Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta tese dedicou-se a descrever e interpretar a tessitura textual dos fenômenos insólitos no romance Sombras de Reis Barbudos, de José J. Veiga, com base na associação entre a Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal e a Linguística de Córpus . Centrou-se, especificamente, nas marcas linguísticas que representam ideias ou conduzem o intérprete à percepção de que o insólito é construído no texto por meio itens léxicos que constituem pistas icônicas. Merecem especial interesse, sobretudo, os substantivos, que, por serem palavras com alta iconicidade, participam da construção/representação de fenômenos insólitos e criam, por meio da trilha léxica, o itinerário de leitura para o texto-córpus. Para que os resultados fossem significativos, análise apoiou-se nos recursos digitais da Linguística de Córpus (SARDINHA, 2004; 2009), que possibilitaram realizar uma pesquisa baseada em um córpus. A utilização da Linguística de Córpus como metodologia permitiu levantar, quantificar e tabular os signos que corroboram com a compreensão da incongruência e da iconicidade lexical dos fenômenos insólitos em um texto literário, identificando os substantivos-nódulos e seus colocados, para avaliá-los quanto à incompatibilidade das escolhas lexicais realizadas por José J. Veiga em relação às estruturas lexicogramaticais da Língua Portuguesa. Fundamentou-se a discussão no insólito como categoria essencial do fantástico modal (BESSIÈRE, 2009; COVIZZI, 1978, FURTADO, s.d.; PRADA OROPREZA, 2006); na Semiótica de extração peirceana, com enfoque na Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal (SIMÕES, 2007,2009) e na colocação lexical (BÉNJOINT, 1994; SINCLAIR, 1987, 1991, 2004; TAGNIN, 1989). A tese demonstra que a incongruência e a iconicidade lexical são identificadas a partir da seleção vocabular obtida pelo processamento digital e pelo confronto com o Córpus do Português. A análise comprova que os substantivos, como categorias linguísticas caracterizáveis semanticamente, têm a função designatória ou de nomeação na arquitetura de um texto em que se manifesta o insólito. Revela também que a incongruência lexical constitui-se em uma chave para a construção do ilógico, mágico, fantástico, misterioso, sobrenatural, irreal e suprarreal no texto-córpus / The objective herein is to describe and understand the textual tessiture of the insolite phenomena in the novel Sombras de Reis Barbudos, by José J. Veiga, based on the association between the Theory of Verbal Iconicity and Corpus Linguistics. It focused specifically in the linguistic marks that represent ideas or lead the interpreter to the perception of how the insolite is constructed in the text, by means of lexical items that constitute iconic hints. In the study, nouns are given a special attention, above all the other word categories, because, being words with a high inconicity level, they take part in the construction/representation of the insolite phenomena and create, by means of the lexical path, the reading itinerary to the text-corpus. In order to have a significant result, the research had as support the digital resources of Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004; 2009), which made it possible to fulfill a research based on only one corpus. The use of Corpus Linguistics as methodology allowed to rise, quantify and tabulate the signs that corroborate the comprehension of the incongruence and the lexical iconicity of the insolite phenomena in a literary text, identifying the node nouns and their collocates to evaluate them in relation to the incompatibility of the lexical choices fulfilled by José J. Veiga in comparison with the grammar-lexical structures in Portuguese. This study justified discussion on the insolite as an essential category of the Fantastic as a mode (BESSIÈRE, 2009; COVIZZI, 1978; FURTADO, s.d.; PRADA OROPREZA, 2006); on the Peircean Semiotic, which highlights the Verbal Iconicity Theory (SIMÕES, 2007, 2009) and on the lexical collocation (BÉNJOINT, 1994; SINCLAIR, 1987, 1991, 2004; TAGNIN, 1989). The thesis demonstrates that the incongruence and the lexical iconicity are identified by vocabulary obtained by digital processing and confrontation with Portuguese Corpus. The analysis proves that nouns, as a linguistic class that can be semantically categorized, have either designation or nominative functions in the construction of a text in which the insolite is manifested. It also reveals that the lexical incongruence constitutes itself a key to the construction of the illogical, magical, fantastic, mysterious, supernatural, unreal and super real in the corpus text

A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de discutir a proposta dos critérios diagnósticos da CID-11 para Incongruência de Gênero e comparar as diretrizes dos manuais diagnósticos DSM-5 e CID-10 para Disforia de Gênero e Transtorno de Identidade de Gênero, respectivamente. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) está em processo de revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID). Diferentemente do sistema de classificação vigente (CID-10), as modificações propostas pela CID-11 no que diz respeito à condição transexual são norteadas pela compreensão de que esta não é doença mental e que o acesso à saúde desta população necessita ser ampliado. O artigo derivado desta dissertação compara os critérios nos manuais diagnósticos existentes, o DSM-5 e da CID-10, em uma amostra brasileira de pessoas transexuais que procuraram serviços de saúde especificamente para a transição física. Este é um estudo transversal multicêntrico que inclui uma amostra de 103 indivíduos que procuraram os serviços em um dos dois principais centros de referência no Brasil especializados em identidade de gênero. O método da pesquisa consiste na aplicação, por profissionais previamente treinados, de uma entrevista estruturada desenvolvida pelo WHO´s Field Study Coordination Group for ICD-11 Mental and Behavioural Disorders que contempla os critérios diagnósticos. Os resultados revelam que, embora exista desacordo teórico nos critérios há uma sobreposição entre os dois sistemas quanto à confirmação do diagnóstico, com o DSM-5 mais inclusivo. Adicionalmente, a média do tempo de espera para ter acesso a este tipo de serviço é de quase uma década. Nossos achados confirmam a ideia de que há pouco consenso quanto aos critérios diagnósticos dos comportamentos transgêneros, considerando a diversidade de contextos sociais e culturais e que seguem com pouca diferenciação tanto etiológica quanto clínica para fins diagnósticos. / The current work aims to discuss the proposed diagnostic criteria of ICD-11 for Gender Incongruence and compare the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 and ICD-10 Gender Dysphoria and Gender Identity Disorder, respectively. The World Health Organization (WHO) is reviewing the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Despite the existing classification system (ICD-10), changes proposed by ICD-11 concerning transgender condition are guided by the understanding that it is not a mental illness and that this population needs health service access to be expanded. The study derived from this work aim to compare the criteria in the existing diagnostic manuals, the DSM-5 and the ICD-10, among a Brazilian sample of transgender persons who sought health services specifically for physical transition. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study that includes a sample of 103 subjects who sought services for gender identity disorder in one of two main reference centers in Brazil. The research method consists of applying a structured interview, which is comprised of the diagnostic criteria from the two manuals. The results reveal that although the theoretical disagreement in the criteria, there is an overlap among the two systems as diagnosis confirmation, to the DSM-5 more inclusive. Additionally, the average waiting time to access this type of service is nearly a decade. Although there is not a consensus concerning such on transgenderism in the diversity of social and cultural contexts, the findings confirm previous impression that despite efforts to determine the diagnostic settings, they follow slightly different as to etiology and different clinical presentations of this condition.

No description available.

La phylogénie permet de reconstituer l'histoire évolutive de séquences ainsi que des espèces qui les portent. Les récents progrès des méthodes de séquençage ont permis une inflation du nombre de séquences disponibles et donc du nombre d'arbres de gènes qu'il est possible de construire. La question qui se pose est alors d'optimiser la recherche d'informations dans ces arbres. Cette recherche doit être à la fois exhaustive et efficace. Pour ce faire, mon travail de thèse a consisté en l'écriture puis en l'utilisation d'un ensemble de programmes capables de parcourir et d'annoter les arbres phylogénétiques. Cet ensemble de programmes porte le nom de TPMS (Tree Pattern Matching Suite). Le premier de ces programmes (tpms_query) permet d'effectuer l'interrogation de collections à l'aide d'un formalisme dédie. Les possibilités qu'il offre sont : La détection de transferts horizontaux : Si un arbre de gènes présente une espèce branchée dans un arbre au milieu d'un groupe monophylétique d'espèces avec lesquelles elle n'est pas apparentée, on peut supposer qu'il s'agit d'un transfert horizontal, si ces organismes sont des procaryotes ou des eucaryotes unicellulaires. La détection d'orthologie : Si une partie d'un arbre de gènes correspond exactement à l'arbre des espèces, on peut alors supposer que ces gènes sont un ensemble de gènes d'orthologues. La validation de phylogénies connues : Quand l'arbre des espèces donne lieu à des débats, il peut est possible d'interroger une large collection d'arbres de gènes pour voir combien de familles de gènes correspondent à chaque hypothèse. Un autre programme, tpms_computations, permet d'effectuer des opérations en parallèle sur tous les arbres, et propose notamment l'enracinement automatique des arbres via différents critères, ainsi que l'extraction de sous arbres d'orthologues (séquence unique par espèce). Il propose aussi une méthode de détection automatique d'incongruences. La thèse présente le contexte, les différents algorithmes à la base de ces programmes, ainsi que plusieurs utilisations qui en ont été faites / Phylogeny allows to reconstruct evolutionnary history of sequences and species that carry them. Recent progress in sequencing methods produced a growing number of available sequences, and so of number of gene trees that one can build. One of the consecutive issues is to optimise the extraction of information from the trees. Such an extraction should be complete and efficient. To address this, my thesis consisted in writing and then using a suite of programs which aim to browse and annotate phylogenic trees. This program suite is named TPMS (Tree Pattern Matching Suite). It browses and annotates trees with several algorithms. The first of them, tpms_query consists in querying collections using a dedicated formalism. This allows to: Detect horizontal transfers If, in a gene tree, a species is nested in a monophyletic group of unrelated species, one can infer this is a horizontal transfer, if this organisms are prokaryotic (also concerning some unicellular eukaryotes). Orthology detection: if a part of a gene tree exactly matches to the species tree, one can suppose these genes are set of orthologues. Validating known phylogenies: when controversy exists concerning the species tree, it is possible to query a lange collection of gene trees to perform a count of families matching to each hypothesis. Another program allows to perform parallel operations on all the trees, such as automating rooting of trees via different criterions. It also allows an automatic detection of incongruencies. The thesis introduces the context, different algorithms which the programs are based on, and several using performed with it

La lecture de phrases évoquant un contexte émotionnel engendre un modèle mental de situation émotionnel. Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier les conséquences électrophysiologiques et comportementales de la détection d’une expression faciale émotionnelle ne correspondant pas à l’attente créée par un modèle de situation émotionnel. Nous avons également étudié la manière dont l’empathie autoévaluée (à l’aide du questionnaire EQ ; Baron-Cohen et Wheelwright, 2004) pouvait affecter la manière dont cette incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle était traitée. Les résultats comportementaux ont montré, chez 32 participants, que l’incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle est plus difficile à détecter que la congruité pragmatique émotionnelle (plus d’erreurs de reconnaissance et des temps de réponses allongés). L’allongement des temps de réponses en condition incongrue était d’autant plus grand que les habiletés sociales (mesurées à l’aide du questionnaire EQ) des participants étaient faibles. Les potentiels évoqués neuroélectriques affectés par l’incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle étaient la N400, la LPN et, de manière marginale, la P300. L’activité neuroélectrique évoquée dans la fenêtre temporelle de la N400 n’était pas affectée de la même manière par l’incongruité émotionnelle, selon le score à la sous-échelle EQ d’empathie cognitive des participants. Enfin, nous avons testé si les patients schizophrènes pouvaient valider les prérequis nécessaires au traitement de l’incongruité pragmatique émotionnelle (effectuer une simulation émotionnelle et catégoriser une expression faciale émotionnelle). D’après nos résultats, ces prérequis peuvent être remplis, même s’ils semblent affectés par la pathologie, en particulier en ce qui concerne la catégorisation des visages neutres. En conclusion, cette thèse a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la détection de l’incongruité émotionnelle et de mettre en valeur son importance sociale. / Reading sentences setting up an emotional context generates a mental model of the emotional situation. The aim of this thesis was to study the electrophysiological and behavioral consequences of the detection of an emotional facial expression that does not match the expectancy created by an emotional situation model. We have also studied how self-reported empathy (measured with the EQ, Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004) could affect the way this pragmatic emotional incongruence was processed. Behavioral results among 32 participants evidenced that pragmatic emotional incongruence was harder to detect that pragmatic emotional congruence (more recognition errors, longer response times). Response times increased with decrease in the social skills (subscale score at the EQ questionnaire). The neuroelectrical event-related potentials affected by pragmatic emotional incongruence were the N400, the LPN and, marginally, the P300. The neuroelectrical evoked activity in the N400 time window was modulated by participants’ score at the cognitive empathy EQ scale. Finally, we checked if schizophrenic patients could validate prerequisites needed in order to process pragmatic emotional incongruence (perform an emotional simulation and categorize an emotional facial expression). According to our results, these prerequisites could be filled, even if they appear to be affected by the pathology, in particular as regards the categorization of neutral faces. To conclude, this thesis improved our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of emotional incongruence detection and underlies its social importance.

<p>I use morphological, vocal, molecular, behavioural, ecological and distributional data to re-evaluate the systematics of three passerine bird groups, the <i>Mirafraassamica </i>complex (bush-larks), the genus <i>Seicercus</i> ("spectacled-warblers"; with emphasis on the the <i>S. burkii</i> complex) and the genus <i>Motacilla</i> (wagtails). Two new species are described: <i>Seicercus soror</i> and <i>Motacilla samveasnae</i>. I propose that the polytypic species <i>M. assamica</i> should be treated as four separate species: <i>M. assamica</i>, <i>M. affinis</i>, <i>M. microptera</i> and <i>M. marionae</i> (it is also remarked that the proper name of the latter is <i>M. erythrocephala</i>). That is primarily supported by vocalisations and mitochondrial DNA. The latter data set also suggests that <i>M. assamica</i> sensu lato is paraphyletic, since <i>M. erythroptera</i>, which is always treated as a separate species, is nested within the <i>M. assamica</i> complex. I propose that the polytypic species <i>S. burkii</i> comprises six sibling species. Some of these are found to breed sympatrically, although mainly or entirely segregated altitudinally. Mitochondrial DNA suggests that the <i>S. burkii</i> complex is non-monophyletic, and also that the divergence of the different taxa is much older than indicated by morphological and vocal data. According to the molecular phylogeny, both the genera <i>Seicercus</i> and its assumed sister genus <i>Phylloscopus</i> are paraphyletic. That is corroborated by independent data. The phylogenetic study of the genus <i>Motacilla</i> reveals incongruence between mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA and non-molecular data. I conclude that the nuclear gene tree reflects the organismal phylogeny more faithfully than the mitochondrial gene tree. The latter is likely to have been affected by introgressive hybridisation, possibly also stochastic lineage sorting. The most remarkable result that is strongly supported by both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is that <i>M. flava</i> is non-monophyletic.</p>

I use morphological, vocal, molecular, behavioural, ecological and distributional data to re-evaluate the systematics of three passerine bird groups, the Mirafraassamica complex (bush-larks), the genus Seicercus ("spectacled-warblers"; with emphasis on the the S. burkii complex) and the genus Motacilla (wagtails). Two new species are described: Seicercus soror and Motacilla samveasnae. I propose that the polytypic species M. assamica should be treated as four separate species: M. assamica, M. affinis, M. microptera and M. marionae (it is also remarked that the proper name of the latter is M. erythrocephala). That is primarily supported by vocalisations and mitochondrial DNA. The latter data set also suggests that M. assamica sensu lato is paraphyletic, since M. erythroptera, which is always treated as a separate species, is nested within the M. assamica complex. I propose that the polytypic species S. burkii comprises six sibling species. Some of these are found to breed sympatrically, although mainly or entirely segregated altitudinally. Mitochondrial DNA suggests that the S. burkii complex is non-monophyletic, and also that the divergence of the different taxa is much older than indicated by morphological and vocal data. According to the molecular phylogeny, both the genera Seicercus and its assumed sister genus Phylloscopus are paraphyletic. That is corroborated by independent data. The phylogenetic study of the genus Motacilla reveals incongruence between mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA and non-molecular data. I conclude that the nuclear gene tree reflects the organismal phylogeny more faithfully than the mitochondrial gene tree. The latter is likely to have been affected by introgressive hybridisation, possibly also stochastic lineage sorting. The most remarkable result that is strongly supported by both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is that M. flava is non-monophyletic.

Einleitung: Die Ellbogengelenkdysplasie (ED) stellt eine der häufigsten Lahmheitsursachen bei jungen Hunden mittelgroßer und großer Rassen dar. Dabei wird der radioulnaren Inkongruenz eine maßgebliche Rolle in der Pathogenese zugesprochen. GUILLOU und Mitarbeiter (2011) konnten zeigen, dass eine axiale radioulnare Translation von bis zu 1 mm in gesunden kaninen Ellbogengelenken in vivo auftritt. Auf dieser Basis entstand die Hypothese einer vermehrten radioulnaren Beweglichkeit in dysplastischen Gelenken, die zu einer dynamischen Inkongruenz führen könnte, da ca. 40 % der Patienten keine messbare Stufe aufweisen. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel der Studie war der Vergleich der dynamischen radioulnaren Inkongruenz bei orthopädisch gesunden und dysplastischen Hunden in vivo. Material und Methoden: Sieben dysplastische Ellbogengelenke von sechs Hunden und sechs orthopädisch gesunde Ellbogengelenke von fünf Hunden sind in die Studie eingegangen. Alle Probanden der ED Gruppe zeigten einen fragmentierten Processus coronoideus medialis ulnae. Nach Implantation von jeweils mindestens drei Markern in Humerus, Radius und Ulna erfolgte die biplanare, fluoroskopische Untersuchung der Gelenke, während die Hunde im Schritt auf einem Laufband geführt wurden. Die gewonnenen Röntgenvideoaufnahmen wurden aufgearbeitet und die gemessene Bewegung der Marker auf rekonstruierte dreidimensionale Knochenmodelle jedes Probanden übertragen. Alle Animationen wurden visuell beurteilt und anschließend die relative radioulnare und humeroulnare Bewegung an den animierten Knochenmodellen gemessen und als Translation in Millimeter und Rotation in Grad angegeben. Weiterhin wurden die Kontaktflächenmuster für die ulnare Gelenkfläche in dysplastischen und gesunden Gelenken bestimmt und gegeneinander visuell verglichen. Ergebnisse: Für die relative radioulnare Translation konnten in der Kontrollgruppe 0,7 mm und in der ED Gruppe 0,5 mm gemessen werden. Beide Werte unterschieden sich nicht signifikant voneinander (P= 0,2092; Konfidenzintervall -0,6 – 0,2). Die relative humeroulnare Rotation lag in der Kontrollgruppe bei 2,9 Grad und in der ED Gruppe bei 5,3 Grad. Damit lag ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen beiden Gruppen vor (P= 0,0229; Konfidenzintervall 0,4 – 4,4). Die Kontaktflächenmuster zeigten in der Kontrollgruppe, während der dargestellten Fußungsphase, eine homogene Verteilung des Kontaktes über das gesamte mediale Koronoid. Hingegen konnte in dysplastischen Gelenken eine Reduktion des Kontaktes im kraniolateralen Anteil des Koronoids beobachtet werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die radioulnare Bewegung zeigt zwischen gesunden und dysplastischen Gelenken keinen signifikanten Unterschied auf. Die Hypothese einer ausgeprägten Translation zwischen Radius und Ulna in Gelenken erkrankter Hunde, die während der Bewegung zu einer dynamischen RUI führt kann damit widerlegt werden. Allerdings zeigt der Humerus in dysplastischen Gelenken eine vermehrte Rotationsbewegung, die zu einer Verlagerung der Trochlea humeri gegen den medialen Kronfortsatz führt. Dieser visuell und quantitativ erfasste Effekt spiegelt sich auch in den Kontaktflächenmustern wieder. Da Pathologien im Sinne des FPC typischerweise im Bereich des dargestellten, konzentrierten Kontaktes auftreten, ist davon auszugehen, dass es durch die humerale Rotation zu einer vermehrten Belastung des Koronoids kommt, welche zur Fragmentation des Kronfortsatzes führen kann. Die Ursache dieser vermehrten Bewegung ist derzeit nicht bekannt. Möglicherweise spielen Weichteilpathologien eine Rolle, ähnlich der Pathogenese der Hüftgelenksdysplasie. Neben der bereits bekannten und beschriebenen statischen RUI scheint die Rotationsinstabilität des Humerus eine entscheidende Rolle in der Pathogenese der ED zu spielen, insbesondere in kongruent erscheinenden Gelenken. / Introduction: Elbow dysplasia (ED) is one of the most frequent reasons for forelimb lameness especially in young large breed dogs. Radio-ulnar incongruence is discussed to be one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of ED. GUILLOU et al. (2011) described an axial translation between the radius and the ulna up to 1 mm in sound canine elbow joints in vivo. Based on this study we developed the hypothesis that pronounced radio-ulnar movement in dysplastic joints leads to a dynamic radio-ulnar incongruence. This dynamic incongruence might explain why 40 % of dysplastic dogs show no measurable step formation. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the dynamic radio-ulnar incongruence in sound and dysplastic dogs in vivo. Material and Methods: Seven dysplastic joints in six dogs and six sound joints in five dogs were evaluated. All dysplastic joints showed a fragmented coronoid process and a radio-ulnar incongruence and cartilage lesions on the ulnar and humeral joint surface in a varying degree. A minimum of three Tantalum markers were implanted into the Humerus, Radius and Ulna each. Afterwards biplanar fluoroscopic gait analysis was performed while the dogs were walking on a treadmill. Gained marker movement was transferred onto reconstructed three dimensional CT bone models of each dog. The 3D animations were visually assessed and relative movement between the radius and ulna as well as between the humerus and ulna was measured and expressed as translation (millimeter) and rotation (degree). Further the joint contact patterns of the ulnar joint surface were determined for all dysplastic and sound joints and visually compared to each other. Results: Relative radio-ulnar translation was 0.7 mm in sound joints and 0.5 mm in dysplastic joints. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P= 0.2092; convidence interval -0.6 to 0.2). A significant difference between the dysplastic and the sound group was present in the relative humeral rotation (P= 0.0229; convidence interval 0.4 to 4.4). Humeral rotation relative to the ulna was 2.9 degree in sound and 5.3 degree in dysplastic joints. Humero-ulnar contact at the medial coronoid process was evenly distributed over the medial coronoid process in control elbows, while contact area in dysplastic elbows was reduced and shifted to the lateral aspect of the medial coronoid process Conclusion: Radio-ulnar movement is not significantly different between dysplastic and sound elbow joints. So the hypothesis of a pronounced axial translation between the radius and the ulna in dysplastic joints, leading to dynamic RUI can be neglected. However the humerus shows a significantly pronounced rotational movement in dysplastic joints compared to sound elbows. The trochlea humeri moves towards cranio-lateral and hits the medial coronoid process at its cranio-lateral aspect. The effect of this rotational movement can be shown in the joint contact patterns of the ulnar joint surface. Contact is shifted towards the tip and the lateral aspect of the coronoid process. In that area fragmentation of the medial coronoid process is typically observed. It seems that rotation of the humerus relative to the ulna leads to reduced contact and mechanical overload of the coronoid process. The cause of this increased rotational movement remains unknown. Maybe the documented movement could be interpreted as joint instability similar to the pathogenesis of hip dysplasia in which soft tissue laxity results in joint instability and degenerative joint disease. Besides the already described static radio-ulnar incongruence humeral rotational instability seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of elbow dysplasia, especially in congruent joints.

The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of coherence in the corporate branding process. Specifically, this thesis defines and develops the concept of corporate brand coherency (CBC) using four antecedents and four dimensions, and investigates the effects of incongruence based on the advertising antecedent by manipulating ad-brand congruence. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), the research tests whether two-sided messages aid the resolution of incongruence following central route processing and whether greater number of arguments could act as a peripheral cue. Accordingly, a conceptual model was developed to test the effects of ad-brand congruence, message sidedness and argument quantity on corporate credibility, attention and elaboration, attitude towards the ad and attitude towards the corporate brand. To empirically test this model an online experiment (using a 3x2x2 between-subjects factorial design) was conducted, where subjects were exposed to a modified print advertisement for a grocery store. A total of 528 responses were collected from New Zealand Internet users. Two- and three-way ANCOVAs as well as path analysis was used to analyse the hypothesised relationships. The results indicate support for CBC, as it was found that congruence led to positive evaluations and higher corporate credibility. Two-sided messages were not found to be effective in reducing the negative effect of incongruence. Instead, two-sided messages led to less favourable evaluations of incongruence. Regardless of the incongruence, the results show that two-sided messages did not lead to positive evaluations, while an increased number of arguments did lead to more favourable attitudes. Overall, the findings show the ELM is not applicable to explain consumers’ responses to incongruence, as incongruence was not found to affect message processing. Additionally, there was no support that message sidedness and argument quantity, respectively, acted as central and peripheral cues. Furthermore, findings indicate that incongruity in advertising can lead to positive evaluations when consumers have a negative prior brand attitude. The theoretical and managerial implications as well as directions for future research based on these findings are discussed.

Zielstellung: Bei der Frage, ob die Durchführung von Korrekturosteotomien zur Ent-lastung betroffener Areale bei Hunden mit ED sinnvoll ist, erscheint es uns von zentraler Bedeutung, auch eine geringgradig ausgeprägte RUI präzise zu bestim-men. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden deshalb folgende Ziele verfolgt: (1) Evaluie-rung der Sensitivität und Spezifität der Bestimmung von radioulnaren Gelenks-formationen anhand von dreidimensionalen CT-Modellen und der Arthroskopie. (2) Erweiterung des Untersuchungsgutes, da im Gegensatz zu vorangegangenen Stu-dien sowohl Inkongruenzen mit verkürztem Radius (positive RUI) als auch mit ver-kürzter Ulna (negative RUI) einbezogen wurden. Material und Methode: In das Untersuchungsgut gingen Vordergliedmaßen gesun-der Hunde mittelgroßer und großer Rassen ein. Mit Hilfe eines etablierten Modells wurde experimentell der Radius stufenweise um 1 und 2 mm verkürzt, bzw. verlän-gert. In der ersten Studie wurden 64 radioulnare Gelenksformationen anhand von dreidimensional rekonstruierter CT-Modelle untersucht. In der zweiten Studie wurden 72 radioulnare Gelenksformationen arthroskopisch beurteilt. Die Art der Stufe und ih-re Reihenfolge waren jeweils randomisiert und geblindet. Die Gelenksformationen wurden als -2, -1, 0, 1 und 2 mm Stufe klassifiziert. Ergebnisse: Für die Bestimmung der radioulnaren Gelenksformation anhand von dreidimensional rekonstruierter CT-Modelle konnte ein Interklassen-Korrelations-koeffizient von 0,87 und ein Intraklassen-Korrelationskoeffizient von 0,96 ermittelt werden. Die mediane Sensitivität im Hinblick auf das Erkennen eines inkongruenten Gelenkes lag bei 0,86 (0,82 - 0,98). Die mediane Spezifität bei 0,77 (0,62 - 0,92). Bei der Arthroskopie konnte ein kongruentes Gelenk mit einer Sensitivität von 0,98 (95% KI: 0,90 - 0,99) bestimmt werden. Die Spezifität ein kongruentes Gelenke richtig zu diagnostizieren, lag bei 0,89 (95% KI: 0,65 – 0,98). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Abweichungen zwischen den drei Untersuchern in der ersten Studie legen nahe, dass die Genauigkeit der Bestimmung von radioulnaren Inkongruenzen durch entsprechendes Training deutlich verbessert werden können. Die besten Ergebnisse konnte der Untersucher erzielen, der sich am längsten mit der beschriebenen Technik befasst hatte. Wir postulieren daher, dass die Genauigkeit der semiquantitativen Beurteilung der RUI anhand dreidimensional rekonstruierter CT-Modelle bei regelmäßiger Schulung zunimmt. Dieses Diagnostikum ist in-vitro präzise, wiederholbar und ermöglicht eine nicht invasive Beurteilung der subchondra-len Gelenkflächen. Die Arthroskopie erlaubt eine direkte Visualisierung und Palpation der intraartiku-lären Strukturen und eine präzise Bestimmung sowohl einer positiven als auch negativen RUI. Festzuhalten bleibt, dass es eine minimal invasive Technik ist und sich somit als Standard- beziehungsweise Vorsorgeuntersuchung zur Diagnostik der ED beim Hund kaum eignet. Im Vergleich zu Röntgen- und CT-Untersuchungen kön-nen mittels Arthroskopie jedoch die besten Ergebnisse zur Bestimmung der radio-ulnaren Gelenksformation in-vitro erzielt werden.