Opto-electronics of non-fully conjugated molecules was demonstrated successfully in this research as light emitting diodes (LEDs). A series of benzoxazole poly[2,2-(m-2-hydroxyl phenylene)-4-4¡¦-hexafluoroisopro- pane-bibenzoxazoles] (6F-PBO-OH, Am) and benzimidazole poly[2,2¡¦- (2-hydroxy-o-phenylene)-5,5¡¦-bibenzimiazole] (OH-Pbi, B(1-m)) were copolymerized for coil-like non-fully conjugated poly-(Am-co-B(1-m)) for luminescence investigation. UV-Vis absorption of the non-fully conjugated copolymers showed superposition of individual absorption response from the two chemical components of the copolymer. However, the photoluminescence (PL) and the electroluminescence (EL) emissions had a red shift with increasing OH-Pbi content. It seemed to suggest that OH-Pbi was more charge delocalized than 6F-PBO-OH. In mono-layer LEDs, the diode threshold voltages were about at 2 ~ 3 V and the EL showed a green emission. Tunable emission was not observed in varying the m value of the copolymers. Composites of copolymer, poly(Am-co-B(1-m)) and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) were in-situ synthesized for mono-layer LED fabrication. Few MWNT aggregation was observed via the field-emission scanning electron microscopy. It was a success in dispersing MWNT in the copolymers. There was a red shift with MWNT addition in the PL and the EL emissions. The diode threshold voltages were about at 2 ~ 5 V and the EL emission still showed a green emission. According to this study, MWNT was inconsequential on the PL and the EL emissions of the copolymers up to 2 wt. %.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de nanocomposites plasmoniques et, plus particulièrement, sur des couches minces de polymère dopées en nanoparticules d'or et d'argent. Les travaux réalisés concernent le développement de deux approches de fabrication originales fondées sur la synthèse in situ de nanoparticules dans une matrice de polymère sous irradiation. La première méthode envisagée étudie l’organisation de nanoparticules d’or dans les films de polymères en les irradiant de manière contrôlée dans l'espace par interférométrie laser. Ainsi, nous obtenons des réseaux de nanoparticules qui révèlent des propriétés de diffraction atypiques dont la réponse spectrale dépend fortement de la réponse plasmonique du système. Nous appelons ce phénomène diffraction amplifiée par plasmon. La seconde approche de fabrication développée a pour but de réaliser la synthèse de nanoparticules in situ dans des films de polymère sous rayonnement solaire concentré. Nous nous sommes intéressés, en particulier, à l'influence de l'irradiation solaire concentrée sur les processus de formation des nanoparticules et sur leur morphologie finale, dans le but de contrôler les propriétés optiques du système. Nous avons notamment montré qu’il est possible de contrôler la taille des nanoparticules d’or formées in situ dans les films de polymère, en faisant varier le flux du rayonnement solaire. En parallèle de ces travaux expérimentaux, une approche semi-analytique combinant une description des matériaux en termes de milieux effectif à la méthode RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), a été développée pour calculer les propriétés optiques des nanocomposites. / This dissertation deals with the study of plasmonic nanocomposites and, more precisely, polymer thin films loaded with gold and silver nanoparticles. In this work, we developed two original fabrication techniques based on in situ synthesis of nanoparticles in polymer films under irradiation. In the first approach, our aim is to control the organization of the nanoparticles within the polymer films by using a spatially controlled irradiation by laser interferometry. We show that the plasmonic nanoparticle gratings thus formed present unusual diffractive properties that strongly depend on the plasmonic features of the system. We call this phenomena plasmon enhanced diffraction. In a second method, we study in situ synthesis of nanoparticles in polymer thin films under concentrated solar irradiation. This study is focused on the effect of concentrated solar irradiation on the growth mechanism and the morphology of the nanostructures. We have shown that it is possible to control the size of the gold nanoparticles synthesized in situ by varying the solar flux. Along with experiments, we developed a semi-analytical approach that combines modeling of the materials as effective media with the RCWA method (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), which allows us to compute the optical properties of the nanocomposites.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第20315号 / 薬科博第84号 / 新制||薬科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 掛谷 秀昭, 教授 高須 清誠, 教授 大野 浩章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / In view of high-performance, multifunctional and low-carbon development of infrastructures, there is a growing demand for smart engineering materials, making infrastructures intelligent. This paper reports a new-generation self-sensing cementitious composite (SSCC) incorporated with a hierarchically structured carbon fiber-carbon nanotube composite filler (CF-CNT), which is in-situ synthesized by directly growing CNT on CF. Various important factors including catalyst, temperature, and gas composition are considered to investigate their kinetic and thermodynamic influence on CF-CNT synthesis. The reciprocal architecture of CF-CNT not only alleviates the CNT aggregation, but also significantly improves the interfacial bonding between CF-CNTs and matrix. Due to the synergic and spatially morphological effects of CF-CNT, i.e., the formation of widely distributed multiscale reinforcement networks, SSCCs with CF-CNTs exhibit high mechanical properties and electrical conductivity as well as excellent self-sensing performances, particularly enhanced sensing repeatability. Moreover, the SSCCs with CF-CNTs are integrated into a full-scale maglev girder to devise a smart system for crack development monitoring. The system demonstrates high sensitivity and fidelity to capture the initiation of cracks/damage, as well as progressive and sudden damage events until complete failure of the maglev girder, indicating its considerable potential for structural health monitoring of infrastructures. / The work described in this paper is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of China (51978127 and 51578110) and grants from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M710973 and 2022M720648).

Pursuing the development and implementation of novel synthesis techniques to produce nanostructures with an interesting set of properties is a goal that advances the frontiers of nanotechnology. Also of fundamental importance is to revisit well-established synthesis techniques employing a new set of materials as precursors, substrates and catalysts. Fundamental breakthroughs in the field of nanotechnology can be achieved by developing new synthesis procedures as well as by adapting known procedures to new materials. This thesis focuses on both kinds of experiments. A variant of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been used to produce Al5BO9 nanowires out of sapphire wafers without the need of a catalyst material. The novelty of the work relies on the formation mechanism of the Al5BO9 nanowires. Essentially, the process can be described as a large-scale topological transformation taking place on the substrate’s surface as its chemical composition changes due to the arrival of precursor molecules. Dense mats of Al5BO9 nanowires cover large areas of the substrate that were previously relatively flat. The process is enhanced by a high temperature and the presence of pre-existing superficial defects (cracks, terraces, etc.) on the substrates. Al5BO9 nanowires as well as B/BOX nanowires and BOX nanotubes were also produced via a novel in-situ electron beam-induced synthesis technique. The process was carried out at room temperature and inside a transmission electron microscope. Au nanoparticles were used as catalyst for the case of B/BOX nanowires and BOX nanotubes, while the Al5BO9 nanowires were synthesized without the need of a catalyst material. The formation and growth of the nanostructures is solely driven by the electron beam. The growth mechanism of the B/BOX nanowires and BOX nanotubes relies on interplay between electrostatic charging of the precursor material (to produce and transport feedstock material) and electron stimulated desorption of oxygen which is able to activate the catalytic properties of the Au nanoparticles. For the case Al5BO9 nanowires a nucleation process based on massive atomic rearrangement in the precursor is instigated by the e-beam, afterwards, the length of some of the nanowires can be extended by a mechanism analogous to that of the growth of the B/BOX nanowires.

The thesis relates to synthesis and investigation of nanostructured polymer composites based on oligomers of cyanate esters of bisphenol a (DCBA) or cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTS). Catalytic effect of mwcnts in process of DCBA polycyclotrimerization as well as in cbt polymerization has been observed. Significant increase in crystallization temperature of nanocomposites based on polybutylene terephthalate (cPBT) with adding of MWCNTS is observed. The effect of processing method of cpbt/mwcnts nanocomposites on its electrical properties has been found. It has been established that the additional heating of the samples (annealing) at temperatures above melting of cPBT leads to reagglomeration of MWCNTS in the system. It is established that reagglomeration of MWCNTS results in increase of conductivity values of nanocomposites due to formation of percolation pathways of MWCNTS through polymer matrix. In the case of polycyanurate matrix (PCN), it is found that addition of small mwcnts contents (0.03-0.06 weight percents) provides increasing tensile strength by 62-94 percents. It has been found that addition of even 0.01 weight percents of MWCNTS provides significant increase in storage modulus of cPBT matrix. This is explained by effective dispersing of small amount of the nanofiller during in situ synthesis of pcn or cpbt matrix that is confirmed by microscopy techniques. It has been established that the properties of the nanocomposites based on heterocyclic esters and MWCNTS can be varied from isolator to conductor and has low percolation thresholds (0.22 and 0.38 weight percents for cPBT and PCN nanocomposites respectively). The conductivity of samples is particularly stable on a very large range of temperature from 300 to 10 degrees Kelvin that make these materials perspective for practical applications in microelectronics, as parts of aircraft and space constructions.

Pursuing the development and implementation of novel synthesis techniques to produce nanostructures with an interesting set of properties is a goal that advances the frontiers of nanotechnology. Also of fundamental importance is to revisit well-established synthesis techniques employing a new set of materials as precursors, substrates and catalysts. Fundamental breakthroughs in the field of nanotechnology can be achieved by developing new synthesis procedures as well as by adapting known procedures to new materials. This thesis focuses on both kinds of experiments. A variant of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been used to produce Al5BO9 nanowires out of sapphire wafers without the need of a catalyst material. The novelty of the work relies on the formation mechanism of the Al5BO9 nanowires. Essentially, the process can be described as a large-scale topological transformation taking place on the substrate’s surface as its chemical composition changes due to the arrival of precursor molecules. Dense mats of Al5BO9 nanowires cover large areas of the substrate that were previously relatively flat. The process is enhanced by a high temperature and the presence of pre-existing superficial defects (cracks, terraces, etc.) on the substrates. Al5BO9 nanowires as well as B/BOX nanowires and BOX nanotubes were also produced via a novel in-situ electron beam-induced synthesis technique. The process was carried out at room temperature and inside a transmission electron microscope. Au nanoparticles were used as catalyst for the case of B/BOX nanowires and BOX nanotubes, while the Al5BO9 nanowires were synthesized without the need of a catalyst material. The formation and growth of the nanostructures is solely driven by the electron beam. The growth mechanism of the B/BOX nanowires and BOX nanotubes relies on interplay between electrostatic charging of the precursor material (to produce and transport feedstock material) and electron stimulated desorption of oxygen which is able to activate the catalytic properties of the Au nanoparticles. For the case Al5BO9 nanowires a nucleation process based on massive atomic rearrangement in the precursor is instigated by the e-beam, afterwards, the length of some of the nanowires can be extended by a mechanism analogous to that of the growth of the B/BOX nanowires.

L'objectif principal de ce travail concerne le développement de nouveaux matériaux polymères techniques ou composites anti-feu, éco-compatibles, tout en incorporant un faible taux de charges dans le but de conserver les performances physiques et mécaniques des matériaux élaborés, pour des applications axées sur la fabrication de fils ignifuges. L'étude est basée sur la génération in situ de charges inorganiques fonctionnalisées en matrice polymère fondu au cours du procédé d'extrusion par des réactions d'hydrolyse-condensation des précurseurs alcoxysilanes. Les caractérisations morphologiques et chimiques ont mis en évidence la formation de ces composites. La compréhension des mécanismes d'ignifugation mis en jeu a mis en évidence une nette modification du comportement au feu du matériau avec l'ajout de charges silicophosphorées ce qui prouve l'intérêt de disperser les fonctions ignifugeantes par cette approche originale. Une ouverture sur les systèmes azotés a été également mise en évidence. Les performances feu évaluées à l'aide d'un microcalorimètre à combustion et d'un calorimètre à cône ont également permis de comparer des composés phosphorés introduits par la voie additive avec la charge silicophosphorée générée in situ / The main objective of this work is the development of new fire retardant, eco-friendly, engineering composites, with the incorporation of a low load of fillers in order to maintain the physical and mechanical properties. The study is based on the in situ generation of functionalized inorganic fillers in the polymer matrix during the melt extrusion process by hydrolysis-condensation reactions of alkoxysilane precursors. Morphological and chemical characterization revealed the formation of these composites. Fire tests data showed a significant modification in the fire behaviour of the materials with the addition of the silico-phosphorylated fillers, which proves the interest of dispersing the fire retardant functions by this novel approach. An opening on nitrogen systems was also highlighted. The fire performance evaluated using a microcalorimeter and a combustion cone calorimeter was also used to compare phosphorus compounds introduced by the additive approach and the silico-phosphorylated filler generated in situ the molten copolymer

Ce travail concerne le domaine des cellules solaires sensibilisé à colorant à l’état solide et plus particulièrement le développement de nouvelles électrodes poreuses de TiO2 à base de nanocristaux synthétisés par pyrolyse laser. Deux types de poudres à base de TiO2 ont été synthétisés : TiO2 dopé à l’azote avec une teneur en azote contrôlée et des nanocomposites TiO2/MWNTC (Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes). Dans le premier cas, le rendement des cellules élaborées varie en fonction de la teneur en N dans la poudre, cet effet étant relié à la localisation des atomes d’azote au sein du TiO2. Le dopage conduit à une augmentation du taux de recombinaison des charges. Cet effet limitant pour les performances, est partiellement compensé par une augmentation de la conductivité électrique avec le taux d’azote. Pour des taux de dopage modérés, les rendements des cellules sont ainsi sensiblement améliorés par rapport aux cellules à base de TiO2 non dopé. Concernant les nanocomposites TiO2/MWNTC, la synthèse par pyrolyse en une étape à partir d’une suspension contenant des MWCNT conduit à une dispersion très homogène des nanotubes au sein de la poudre de TiO2. La méthode favorise de plus l’enrobage des nanotubes par les particules d’oxyde, conduisant à des interactions électroniques efficaces. Les cellules solaires élaborées à partir de ce composite présentent des rendements améliorés de près de 20% par rapport aux cellules de référence. Cette amélioration est principalement attribuée à un drainage des charges photo-générées vers les électrodes favorisé en présence des nanotubes qui s’accompagne d’une réduction sensible des phénomènes de recombinaison. / This work is related to the development of new TiO2 porous photo-electrodes based on nanopowders synthesized by laser pyrolysis for application in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Two different types of TiO2 powders were synthesized: TiO2 nanoparticles doped with different levels of nitrogen, and TiO2/MWNTC (Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes) nanocomposites. In the first case, the efficiency of the solar cells is dependent on the nitrogen amount in the powder, in relation with the localization of the dopants in the TiO2 structure. High nitrogen contents are associated with high defect densities at the TiO2 nanoparticle surface, leading to intense charge recombination. Although this effect limits the performance of the cells, it can be counterbalanced by an increased electrical conductivity due to the presence of N atoms. Finally, for moderate doping levels, the incorporation of nitrogen can improve the efficiency of the cells, compared to reference devices. Regarding the use of TiO2/MWNTC nanocomposites, the one step synthesis by laser pyrolysis from a precursor mixture including MWNTC leads to nanopowders where nanotubes appear very homogeneous dispersed of. The nanotubes are also highly coated with TiO2 particles, improving their electrical interactions with the TiO2 particles. The efficiencies of the solar cells made from such composites are found to be 20% larger than that of reference cells. This improvement is mainly attributed to faster charge collection and reduced charge recombination rates.

L’originalité du manuscrit de thèse est basée sur une preuve de concept selon laquelle il peut être possible de générer IN SITU des matériaux plaquettaires au sein même d’une matrice polymère à renforcer. Cette approche est basée sur une nouvelle voie de préparation de matériaux hybrides à base d’hydroxydes lamellaires. Cette méthode combine une voie de synthèse par polyol et la génération IN SITU de plaquettes inorganiques, en présence d’oligomères BOLA à caractère amphiphile. La voie polyol consiste en l’hydrolyse en milieu alcoolique d’un ou de plusieurs sels acétate métalliques comme précurseur, en vue de former les phases LSH et HDL suivantes, LSH-Zn, LDH-Zn2Al ;-LiAl2. Les BOLA possèdent des segments téléchéliques composés de chaînes hydrophobes terminées par deux groupes anioniques hydrophiles, l’ensemble est neutralisé par un cation ammonium. L'impact de la voie de synthèse IN SITU, les systèmes plaquettaires choisis ainsi que les contre-ions organiques à partir de la morphologie des phases hybrides obtenues, est étudié en comparaison aux mélanges physiques correspondants (EX SITU). Ce manuscrit présente une étude structurale des différents nanocomposites formés ; par le biais d’analyses DRX, complétées par du SAXS (ligne de lumière SWING à Soleil) et de l’imagerie MET. Des bilans matière sur les différentes synthèses IN SITU sont aussi réalisés pour déterminer les rendements de formation et taux de conversion des précurseurs en matériaux lamellaires. Concernant l’approche EX SITU ; les chaines polymère diffusent entre les plaquettes inorganiques, ceci principalement lié à une réaction d’échange entre les anions acétate des phases lamellaires et les fonctions carboxylates des chaines polymère, conservant l’intégrité des feuillets à par un processus topotactique. L’efficacité du processus d’intercalation a été trouvée décroissante suivant LDH-Zn2Al > LDH- LiAl2 >> LSH-Zn. Dans le cas du LSH-Zn, un ensemble stratifié à plusieurs échelles a été observé alliant charpente inorganique initiale intercalé acétate et une partie diffusée du BOLA, conduisant à une structuration dite biphasique. Contre intuitivement, dans le cas des HDL, la voie EX SITU, basée sur la réaction topotactique d'échange, et la voie IN SITU, basée sur la réaction de templating ont donné dans de nombreux cas des résultats similaires en terme d'états de dispersion, et ceci indépendamment du polymère ou du BOLA utilisé ainsi que de la composition des plaquettes. L’observation de plaquettes isolées LSH-Zn, n’a jamais été reportée dans la littérature, ce qui rend alors le processus de synthèse polyol/IN SITU intéressant pour l’obtention d’état de dispersion exfolié pour ce type de particules. La combinaison polyol/IN SITU permet la génération de plaquette LSH ou LDH de taille latérale comprise entre 10 à 200 nm. Cependant, les plaquettes générées se sont révélées poreuses, un inconvénient pour les propriétés de type barrière. Ce résultat ouvre toutefois des perspectives nouvelles en intégrant ces plaquettes 2D poreuses avec des particules de type 1D pour une approche en architecture « tectonique ». / Layered particle based nano-composites have recently been shown to impart stone impact resistance to automotive coatings by making use of polymer intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) platelets in a variety of different film morphologies. However the LDH particles used were obtained via coprecipitation of the metal salts in the presence of small organic anions in order to render the Layered Hydroxide particles organophilic and to facilitate the intercalation of carboxylate group bearing matrix polymers. Thus anion exchange in the course of colloidal processing and during film formation leads to the release of ionic species which may deteriorate the coatings barrier function. In order to circumvent objectionable counter ions (involved in the synthesis and the coatings formulation), a novel preparation route for layered hydroxide based hybrid phases has been here investigated combining the polyol route with the IN SITU generation of inorganic platelets, in the presence of amphiphilic polymer as well as bola-amphiphiles. The polyol route consists in hydrolysis in an alcoholic medium containing acetate metal cation as precursor(s), to yield LDH (Zn2Al, LiAl2 cation composition) or LSH-Zn (Layered Single Hydroxide). Bola amphiphile descripts as being some hydrophobic polymer segment-telechelic-chains terminated by two anionic hydrophilic end groups, using of volatile ammonium cation as counter ion. The impact of both process conditions as well as the chosen system with regard to the metal hydroxide framework and the organic counter ions on the morphology of the obtained hybrid phases are presented, discussed and compared to corresponding physical mixture. For the EX SITU approach, the diffusion of large cumbersome polymers or amphiphilic bolas between the inorganic platelets was found to be efficient, mostly driven by an anion exchange reaction between interleaved acetate anions and carboxylate functions of the molecular backbones, and keeping intact the inner-sheet integrity through a topotactic process. The efficiency of the intercalation process was found decreasing to range as LDH-Zn2Al > LDH-LiAl2 >> LSH-Zn, more or less regardless of the guest organic species. Aggregation may happen and cannot be discarded especially when using LiAl2 type platelets and non-neutralized bola. In particular with LSH-Zn, a multi stratified assembly has been observed combining acetate pristine structure and partly bola diffused structure, leading to a biphasic structure, aggregated and intercalated. To the best of our knowledge, observation of LSH-Zn single platelets has never been reported, making of the combined process Polyol/IN SITU an interesting new route in reaching exfoliation. Indeed, it yields to the generation of platelets either LSH or LDH of lateral size ranging between 10 up to 200 nm. However, the platelets were found to be porous; it is considered as a drawback for barrier properties. It is our belief that such porosity may open new insights in “tectonic” architecture by intertwining 2D and 1D-type filler. Rather counter intuitively, EX SITU based on topotactic exchange reaction matches the IN SITU templating reaction in many cases as a function of the dispersion state regardless of the polymer or bolas as well as the platelets cation composition.