Introduction : Les cellules souche mésenchymateuse (CSM) présentent une puissante activité immunomodulatrice sur les lymphocytes T et les Natural Killer (NK), impliquées dans les réactions allogéniques. Les propriétés immunomodulatrices des CSM dépendent de contacts cellulaires et des facteurs secrétés. Ainsi les exosomes produits par ces cellules pourraient constituer des nouveaux produits thérapeutiques.L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier, in vitro, l’effet d’exosomes dérivés de CSM sur les lymphocytes B, T et les NK.Méthodologie : Les CSMs utilisées sont issues de foies fœtaux humains. Les exosomes ont été isolés à partir du milieu de culture des CSMs par une série d’ultracentrifugation à 100000g.Résultats : Contrairement aux CSMs qui inhibent la prolifération des lymphocytes T et B, leurs exosomes n'ont pas d'effet sur leur prolifération. Cependant ils inhibent la prolifération, l’activation et la cytotoxicité (expresion CD107a) des NK. Nous avons mit en évidence, par FACS, la présence de TGFbeta; à la surface des exosomes. De plus leur fonction inhibitrice est abrogé en présence d’un anticorps bloquants anti-TGFbeta;. Réciproquement l’exposition de cellules NK à du TGFbeta; inhibe la cytotoxicité et la prolifération de cellules. Enfin, en présence d'exososmes nous avons montré, par IF, une translocation de Smad 2/3 (messager du signal TGFbeta;) dans les noyaux des cellules NK, inhibé par l'ajout d'anticorps anti-TGFbeta;.Conclusion: Ces résultats suggère que les propriétés immunomodulatrices de CSMs sur NK pourraient dépendre de TGFβ présenté ou associé aux exosomes. / Introduction: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are powerful immunomodulators regulating the function of B and T lymphocytes and natural killers cells (NK) involved in allogeneic reactions. Their immunomodulatory properties depend on cell contact and secretion factors produced by MSCs. Thus exosomes produced by these cells could provide new therapeutic tools.Objective: The objective of this work is to study the effect of MSC derived exosomes in vitro on B and T lymphocytes and NK cells.Method: MSCs used for this study are isolated from human fetal liver. Exosomes were isolated from MSC culture medium by a serie of ultracentrifugation at 100000g.Results: MSCs inhibit the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Unlike MSCs, their exosomes do not abrogate the proliferation of T and B cells. However they inhibit the proliferation, activation and cytotoxicity (CD107a expression) of NK cells. By FACS analysis we showed a surface expression of TGFb; by exosomes. Inhibition of NK cells activation by exosomes is altered by a neutralizing anti-TGFb; antibody. Contrary when NK cells are cultured with TGFb; the same effect qs exosomes is demonstrated. By IF, we found a nuclear translocation of Smad 2/3 (TGFb; signal transducer) in NK cells cultured with exosomes, which is inhibited by the qddition of anti-TGFb; antibody.Conclusion: These results suggest that the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs on NK could depend on exosome presentation or association with TGFb;.

Propionibacterium freudenreichii est une bactérie Gram-positive bénéfique, traditionnellement utilisée comme levain d’affinage fromager, qui bénéficie du statut GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe). P. freudenreichii a révélé un effet immunomodulateur qui a été confirmé in vivo par la capacité à protéger des souris d’une colite aigüe induite. L’effet anti-inflammatoire est cependant hautement souche-dépendant. Il est dû, au moins en partie, à des composés de surface clés qui favorisent ces effets probiotiques. Les bactéries Gram-positives, y compris P. freudenreichii, peuvent être recouvertes d’une couche extérieure protéique, appelée « surface-layer », paracristalline, et formée par l’autoassemblage de protéines dites de S-layer (Slps). Les Slps, dans différentes bactéries, sont impliquées dans plusieurs caractéristiques probiotiques, telles que l’adhésion aux cellules de l’hôte et au mucus, la persistance dans l’intestin, ou encore l’immunomodulation. Le but de cette étude est d’étudil’immunomodulation. Le but de cette étude est d’étudier, chez une souche probiotique de P. freudenreichii, la protéine de surface qui joue le principal rôle dans les interactions probiotiques avec l’hôte. La souche P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129, récemment reconnue comme immunomodulatrice prometteuse, possède plusieurs protéines de surface Slps, y compris SlpB. Dans la présente étude, l’inactivation du gène correspondant, dans la souche mutante CB129¿slpB, a provoqué une baisse drastique de l’adhésion aux cellules intestinales épithéliales HT-29, confirmant le rôle clé des Slps dans l’adhési / Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial Gram-positive bacterium, traditionally used as a cheese ripening starter, with the GRAS status (Generally Recognized As Safe). P. freudenreichii has revealed an immunomodulatory effect confirmed in vivo by the ability to protect mice from induced acute colitis. The anti-inflammatory effect is however highly strain-dependent and due, at least in part, to key surface compounds favouring probiotic effects. Gram-positive bacteria, including P. freudenreichii, can be covered with an external proteinaceous layer called a surface-layer paracrystalin layer and formed by the self-assembly of surface-layer-proteins (Slps). Slps were shown, in different bacteria, to be involved in several probiotics traits, such as adhesion to host cells and mucus, persistence within the gut, or immunomodulation. The aim of this study is to investigate, in a P. freudenreichii probiotic strain, the surface protein that plays the main role in the probioticinteraction with the host. The P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129 strain recently revealed promising immunomodulatory properties and possesses several Slps, including SlpB. In the presented work, inactivation of the corresponding gene, CB129¿slpBa mutant strain, caused a drastic decrease in adhesion to intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells, further evidencing the key role of Slps in cell adhesion. we investigated immune response of HT-29 cells towards P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129 and CB129¿slpB. The wild type strain mainly induced expression of the immunomodulatory IL-10 by the cells. Interestingly, th

Lactobacillus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria frequently used as healthpromoting probiotics. Using probiotics to treat or prevent infections is a novel experimental approach with vast impact on future therapy. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 is a probiotic investigated for its ability to reduce urogenital disease including urinary tract infections caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli. L. rhamnosus GR-1 has been shown to modulate immunity, thought to influence its probiotic effect. In this thesis, the aim was to study immunomodulation by L. rhamnosus GR-1 and other lactobacilli, with emphasis on elicited immune responses such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and cytokine release from human urothelial cells. Viable, heat-killed, and isolated released products from L. rhamnosus GR-1 augmented NF-κB activation in E. coli-challenged urothelial cells. Blocking of lipopolysaccharide binding to toll-like receptor 4 completely quelled this augmentation. Size-fractionation, urothelial cell challenge, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of L. rhamnosus GR-1 released products presented several candidate proteins with NF-κB modulatory actions including chaperonin GroEL, elongation factur Tu, and a protein from the NLP/P60 protein family. While tumor necrosis factor was correspondingly augmented by L. rhamnosus GR-1, the release of two other cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8, was reduced. Similar effects were observed in macrophage-like cells stimulated with L. rhamnosus GR-1. Many immunomodulatory effects of lactobacilli are believed to be species and strain dependent. Therefore, twelve Lactobacillus strains were used to screen for their effects on CXCL8 release from urothelial cells. A majority of these strains were able to influence CXCL8 release from the cells. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close evolutionary linkage between lactobacilli with similar actions on CXCL8. Increased knowledge on probiotic bacterial products and the mechanism(s) of action could lead to improved future treatments for infections.

Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes lifethreatening pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Infants appear to be particularly susceptible to Pneumocystis (PC) pulmonary infections. The higher incidence of PC as well as other pulmonary infections among infants is likely due to an immature immune system. The neonatal lung environment is deficient immunologically in preterm as well as term infants (1, 2). Decreased phagocytic capacity of macrophages in newborns may increase the risk of infection from inhaled pathogens (1, 2). We have previously demonstrated that there is approximately a 3-week delay in the clearance of PC organisms from pup mouse lungs compared to adults. Herein, we demonstrate that there is also a 1-week delay in the infiltration of AMs in pup compared to adult PC-infected mice. We go on to show that there is a delay in pup versus adult lung macrophage phenotypic expression and cytokine production in response to PC organisms. We demonstrated that pup AMs are competent to produce cytokine in response to LPS and that stimulation with zymosan generates cytokine production in pup AMs that is comparable to adult cytokine production. These data indicate that pup lung macrophages are specifically poorly responsive to PC organisms and likely require exogenous stimulation to mount a significant immune response and expedite clearance of the organism. We go on to show that heat-killed Escheriae coli improves cytokine response, cellular infiltration and reduces organism burden in PC-infected pup mice. The clinically relevant cytokine, GM-CSF, has been used to improve the clearance of several pulmonary infections, including PC in adult animal models. We show that monotherapy with GM-CSF is insufficient to improve PC clearance in pup mice; however, when combined with TMP/SMX it improves PC clearance and maintains a reduced PC burden following discontinuation of therapy. Furthermore, we have shown that GM-CSF improves the ability of human infant lung macrophages to phagocytose PC organsms without generating an increased inflammatory response. These data suggest that combination therapy with TMP/SMX and GM-CSF may be a viable treatment option for infants failing or intolerant to standard therapy.

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Cardiovascular disease, often induced by hypertension, represents a serious health threat, is a primary cause of death worldwide, and results in altered cardiovascular function and ECM composition. Hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases are associated with immune dysfunction. This dissertation investigated the role of T-lymphocytes in modulating cardiovascular function and ECM composition as a possible therapeutic for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Study one investigated the role of TCR peptide in the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular changes in Balb/C mice. The coadminstration of TCR and L-NAME/8% NaCl reduced the effects of L-NAME/8% NaCl, decreasing blood pressure and crosslinked collagen compared to L-NAME/8% NaCl alone. Study two examined the effects of T-lymphocyte function on cardiovascular structure and function. Adoptive transfer of T-lymphocytes from C57BL/6 WT mice into C57BL/6 SCID mice induced changes in the SCID so that it resembled the WT donor, with increased percent crosslinked collagen and LOX activity. Hemodynamics in the SCID recipient resembled that of the WT and were significantly different from the sham injected SCID. Study three combined aspects of both previous studies. T-lymphocytes were adoptively transferred from hypertensive WT donors into naïve SCID recipients, who developed hypertension and cardiovascular function resembling the hypertensive donor, as well as changes in the ECM, including increased collagen crosslinking. Study four investigated the effect of strain specific T-lymphocyte polarization on hypertension induced cardiac ECM remodeling. Balb/C, C57BL/6 WT, and C57BL/6 SCID had divergent responses to L-NAME induced hypertension. Ventricular stiffness increased in Balb/C, decreased in C57 SCID and did not change in C57 WT; LOX activity changed correspondingly in all groups. The final study examined the effect of TCR administration on LOX activity and collagen crosslinking. Th1 polarization increased LOX activity and crosslinked collagen with corresponding changes in cardiovascular function. In conclusion, modulation of T-lymphocyte function alters cardiovascular function and ECM composition in pathologic and non-pathologic conditions. Immune modulation should be further investigated as a therapeutic for cardiovascular disease.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, possess potent immunomodulatory properties and can influence various functions of immune cells. Since the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs can be modified by cytokines, we compered the effect of unstimulated MSCs and MSCs pretreated with interleukin (IL)-1, interferon (IFN)- , transforming growth factor (TGF)- and IL-10 on the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in vitro and on the inflammatory environment in the eye. MSCs can produce significant levels of TGF- and IL-6. These cytokines represent the key factors that reciprocally regulate the development of naive T cells into Treg and Th17 cells. Unstimulated MSCs produce TGF- , but not IL-6, and the production of TGF- can be further enhanced by IL-10 or TGF- . In the presence of IL-1, MSCs secrete significant levels of IL-6, in addition to spontaneous production of TGF- . MSC producing TGF- induced preferentially expression of Foxp3 and activation of Treg lymphocytes, whereas MSCs supernatants containing TGF- together with IL-6 supported ROR t expression and development of Th17 cells. We demonstrated that MSCs and their products effectively control the development of Tregs and Th17 cells in a population of...

Tem sido demonstrada a grande importância dos linfócitos T reguladores (Treg) na manutenção da tolerância e no controle da resposta imune em infecções. Na paracoccidioidomicose, micose sistêmica causada pelo Paraccoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), a atuação das células Treg tem sido estudada. Utilizando o modelo murino DEREG, foram realizadas depleções com toxina diftérica (DT) na doença estabelecida. A gravidade da doença foi avaliada 6 e 10 semanas pós infecção com Pb através da carga fúngica nos tecidos, desenvolvimento de imunidade TCD8+ e TCD4+ e histopatologia. Animais DEREG tratados com a DT apresentaram menor número de células Treg, menor carga fúngica no pulmão, fígado e baço e redução dos granulomas comparados ao controle (PBS). Observou-se também um maior influxo de células TCD4+ e TCD8+ efetoras nos pulmões dos camundongos tratados com DT e aumento na produção de citocinas dos tipos Th1 e Th17. Portanto, demonstramos efeitos benéficos da depleção de Treg na PCM já estabelecida, caracterizado pela menor carga fúngica e maior ativação da imunidade celular. / The great importance of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) has been demonstrated in maintaining tolerance and not controlling the immune response in infections. In paracoccidioidomycosis, systemic mycosis caused by Paraccoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), the action of Treg cells has been studied. Using the DEREG murine model, depletions were performed with diphtheria toxin (DT) in the established disease. The severity of the disease was assessed 6 and 10 weeks post-infection with fungal load in tissues, development of TCD8+ and TCD4+ immunity and histopathology. DEREG animals treated with DT presented lower number of Treg cells, lower fungal load in the lung, liver and spleen and reduction of granulomas compared to control (PBS). There was also a greater influx of effector CD4+ and TCD8+ cells in the lungs of DT-treated mice and increased production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. Therefore, we demonstrated beneficial effects of Treg depletion on PCM already established, characterized by lower fungal load and greater activation of cellular immunity.

Les cellules de notre système immunitaire différencient les antigènes du Soi, envers lesquels elles ne doivent pas engendrer de réponse immunitaire effectrice, et les pathogènes qu’elles doivent éliminer. Outre les antigènes du Soi, le système immunitaire doit également tolérer des antigènes de l’environnement non pathogènes comme les aliments et les bactéries de la flore commensale qui colonisent l’intestin. Au sein de cette flore se trouvent des bactéries « probiotiques » dont certaines souches ont un effet préventif et/ou curatif dans le cadre d’allergies, de maladies inflammatoires ou même de cancers. Ces effets seraient au moins en partie dus à une action des probiotiques ou de leurs métabolites sur des cellules du système immunitaire. Les cellules dendritiques (DC) ont une grande plasticité qui leur permet, selon les signaux qu’elles perçoivent, de générer soit une réponse immunitaire effectrice pour éliminer les pathogènes soit une tolérance en induisant des lymphocytes T régulateurs. On les retrouve notamment au niveau de la muqueuse intestinale où elles sont susceptibles d’interagir avec les probiotiques. Nous avons analysé l’impact d’un surnageant de fermentation d’un milieu laitier simplifié par la bactérie probiotique Bifidobacterium breve C50 (BbC50sn) sur les DC humaines in vitro : ce surnageant entraîne la maturation de ces cellules (DC-BbC50sn) ainsi qu’une forte production d’IL-10 et une augmentation de leur survie via le TLR-2. L’analyse des gènes transcrits dans les DC-BbC50sn par la technique des puces à ADN met en évidence l’expression de gènes codant des molécules tolérogènes comme ILT-3, ILT-4 et PDL-1. De plus, nous montrons que les DC-BbC50sn induisent des lymphocytes T (LT) régulateurs fonctionnels in vitro. Ces LT régulateurs secrètent de l’IL-10 et du TGF-ß et nécessitent une activation spécifique d’alloantigène par des DC pour exercer leur activité suppressive. Nous avons également montré l’induction de LT régulateurs ayant des caractéristiques différentes par des DC traitées avec d’autres ligands de TLR-2 et TLR-4. Nous démontrons donc que BbC50sn peut avoir des capacités régulatrices au travers de son action sur les cellules dendritiques humaines en induisant des lymphocytes T régulateurs in vitro. Ces résultats représentent une base rationnelle de son utilisation en clinique. / The immune system protects our organism by removing pathogen bacteria and viruses while tolerating non-pathogenic antigens from self, environment and commensal bacteria. Some commensal bacteria called “probiotics” have been shown to exert beneficial effects on the host health. Recent studies demonstrated that these probiotic bacteria could act on immune cells either directly or via their metabolites. Dendritic cells (DC) are able to induce either an effective or a tolerogenic immune response depending on the environment signals. They can be found in the intestinal mucosa where they could interact with probiotic bacteria. We demonstrated that a bacteria-free fermentation product of Bifidobacterium breve C50 (BbC50sn) induced human DC maturation with high IL-10 production in vitro and prolonged their survival. The BbC50sn action on dendritic cells was mediated via the TLR-2 pathway. The DNA microarray analysis showed that BbC50sn-DC produced high levels of mRNA corresponding to genes encoding tolerogenic molecules such as ILT-3, ILT-4 and PDL-1. We also highlighted that these BbC50sn-DC could induce functional regulatory T cells in vitro. These regulatory T cells needed an alloantigen specific activation to exert their suppressive activity and didn’t act through a T cell-T cell contact. These regulatory T cells secreted IL-10 and TGF-ß; however, these cytokines didn’t appear to mediate the suppressive activity. We also showed that other dendritic cells treated with TLR-2 and TLR-4 ligands could induce regulatory T cells different from those induced by BbC50sn-DC. BbC50sn is thus able to exert a regulatory effect through this action on human dendritic cells by inducing regulatory T cells in vitro. As far as we know, it is the first demonstration of regulatory T cell induction by a probiotic derivative product. These results represent a rational basis for BbC50sn use in clinics.

Orientador: José Maurício Sforcin / Banca: Anderson de Sá-Nunes / Banca: Sueli Aparecida Calvi / Resumo: Nosso grupo tem se dedicado à investigação das ações biológicas da própolis, alecrim-do-campo, capim-limão e cravo-da-Índia. A própolis tem despertado a atenção dos pesquisadores em virtude de suas inúmeras propriedades biológicas, e o alecrim-do-campo é uma das principais fontes deste apiterápico em nossa região. Já o capim-limão e o cravo-da-Índia têm sido pouco avaliados no tocante à sua ação imunomoduladora. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito imunomodulador do extrato e respectivos compostos isolados da: própolis (ácidos cumárico e cinâmico), do alecrim-do campo (ácido cafeico), do cravo-da-Índia (eugenol) e do capim-limão (citral) sobre a produção de citocinas (IL-1, IL-6 e IL-10) por macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos BALB/c. Em protocolos com LPS, macrófagos foram incubados ora com os produtos naturais supracitados em diferentes concentrações e posteriormente desafiados com LPS; ora desafiados com LPS e posteriormente incubados com os produtos naturais. A dosagem das citocinas foi realizada através da técnica de ELISA. A própolis exerceu ação moduladora sobre a resposta imune e inflamatória, e os ácidos cinâmico e cumárico podem estar envolvidos em sua ação imunomoduladora. O alecrim-do-campo e o ácido cafeico também demonstraram efeito imunomodulador quanto à produção de citocinas. O capim-limão exerceu efeito inibitório sobre a produção de citocinas, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado em ensaios com o citral. Resultados semelhantes foram observados com o cravo-da-Índia e o eugenol. Nossos resultados sugerem que o potencial imunomodulador dos produtos naturais merece ser melhor explorado em futuras investigações, avaliando sua eficiência em doenças inflamatórias / Abstract: Our group has been investigating the biological action of propolis, "alecrim-do-campo", lemongrass and clove. Propolis has attracted the researchers' attention due to its several biological properties, and "alecrim-do-campo" is its main vegetal source in our region. However, little is known concerning lemongrass and clove immunomodulatory action. The goal of this work was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the following extracts and isolated compounds: propolis (coumaric and cinnamic acids), "alecrim-do-campo" (caffeic acid), clove (eugenol) and lemongrass (citral) on cytokines production (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10) by peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. In LPS protocols, macrophages were incubated either with natural products in different concentrations and then challenged with LPS; or with LPS and then incubated with the natural products. Cytokine concentrations were measured by ELISA. Propolis exerted a modulatory action on the immune and inflammatory response and cinnamic and coumaric acids may be involved in its immunomodulatory action. "Alecrim-do-campo" and caffeic acid also exerted an immunomodulatory action on cytokines production. Lemongrass showed an inhibitory action on cytokines production, mainly in the assays with citral. Similar results were found using clove and eugenol. Our results suggest that the immunomodulatory potential of the natural products should be investigated in further studies, evaluating their efficacy in inflammatory diseases / Mestre