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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Estudo de propriedades locais em impureza intersticiais em hospedeiros metálicos. / Study of Local Properties in Interstitial Impurities in Metalic Hosts.

Mello, Luiz Adolfo de 02 August 1996 (has links)
Neste trabalho realizamos um estudo do comportamento do momento magnético e do deslocamento isomérico de uma impureza intersticial de Fe em hospedeiros metálicos de valências 4 (Ti, Zr), 3 (Sc, Y). Investigamos também impurezas intersticiais e substitucionais de Mo e Fe em hospedeiros divalentes. Para realizar este estudo fizemos cálculos de estrutura eletrônica utilizando o RS-LMTO-ASA (\"Real Space - Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital - Atomic Spherical Approximation\"), um método de primeiros princípios dentro da aproximação do funcional densidade local, implementado no espaço real. Calculamos o momento magnético no sítio da impureza nos sistemas acima e constatamos que a impureza intersticial de Fe é não magnética nos hospedeiros de valências 4 e 3, e que tanto as impurezas intersticiais como as substitucionais podem apresentar momento magnético nos hospedeiros divalentes. Mostramos que para os sistemas divalentes o momento magnético depende fortemente da relaxação. Os nossos resultados são explicados através de um modelo simples, baseado no modelo de Wolff. Investigamos também o comportamento do deslocamento isomérico no sítio da impureza de Fe nesses vários sistemas. Constatamos que os nossos resultados concordam razoavelmente bem com os dados experimentais e explicam o comportamento das tendências observadas. / In the present work, we have studied the magnetic moments and the behavior of the isomer shift at the interstitial Fe impurity site in Ti, Sc, Zr and Y hosts. We have also investigated interstitial and substitutional Fe and Mo impurities in Ca, Sr and Yb hosts. To perform the calculations, we have used the RS-LMTO-ASA scheme, a first principles method, within the local spin density approximation, implemented in real space. We calculated the magnetic moments at the impurity site in the above systems and all the substitucional impurities are found to be magnetic. The results show that interstitial Fe is non-magnetic in the tri- and tetravalent hosts, but interstitial Fe and Mo impurities could develop local magnetic moment in divalent hosts. \'We show that the magnetic moment at the impurity site in these divalent hosts is strongly dependent on lattice relaxation. The results can be explained using simple arguments based on Wolff model. We have investigated in a systematic way the behavior of the isomer shift of Fe impurities in these systems. We observed that our results are in generally good agreement with experiment and lead to better understanding of the observed trends in terms of the volume occupied by the Fe in each host.
172

Análise por ativação neutrônica: estudo de interferências primárias nas determinações de alumínio, magnésio, manganês e sódio / Neutron activation analysis: study of primary interference on determination of aluminium, magnesium, manganese and sodium

Leonardo Alves da Costa 28 August 2007 (has links)
A ativação neutrônica é uma técnica analítica para determinação da composição química elementar. Através da irradiação com nêutrons, é induzida a radioatividade artificial na amostra. Esta radiação é medida usualmente por espectrometria gama. Suas características de sensibilidade elevada (μg.g-1 ng.g-1), exatidão e precisão, capacidade multielementar, limites de detecção da ordem de μg.g-1 a ng.g-1 e natureza não destrutiva, isto é, permite que a amostra seja analisada sem preparo químico prévio, classificam a técnica como muito poderosa na análise de traços. Apesar de ser uma técnica versátil, apresenta limitações. Uma delas é relacionada com as interferências primárias que ocorrem durante a irradiação. Usualmente, o cálculo de concentração se baseia na reação principal sob nêutrons térmicos nX(nt, )n+1X, mas, sob nêutrons rápidos, podem ocorrer as reações interferentes n+1Y(nr, p)n+1X e n+4Y(nr, a)n+1X. A conseqüência disso, é que a concentração final deverá ser a soma dos resultados das reações e não será possível distinguir a concentração real da concentração gerada pelo interferente. Assim, o impacto da interferência dependerá da contribuição do fluxo de nêutrons rápidos no fluxo total de nêutrons no local da irradiação. Isto significa que a interferência dependerá do quanto o canal de irradiação é termalizado e isso é uma característica do reator. Nesta pesquisa, diversas reações de interferência foram estudadas: 28Si(nr,p)28Al na determinação de alumínio; 27Al(nr, p)27Mg na determinação de magnésio; 27Al(nr,a)24Na na determinação de sódio e 56Fe (nr, p)56Mn na determinação de manganês. Duas metodologias foram seguidas: Procedimento I, no qual foram utilizados padrões puros dos elementos. Nesta etapa foram calculadas as massas aparentes de Al, Mg, Mn e Na provenientes das reações interferentes. A razão entre o elemento interferente e o de interesse foi determinada para cada elemento em estudo. No Procedimento II, a contribuição de Fe na determinação de Mn foi estudada em detalhes, analisando diversos materiais de referência de solo e sedimento. Nesta etapa foi desenvolvido um método de correção irradiando as amostras com e sem filtro de cádmio. O mesmo procedimento foi aplicado em amostras de solo coletadas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, com concentração de ferro de 19 a 40%. O Procedimento II confirmou os resultados do Procedimento I, provando que nas condições de trabalho da aplicação da AAN no Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, (CDTN/CNEN), apenas para razão de concentração Fe/Mn igual ou maior do que 50.000 0.002% de Mn em ferro - é que será necessário corrigir os valores de manganês. Desta pesquisa sugere-se que as correções devem ser aplicadas somente em ligas de ferro, quando a presença de manganês for considerada impureza. Esta pesquisa também sugere que, nas mesmas condições de análise, correções devem ser aplicadas quando as razões de Si/Al, Al/Mg and Al/Na forem iguais ou maiores do que 420, 82 and 2.500, respectivamente. / The neutron activation (NAA) is an analytical technique for the determination of the elementary chemical composition. It is based on the induction of artificial radioactivity in a sample by neutrons and the resulting activity is usually measured, by gamma spectrometry. Its more relevant characteristics are the high sensibility (μg.g-1 ng.g-1), accuracy and precision, capability of multielementary analysis, low detection limits and its non destructive nature. These properties classify NAA as a very powerful analytical technique. In spite of being a versatile technique, the NAA presents limitations, one of them is related to the primary interference reactions that occur during the irradiation. The calculation of the concentration is usually based on the main reaction under thermal neutrons nX(nth, )n+1X but under fast flux, the reactions n+1Y(nr, p)n+1X e n+4Y(nr, a)n+1X can take place. The consequence of this interference is that the final elemental concentration will be the sum of results of the reactions and it is not possible to distinguish the real concentration. Therefore, the impact of this interference depends on the contribution of the fast neutron flux on the total neutron flux in the local irradiation channel. It means that the interference depends on how much the irradiation channel is thermalized and it is a characteristic of the reactor. In this research, several interference reactions were studied: 28Si(nf, p)28Al on the aluminium determination; 27Al(nf, p)27Mg, on the determination of magnesium; 27Al(nf, a)24Na, on the determination of sodium and 56Fe(nf, p)56Mn on the determination of manganese. Two procedures were adopted: Method I, in which using pure standards of the elements, the apparent masses of Al, Mg, Mn and Na from interfering reactions were evaluated and a ratio between the interference of the element to the interested element was determined for each studied element. In Method II, the contribution of Fe on Mn determination was studied in detail using several soil and sediment reference materials. In Method II, a correction method was developed irradiating bare and Cd covered samples. The same procedure was applied to soil samples from the Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais, with 19 to 40% of iron content. Method II confirmed the results of Method I, proving that in the technical conditions of the application of the NAA at Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, CDTN/CNEN, only for ratio Fe/Mn equal or higher than 50,000 0.002% of Mn in Iron - it will be necessary to correct the values of Mn. It is suggested that the correction should be applied only in Fe alloys when the presence of Mn is considered impurity. This research also suggests that in the same conditions, the corrections should be applied when the ratios Si/Al, Al/Mg and Al/Na, are equal or higher than 420, 82 and 2,500, respectively.
173

CORRECAO DO POTENCIAL MUFFIN-TIN: ANTISITIO EM GaAs / Muffin-tin potential correction: antisite in GaAs

Ferreira, Antonio Cesar 24 August 1990 (has links)
Devido à inconfiabilidade do modelo EM-X?, no cálculo da energia total, consideramos uma correção na densidade de carga \"muffin-tin\". Com esta correção podemos ajustar a energia total, a partir de parâmetros definidos na teoria. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da curva da energia total associada ao estado excitado do sistema GaAs: AsGa, quando o átomo substitucional de As se desloca na direção . Partindo de cálculos de primeiros princípios (LARGE UNIT CELL APPROACH), reproduzimos a curva da energia total do estado fundamental. A partir dos parâmetros encontrados na correção não \"muffin-tin\" da densidade de carga, calculamos a curva do estado excitado utilizando o conceito de estado de transição de Slater. Nossos resultados mostraram que o efeito Jahn-TeIler não ocorre para defeitos tipo antisítio. Vimos também que a curva do comportamento dos autovalores com o deslocamento do átomo substitucional, está de acordo com cálculos recentes encontrados na literatura. / Since total energy calculations within the Multiple Scattering-X? model are not reliable, a non \"muffin-tin\" correction to the charge density has been considered. With this correction the total energy can be adjusted through parameters defined in the theory. The aim of this work is to study the total energy curve of the excited state of the GaAs: AsGa system when the arsenic substitutional atom is displaced in the direction. As a first step, the ground-state total energy curve obtained from first-principles calculations (LARGE UNIT CELL APPROACH) was reproduced. From the parameters found for the non \"muffin-tin\" charge density corrections, we have calculated the excited-state total energy curve by using the Slater transition-state concept. Our results show that the Jahn-Teller effect is not expected to occur for antisite-like defects. Moreover, the obtained behavior of the eigenvalues with displacement of the substitutional atom is in fairly good agreement with recent theoretical calculations found in the literature.
174

Purification de l'hexafluorure d'uranium

Benzouaa, Rachid 17 January 2014 (has links)
L’hexafluorure d’uranium (UF6), est le seul composé utilisé à l’état gazeux dans les procédés d’enrichissement pour la production du combustible nucléaire. Pour le bon déroulement de l’étape d’enrichissement, la qualité de UF6  est primordiale. Cette étude s’est intéressée principalement aux impuretés volatiles sous forme de fluorures et oxyfluorures et leur réactivité avec des matériaux en présence ou non de l’UF6. La nature des produits adsorbés et de réactions a été identifiée. Les mécanismes physico-chimiques mis en jeux lors de la sorption ont été investigués. Les performances (capacité de sorption, sélectivité et régénération) de ces matériaux absorbants et adsorbants ont été évaluées en vue de leur utilisation comme filtre UF6 dans les usines de conversion. / Uranium hexafluoride (UF6), is the only compound used in the gaseous state in the process of enrichment to produce nuclear fuel. For the success of the enrichment step, the UF6 quality is paramount. This study is mainly concerned with volatile impurities in form of fluorides and oxyfluorides and their reactivity with the materials in presence or not of UF6. The nature of the adsorbed compounds and reactions products was identified. The physico-chemical mechanisms of sorption were investigated. The performances (sorption capacity, selectivity and regeneration) of the absorbent and adsorbent materials have been evaluated to be used as UF6 filters in conversion plants.
175

CORRECAO DO POTENCIAL MUFFIN-TIN: ANTISITIO EM GaAs / Muffin-tin potential correction: antisite in GaAs

Antonio Cesar Ferreira 24 August 1990 (has links)
Devido à inconfiabilidade do modelo EM-X?, no cálculo da energia total, consideramos uma correção na densidade de carga \"muffin-tin\". Com esta correção podemos ajustar a energia total, a partir de parâmetros definidos na teoria. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da curva da energia total associada ao estado excitado do sistema GaAs: AsGa, quando o átomo substitucional de As se desloca na direção . Partindo de cálculos de primeiros princípios (LARGE UNIT CELL APPROACH), reproduzimos a curva da energia total do estado fundamental. A partir dos parâmetros encontrados na correção não \"muffin-tin\" da densidade de carga, calculamos a curva do estado excitado utilizando o conceito de estado de transição de Slater. Nossos resultados mostraram que o efeito Jahn-TeIler não ocorre para defeitos tipo antisítio. Vimos também que a curva do comportamento dos autovalores com o deslocamento do átomo substitucional, está de acordo com cálculos recentes encontrados na literatura. / Since total energy calculations within the Multiple Scattering-X? model are not reliable, a non \"muffin-tin\" correction to the charge density has been considered. With this correction the total energy can be adjusted through parameters defined in the theory. The aim of this work is to study the total energy curve of the excited state of the GaAs: AsGa system when the arsenic substitutional atom is displaced in the direction. As a first step, the ground-state total energy curve obtained from first-principles calculations (LARGE UNIT CELL APPROACH) was reproduced. From the parameters found for the non \"muffin-tin\" charge density corrections, we have calculated the excited-state total energy curve by using the Slater transition-state concept. Our results show that the Jahn-Teller effect is not expected to occur for antisite-like defects. Moreover, the obtained behavior of the eigenvalues with displacement of the substitutional atom is in fairly good agreement with recent theoretical calculations found in the literature.
176

Foulant adsorption onto ion exchange membranes

Watkins, E. James 16 June 1999 (has links)
No description available.
177

First-Principles Multiscale Investigation of Structural and Chemical Defects in Metals

Schusteritsch, Georg January 2012 (has links)
This thesis explores multiscale approaches to describe structural and chemical defects in metals. Particular emphasis is placed on investigating processes involving grain boundaries (GBs) in combination with impurity and vacancy defects. The defects and their interactions are calculated to very high accuracy using density functional theory (DFT) and connected to the macroscopic behavior within the two multiscale formalisms presented here. We begin with a sequential approach to address chemical embrittlement of nickel by sulfur impurities. Effects at both a \(\Sigma 5 (012)\) symmetric tilt GB and in the bulk are studied by considering competing mechanisms for ductile and brittle behavior. For the bulk, this takes the form of Rice’s theory, where the ratio of the surface and unstable stacking energy is used as a measure of ductility. This is generalized to the GB by considering GB sliding (GBS) and intergranular decohesion. Clear evidence that chemical embrittlement of nickel by sulfur is a GB driven effect is found. Next, a concurrent multiscale approach is described. A small region, containing the defects, is treated with Kohn-Sham DFT and coupled to the bulk, described with the embedded atom method. We apply this novel method to elucidate the chemical embrittlement of a copper \(\Sigma 5 (012)\) symmetric tilt GB. Intergranular decohesion for three substitutional impurities, bismuth, lead and silver, is investigated by considering the work of separation \((W_s)\) and the tensile strength \((\sigma_t)\). Bismuth and lead show a significant decrease in \(W_s\) and \(\sigma_t\), consistent with embrittlement, whilst silver has only a minor effect. Then, the concurrent multiscale method is applied to the process of GBS in copper. It is found that the resistance against sliding increases significantly for bismuth, lead and silver impurities. The underlying mechanisms for this increase are found to be dominated by size effects for bismuth and lead. For silver, chemical effects are of greater importance. Similar results are found for the underlying mechanisms of intergranular decohesion. The effect of a mono-vacancy on GBS is studied for copper. The multiscale approach enables improved decoupling of the mono-vacancy. It is found that the monovacancy enhances GBS by 22%. / Engineering and Applied Sciences
178

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of magnetic bulk impurities: From a single Kondo atom towards a coupled system

Prüser, Henning 22 February 2013 (has links)
No description available.
179

A first principles study of hydrogen related defects in silicon

Hourahine, Benjamin January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
180

Estudo da degradação de reagentes liofilizados para radiodiagnóstico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e espectrometria de massas (MS) / Study of degradation of lyophilized reagents for radiodiagnosis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS)

ALMEIDA, ERIKA V. de 22 October 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-10-22T16:54:02Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-22T16:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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