L'évaluation de l'étanchéité des obturations endodontiques in vitro donne lieu à des résultats non reproductibles voir contradictoires qui ne permettent pas de conclure à la supériorité d'une méthode ou d'un matériau. Cette thèse a pour but d'améliorer la connaissance des techniques d'évaluation de l'étanchéité utilisées en endodontie et de mettre au point une nouvelle méthode d'évaluation de la perméabilité des obturations endodontiques utilisant la mesure d'un flux d'azote. Dans une première partie bibliographique, nous réalisons une analyse critique des méthodes d'évaluation de l'étanchéité couramment utilisées en endodontie. Dans la seconde partie nous décrivons la méthode de perméabilité gazeuse, ses aspects physiques et son application à l'endodontie. Dans la troisième partie, nous traitons de la perméabilité à l'eau en comparant la technique de filtration de fluide et la perméabilité à l'azote et nous modélisons la manière dont les colorants pénètrent l'interface endodontique dans les techniques d'infiltration de colorants. Dans la quatrième partie nous décrivons l'adaptation de la méthode de perméabilité gazeuse à l'étude de l'étanchéité des connexions des implants dentaires comportant deux parties. / Sealing evaluation of endodontic fillings in vitro leads to irreproducible or contradictory results which preclude concluding to the superiority of one method or material. This thesis is intended to improve knowledge of evaluating techniques for endodontic sealing and to develop a new method to evaluate the permeability of root canal fillings using the measure of a nitrogen flow.In the first part, we perform a critical analysis of evaluation methods of sealing commonly used in endodontics from a review of literature. In the second part we describe the gas permeability method, its physical process and its application in endodontics. In the third part, we treat water permeability by comparing the technique of fluid filtration and nitrogen permeability. Also, we model with physical laws the penetration process of dyes in the endodontic interface with protocols corresponding to dye leakage studies. In the fourth section we describe the adaptation of the method of gas permeability to the study of dental implant connections tightness.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Finite element analysis (FEA) in implantology is performed in design applications concerning the complex topology of an implant, according to theoretical assumptions about and clinical data concerning the biomechanical nature of skeletal tissue. Implants are placed in topologically and physiologically complex sites, and major disagreement exists in literature about various aspects concerning their modeling and analysis. Current research seeks to improve the implementation of an implant by the use of short implants, which negate the necessity of additional surgical procedures in regions of limited bone height. However, short implants with large crown heights introduce biomechanical complications associated with increased stress and strain distributions in skeletal tissue, which may cause bone loss and implant failure. The short implant is characterized by the geometric ratio of the crown height to the implant length, called the crown-to-implant (C/I) ratio. In this work nonlinear FEA was performed to investigate the effects and significance of the C/I ratio on long-term implant stability. A finite element model was developed according to literature, and emulation of previous research and comparison of reported results were performed. Comparison of results demonstrated significant sources of error in previous research, which are argued to be caused by mesh-dependency from common model idealizations in literature. A convergence test was then performed, which verified the mesh-dependency of results and challenged the reliability of some common model assumptions and methods of analysis in literature. A 16-point design of experiments was then performed to evaluate the significance and influence of the C/I ratio, considering a proposed novel method for evaluating results and predicting long-term stability. Analysis of results demonstrated that the C/I ratio augments the inherent biomechanical effects of an implant design, particularly overloading strain concentrations at implant interface features. The use of short implants with high C/I ratios is determined to be inadvisable, considering the physiological response of tissue to strain distributions and biological context. A novel, multiscale material model is then proposed to describe the short-term accumulation of damage and biomechanical remodeling response in orthotropic skeletal tissue, as a potential solution to the mesh-dependency of results.

Le développement rapide des nouvelles technologies numériques est en passe de révolutionner l’enseignement classique de l’odontologie comme dans de nombreuses spécialités médicales. En effet, l’avènement de nouveaux dispositifs alliant réalité virtuelle et dispositif haptique permettant de simuler au plus juste les gestes techniques de l’odontologie, laisse entrevoir la possibilité d’évaluer plus objectivement les compétences des futurs Chirurgiens-Dentistes et de renforcer la formation traditionnelle. Au travers de différentes expérimentations pédagogiques dans les domaines de l’implantologie, de la dentisterie restauratrice et de la chirurgie orale, nous avons voulu : (i) évaluer l’impact de la simulation haptique sur la formation en odontologie en nous focalisant sur l’implantologie et la dentisterie restauratrice ; (ii) définir de nouveaux paramètres pédagogiques pour essayer de les évaluer objectivement et estimer l’importance de la vision 3D en simulation / The rapid development of new digital technologies is revolutionizing the classical teaching of dentistry as in many medical specialties. Indeed, the advent of new devices combining virtual reality with a haptic device allowing to simulate the technical gestures of odontology, suggests the possibility to evaluate the skills of future Dentists more objectively and to strengthen traditional training. Through various educational experiments in the fields of implantology, restorative dentistry and oral surgery, we wanted to: (i) assess the impact of haptic simulation on odontology training by focusing on implantology and restorative dentistry ; (ii) define new objectively evaluable pedagogical parameters and to estimate the importance of 3D vision in simulation

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T13:04:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Dayrell de Castro - 2018.pdf: 7299168 bytes, checksum: efabcdcc029c5f210c34a1d570717bbb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T13:17:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Dayrell de Castro - 2018.pdf: 7299168 bytes, checksum: efabcdcc029c5f210c34a1d570717bbb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T13:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Dayrell de Castro - 2018.pdf: 7299168 bytes, checksum: efabcdcc029c5f210c34a1d570717bbb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Taking into consideration the different types of problems faced in the surgical procedures related to planning, this study presented a new possibility with the use of 3D prototyping, aiming to assist the dental professionals in the dental implant management and other procedures. This research evaluated the use of prototyping as an auxiliary tool for a safe surgical planning, considering that it provides the most faithful reproduction of the dental arches. The methodology evaluated the creation of prototypes using tomographic image les manipulated by InVesalius software, which processes 3D images for the generation of three dimensional objects to be printed by material extrusion. The objective was to create models to facilitate the management of surgical procedures in Implant Dentistry, with consequent minimization of errors and greater comfort for the patient. From images acquired in the public image bank www.dicomlibrary.com a three-dimensional model was created and printed. Following a dental implant procedure was performed on the printed model, following all step sof the procedure that s hould be done on the patient. As a result practical applicability will denote several possibilities, that increasingly digital technology nds and performs variables that in the past seemed impossible. Technological evolution implies an ever more complete future in relation to the diagnosis, planning and health are a treatment. / Levando em consideração os diversos tipos de problemas enfrentados nos procedimentos cirúrgicos, relacionados ao planejamento, neste estudo apresentou uma nova possibilidade com o uso da prototipagem 3D, objetivando auxiliar os trabalhos dos profissionais da área odontológica, no caso da gestão de implantes dentários e demais procedimentos. Essa pesquisa avaliou a utilização da prototipagem como ferramenta auxiliar para um planejamento cirúrgico seguro, considerando que esta, proporciona a reprodução mais fiel das arcadas dentárias. A metodologia avaliou a criação de protótipos utilizando arquivos de imagens tomográficas manipuladas pelo software InVesalius, que processa imagens 3D para geração de objetos tridimensionais a serem impressos por extrusão de material. O objetivo foi criar modelos para facilitar o gerenciamento dos procedimentos cirúrgicos em Implantodontia, com consequente minimização de erros e maior conforto para o paciente. A partir de imagens adquiridas no banco público de imagens www.dicomlibrary.com um modelo tridimensional foi criado e impresso. Na sequência um procedimento de implante dentário foi executado no modelo impresso, seguindo todos os passos do procedimento que deverá ser feito no paciente. Como consequente aplicabilidade prática denotará possibilidades diversas, que cada vez mais a tecnologia digital encontra e realiza variáveis que no passado parecia impossível. A evolução tecnológica implica num futuro cada vez mais completo com relação ao diagnóstico, planejamento e tratamento das áreas da saúde.

Ce travail de recherche vise à développer des méthodologies d’évaluation mécanique des implants dentaires, de leurs composants prothétiques et de l’interaction avec les tissus osseux de la mâchoire. D’après l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), 15 à 20% de la population âgée de 35 à 44 ans est atteint de problèmes d’édentation partielle et près de 30% de la population âgée de 65 à 74 d’édentation totale. Cela représente donc approximativement 7 millions de personnes en France ayant subi des pertes de dents durant leur vie. Les traitements proposés par l’implantologie dentaire sont devenus des solutions efficaces pour les problèmes d’édentation avec des taux de réussite cliniques supérieurs à 90%. Cependant, des complications cliniques existent, caractérisées par des inflammations ou des pertes partielles des tissus environnants. Les dentistes étant responsables du choix du traitement thérapeutique pour leurs patients, la prise d’une décision appropriée est capitale et exige une compréhension des risques et des bénéfices. C’est dans ce contexte qu’une première méthodologie d’évaluation a été développée pour améliorer le design des implants dentaires de type endosseux, dans les conditions de la norme de certification ISO 14801. La méthodologie est basée sur des approches numériques par Analyse d’Eléments Finis. Ensuite, des approches théoriques et des données cliniques ont été utilisées pour évaluer le comportement mécanique des tissus osseux de la mâchoire face aux différentes configurations par implants dentaires et leurs composants prothétiques. / The research purpose in this study is to develop of mechanical evaluation methods to dental implants, their prosthetic components and the interactions with bone tissues in mandible zone. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 to 20% of population from 35 to 44 years old is reached of partial edentulism problems and about 30% of population from 65 to 74 years old is reached of complete edentulism problems. This represents approximately 7 million people in France who have lost teeth during their lifetime. Treatments proposed by dental implantology have become effective solutions for edentulous patients with clinical success rates greater than 90%. However, clinical complications exist, characterized by inflammation or partial losses of the surrounding tissues. Dentists are responsible for the treatment choice for their patients; an appropriate decision is crucial and requires an understanding of the benefits and risks. In this context, a first methodology was developed for evaluated the endosseous dental implants under the conditions of the ISO 14801 certification standard. This methodology is based with an approach numerical by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Furthermore, theoretical approaches and clinical data were used to evaluate the mechanical resistance of the bone tissues in the jaw with different dental implant configurations and their prosthetic components.

La zircone 3Y-TZP présente un grand intérêt pour les applications dentaires, en implantologie orale, elle semble être un matériau extrêmement prometteur: elle allie une biocompatibilité à un aspect esthétique satisfaisant et présente aussi des propriétés mécaniques très supérieures aux autres céramiques. Ces bonnes propriétés mécaniques sont intimement liées à la microstructure du matériau, elle-même directement liée aux procédés d’élaboration comme nous l’a rappelé l’alarmante série de ruptures de plus de 800 têtes de prothèses de hanche en zircone au début des années 2000, due au phénomène de vieillissement de ce matériau. Cependant, les études cliniques menées à ce jour ne font toujours pas état des interrelations existant entre la microstructure, les propriétés mécaniques et la sensibilité au vieillissement. Il était donc primordial de valider et d’appliquer les connaissances acquises dans le domaine des sciences des matériaux pour l’application de la zircone 3Y-TZP en implantologie oral. C’est l’objectif de notre première publication. Nous avons également développé, dans notre deuxième publication, un protocole d’évaluation permettant dans un premier temps, d’évaluer l’effet de l’état de surface et de la microstructure sur la résistance mécanique d’implants neufs, puis de suivre leurs cinétiques de vieillissement tout en analysant l’évolution de la microstructure et son influence sur la résistance mécanique au cours du vieillissement. Tout cela permettant in fine, de prédire la durabilité d’un type d’implant. Nous avons par la suite, développé un programme informatique permettant la détection et la quantification du vieillissement pour un volume donné. Cette détection de la zone vieillie ou transformée est basée sur des modifications microstructurales caractéristiques engendrées lors du vieillissement. Enfin, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’occurrence du phénomène de vieillissement in vivo, par l’analyse d’explants issus d’une étude clinique et démontrer leur probable implication dans ces cas d’échec. Le logiciel informatique de traitement d’image développé a été également, appliqué aux explants dans le but de mettre en lumière et d’expliciter l’occurrence du phénomène de vieillissement in vivo, afin de sensibiliser les acteurs de ce marcher aux problématiques rencontrées et d’optimiser de ce dispositif médical, à la lumière des connaissances actuelles. / 3Y-TZP zirconia is gaining interest in oral implantology, it seems to be a promising material with good biocompatibility, esthetic appearance and also the highest mechanical properties for a ceramic. These mechanical properties are closely related to the microstructure of the material itself directly related to production processes as we recalled the alarming series of breaks of more than 800 heads of zirconia hip replacements in the early 2000, due to the aging phenomenon of the material. However, clinical studies to date are still not state of the interrelationships between microstructure, mechanical properties and sensitivity to aging. It was therefore important to validate and apply the knowledge gained in the field of materials science for the application of 3Y-TZP zirconia oral implantology. This is the goal of our first publication. We also have developed in our second publication, a protocol to assess the effect of the surface modification and microstructure on the mechanical strength of new implants and follow their kinetics of aging and also, the evolution of the microstructure and its influence on the mechanical strength during aging, to predict the durability of a type of implant. We have subsequently developed a computer program for the detection and quantification of the aging for a given volume. This detection of the aged or transformed area is based on microstructural modifications produced during aging. Finally, we have been able to demonstrate the occurrence of the phenomenon of aging in vivo, by analyzing explants from a clinical study and demonstrate their involvement in the case of dental implant failure. The image processing developed was also applied to the explants in order to highlight and explain the occurrence of in vivo aging phenomenon. The objective is to optimize this medical device, in the light of current knowledge.

No description available.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The aim of this work is to determine the life of twist drills used for dental implantology when drilling bovine tibia bones and to study the influence of the cutting conditions. The inputs variables considered were the cutting tool material, the feed velocity and the spindle speed. The outputs variables monitored were the number of drilled holes, the workpiece temperature, the thrust force and the tool wear. The tests were carried out in a CNC machine center and the cutting parameters were varied following a 23 experimental design. Three types of uncoated tool materials were used, a martensitic stainless steel (M340/Böhler), an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) and a ceramic (zircon stabilized with Y2O3). The tool lives were expressed by the number of drilled holes considering a limit of the workpiece temperature of 47ºC, used as the end of tool life criterion. The temperatures were monitored by using three thermocouples of the type T (cupper-constantan) inserted in the work material samples, positioned very close to the drill wall. The thrust force was measured with a Kistler rotating dynamometer. A data acquisition board and a computer were used for automation of the measurement system. A mixture of 20% of car radiator fluid and water was applied as coolant (irrigation) with a flow rate of 160 ml/min. The results showed that the martensitic stainless steel outperformed the austenitic stainless steel and the ceramic material. The lowest temperatures and a conformity state at the clinic standard for thrust force values were obtained with the highest cutting parameters (45 mm/min and 2500 rpm). It was observed that the higher feed velocity promoted a temperature drop, while the higher spindle speed decreased the thrust force. / O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a vida de brocas para implantodontia através de furação em tíbia bovina e estudar a influência das condições de corte utilizadas. As variáveis de entrada do trabalho foram o material de ferramenta, a velocidade de avanço e a rotação. E as variáveis de saída monitoradas foram o número de furos realizados, a temperatura próxima à parede óssea, a força de avanço e o desgaste das ferramentas. Os testes foram executados em um Centro de Usinagem variando os parâmetros de corte seguindo um planejamento experimental 23. Três tipos de materiais de ferramenta não revestidos foram utilizados, um aço inoxidável martensítico (M340/Böhler), um aço inoxidável austenítico (AISI 316L) e um cerâmico (zircônia estabilizada com Y2O3). A vida da ferramenta foi expressa pelo número de furos realizados considerando como critério de fim de vida a temperatura na peça igual a 47ºC. As temperaturas foram monitoradas pelo uso de três termopares do tipo T (cobre-constantan) inseridos no corpo-de-prova e posicionados próximo à parede do furo. A força de avanço foi medida com um dinamômetro rotativo Kistler. Uma placa de aquisição de dados e um computador foram utilizados para a automação do sistema de medição. Uma mistura de 20% de líquido de arrefecimento automotivo foi utilizada como refrigerante (irrigação) a uma vazão de 160 ml/min. Os resultados mostraram que o aço inoxidável martensítico superou o aço inoxidável austenítico e o material cerâmico. Menores temperaturas e um estado de conformidade aos padrões clínicos para valores de força de avanço foram obtidos com os maiores parâmetros de corte (45 mm/min e 2500 rpm). Observou-se que velocidade de avanço alta promove principalmente a queda da temperatura, enquanto a rotação elevada à queda na força de avanço. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Im Berliner Zentrum für Craniofaciale Fehlbildungen in der Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie- Klinische Navigation und Robotik der Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum in Berlin wird der mobile CT Philips Tomoscan M in die Implantation von extraoralen kraniofazialen Knochenankern zur Epithesenfixierung eingebunden. Es stellt sich dabei die Frage nach der Ortstreue und Dimensionstreue von knöchernen Strukturen und extraoralen kraniofazialen Implantaten im CT. Ein Knochenphantom dient der Vermessung von Lochpaaren verschiedener Abstände, einer Knochenschraube, eines Abutments und eines Magneten unter variierten Scanparametern durch Werkzeuge der Scannerkonsole. Die Ortstreue von Löchern und Implantaten liegt in >99% im Intervall ±0,2mm. Fenstereinstellungen haben einen geringen Einfluss auf Lochabstände. Lochdurchmesser zeigen unter Anhebung des Window Level (WL) Korrelation (r2=0,776) und eine lineare Größenzunahme bei maßstabgerechter Skalierung, variieren aber wenig unter Variation der Window Width (WW). Alle Implantate werden zu groß abgebildet, außer in extremen Fenstereinstellungen. Implantatdimensionen nehmen bei maßstabgerechter Skalierung mit höheren WL linear ab. Die Variabilität der Darstellung nimmt mit dichterem Implantatmaterial ab. Kontaktflächen von Implantaten mit Gewebe sind im CT nicht beurteilbar. / In the Berlin Centre for Craniofacial Malformations at the Clinic for Oromaxillofacial Surgery of the Charité, Campus Virchow- Clinic in Berlin, a mobile CT Scanner Philips Tomoscan M is integrated into the process of extraoral bone anchor implantation for prosthesis fixture. With implementation of the scanner, accuracy of localisation and dimensional accuracy of bony structures and implants have been questioned. A bone phantom is used for measuring distances between holes, hole diameters and dimensions of an implant fixture, an abutment and a magnet with measuring tools of the scanner under variation of scan parameters. Localisation accuracy of holes and implants is found in >99% within ±0.2mm. Window settings have little influence on hole distances. Diameters show linear growth at standardized scaling and correlation with window level augmentation (r2=.776). Little Variation of diameters is found with variation of window width. All Implants are magnified. Implant dimensions diminish with window level augmentation at standardized scaling. Variability of dimension decreases with more radio opaque implant material. Implant contact with tissues cannot be assessed in CT scans.