people, religious concepts, nature and aestheticisms. From these categories a complex pattern emerges. It illustrates the enduring nature of the contemporary world-views through numerous references to and descriptions of existing systems of thought. Bashō's response to the dynamic societal changes of his time is an outright rejection of the new developments; instead he turns to nature and romanticism steeped in existing tradition.

The purpose of the study is to examine, in relation to the curriculum for the Swedish preschool demands of assessment, evaluation and documentation what kind of knowledge that becomes possible through the use of pedagogical documentation, and how this knowledge answers to expectations of development of content, form and organisation of the early childhood educational context. Another purpose is to examine what a post-pragmatic perspective and an immanent idea of evaluation can imply for the two-folded task of the preschool: the societal reproduction of knowledge and the staging of possibilities for children’s own production of knowledge. Three theoretical perspectives have been used: curriculum theory, post-structural theory and an immanent philosophical perspective. Curriculum theory points out that it is essential to use and develop perspectives and methods of evaluation that relates to the goals of the preschool as tools for evaluation govern and shape both questions and analysis. The main study here is directed towards examining pedagogical documentation through an empirical study of one preschool’s use of pedagogical documentation during one year. When dealing with the empirical material my intention has been to make visible both kind of learning processes that this study interprets that the curriculum prescribes. Therefore one method used where curriculum theory and descriptions and categorisations as a part of a discursive analysis of how teachers use pedagogical documentation together with the children and in their planning-sessions. The second method consists of an immanent following up of the rhizomatic web of threads that appear and transform through the practice and where pedagogical documentation is part of the relational field of potentiality.

The thesis investigates how the notion of ‘ontology’ has been used in the field of medical informatics and knowledge representation. Partly to investigate what an ‘ontology’ can be said to represent and what requirements we can have on a good ‘ontology’. The author studies the already existing medical terminologies and ‘ontologies’ to elucidate what theories they are based on. The terminological theories of Eugen Wüster and his legacy in medical informatics are studied. It is noted that terminological theories handling linguistic entities are not suited for describing and representing medical theories, since these are assumed to refer to the real world, which consists of more than linguistics entities. In order to find a metaphysical theory in accordance with the world view that medical theories describe, the author turn to the critical realism of Karl Popper, Roy Bhaskar and Ilkka Niiniluoto. These theories, taken together with the metaphysical theories regarding universals of David M Armstrong and Ingvar Johansson, are used as a basis to find out what an ‘ontology’ can be said to represent, and what criteria and requirements we can have on a good ‘ontology’. Among the requirements presented in the thesis are stability, interoperability and the requirement that a good ‘ontology’ must be in accordance with our best available theories. Finally, it is discussed how these requirements and criteria can come into conflict with one another, and how one should reason when handling these trade-offs. The author emphasises the importance of including the medical expertise in the process of creating ‘ontologies’, in order to produce as useful and relevant ‘ontologies’ as possible. / Avhandlingen undersöker hur begreppet ’ontology’ används inom den medicinska informatiken och kunskapsrepresentation. Dels ämnar avhandlingen att utreda vad en ’ontology’ kan sägas representera och dels vilka krav man kan ställa på en god ’ontology’. Utifrån historiska studier av redan existerande medicinska terminologier och ontologier studeras vilka teorier som ligger till grund för dessa. Bland annat studeras Eugen Wüsters teorier rörande terminologi och hur dennes efterföljare inom medicinsk informatik ser ut. Författaren konstaterar att terminologiska teorier som behandlar språkliga entiteter inte är lämpliga för att beskriva och representera medicinska teorier, då dessa antas handla om en verklighet bestående av mer än språkliga entiteter. För att hitta en metafysisk teori som stämmer överens med den världsbild som de medicinska teorierna beskriver, vänder sig författaren till Karl Poppers, Ilkka Niiniluotos och Roy Bhaskars syn på kritisk realism, vad det gäller vetenskapliga teorier. Detta tillsammans David M Armstrongs och Ingvar Johanssons metafysiska teorier rörande immanent realism och universalia, används som grund för att försöka analysera vad en ’ontology’ kan sägas representera, och vilka krav vi kan ställa på en god ’ontology’. Bland de krav som presenteras i avhandlingen finns stabilitet, interoperabilitet och kravet på att en god ’ontology’ ska vara i enlighet med de bästa tillgängliga vetenskapliga teorierna. Avslutningsvis diskuteras hur dessa krav kan komma i konflikt med varandra, och hur man bör resonera när man hanterar dessa ’trade-offs’. Författaren poängterar vikten av att man tar med medicinska expertisen i skapandeprocessen av ’ontologies’, för att man ska producera så användbara och relevanta ’ontologies’ som möjligt.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-26T15:38:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ElisangelaPereiraMachado.pdf: 508733 bytes, checksum: 16b694421a5479123a135d970587af3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-26T15:38:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElisangelaPereiraMachado.pdf: 508733 bytes, checksum: 16b694421a5479123a135d970587af3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Milton Valente / O propósito deste estudo é examinar o conceito, intencionalmente ambíguo, de transcendência na imanência, presente na obra Egocentricidade e Mística de Ernst Tugendhat. Quer-se mediante o estudo de sua filosofia tardia uma resposta para a questão sobre que aspecto da vida humana está na base da procura pela religião e que tem conduzido os seres humanos a uma mística. A pedra de toque desta investigação está na análise da estrutura predicativa da linguagem, apresentada pelo autor como sendo elemento fundamental para a caracterização do específicamente humano. A linguagem do homem o diferencia de todos os demais animais e o joga no espaço da deliberação, por conseguinte, numa situação de indecisão e desejo de paz de espírito. Dada a estrutura predicativa da linguagem humana somos capazes de nos distanciar dos objetos, situações em que devemos agir e até de nós mesmos - nossas intenções-, somos então levados à duvida tanto sobre o que somos quanto sobre o que devemos ser. A linguagem predicativa e o consequente pensamento instrumental, abre espaço para a deliberação, distanciando o homem de seu modo de vida e o levando a perguntar por razões para permanecer nele. Tugendhat aponta para a deliberação enquanto orientação para uma escala de valores, escolhas não mais pautada pelo prazer ou pelas inclinações, ou seja, caminho para uma mística a qual o filósofo irá apresentar mediante uma perspectiva imanente. Na primeira metade deste trabalho apresento a base antropológica para a mística tal como a concebe Tugendhat. Na segunda metade discuto, sempre acompanhando o autor, a morte como caminho para a mística e, a partir da diferença entre mística e religião, algumas místicas orientais, em especial o taoísmo. / The purpose of this study is to examine the intentionally ambiguous concept of transcendence in the immanent, present in the work of Ernst Tugendhat Egocentricidy and Mystic. Whether is through the study of his later philosophy a response more satisfactory reply to the question of the aspect of human life which is the base for the search for religion and which has ledman to the mystic. The touchstone of this investigation is in the analysis of the predicative structure of the language, presented by the author as being a basic element for the characterization of a specific one of the human being. The language of man differentiates from all other animal languages which puts it in the space of deliberation, therefore, in a situation of indetermination and desire for spiritual peace. Given the predicative structure of human language, we are capable of distancing ourselves from objects and situations in which we must act and of even ourselves – our intentions – we are then led to doubts about who or what we are, as well as what we must be. Predicative language and the consequent instrumental thought, open space for deliberation, distancing man from his way of life and leading him to question reasons for remaining in it. Tugendhat points to deliberation with regard to orientation, for a scale of values, choices no longer guided by pleasure or inclination, that is, a way for a mystic which the philosopher will present by means of the immanent perspective. In the first half of this dissertation I present the anthropological basis for the mystic as it is conceived by Tugendhat. In the second half I discuss, following the author's path, death as a way for the mystic and, starting from the difference between mysticism and religion, some eastern mystical traditions, especially Taoism.