Ce travail de thèse aborde le problème de l'alignement d'images 2D obtenues en tomographie électronique dans la perspective d'une reconstruction tridimensionnelle et la détection des ribosomes à partir de l'objet reconstruit. Une méthode d'optimisation globale est proposée pour minimiser un coût qui permet d'effectuer l'alignement 3D et la reconstruction de manière conjointe. La thèse traite également le problème de la segmentation des images 3D reconstruites avec une méthode de classification probabiliste. Cependant, la nature des images de cryo-tomographie révèle des problèmes de bruit et de contraste. Deux méthodes de filtrage 3D ont été proposées comme prétraitement du processus de segmentation. La première méthode est basée sur l'intégration fractionnaire. La seconde est basée sur l'analyse multi-fractale. L'institut de recherche biomédicale IGBMC de Strasbourg a fourni les images de projection utilisées dans cette thèse. / This thesis deals with the problem of the alignment of 2D images obtained by transmission electron microscopy in the perspective of a three-dimensional reconstruction and the detection of ribosomes from the reconstructed object. A global optimization method is proposed to minimize a cost that allows the 3D alignment and reconstruction to be carried out jointly. The thesis also deals with the problem of segmentation of reconstructed 3D images with a probabilistic classification method. However, the nature of cryo-tomography images reveals noise and contrast problems. For this reason, two methods of 3D filtering have been proposed as pre-processing of segmentation, one is based on fractional integration, and the other on a multi-fractal analysis. The institute of biomedical research IGBMC in Strasbourg provides the projection images used in this thesis.

Det problem som denna studie fokuserar på är den påverkan Open AI:s nya version av chattboten ChatGPT har på högskoleutbildningen. ChatGPT har fått en enorm spridning bland inte minst universitets- och högskolestudenter och snabbt skapat osäkerhet bland landets utbildningsanordnare. Samtidigt som verktyget ökar möjligheter för inlärning och motivation i studielivet, bidrar det till att minska tröskeln för fusk och plagiarism. Detta ställer krav på lärare att för att ta tillvara möjligheter och minimera risker se över sina undervisnings- och examinationsmetoder. Frågeställningen som valts är: “Hur påverkar ChatGPT den svenska universitets- och högskoleutbildningen sett från lärares perspektiv?”. Metoderna som tillämpades är kvalitativ strategi i form av fenomenologi, som till sin natur är djup och detaljerad. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med videokonferensteknik och analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. En utforskande urvalsstrategi användes där åtta kursansvariga högskolelärare från sju svenska lärosäten valdes ut slumpmässigt. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare tycker sig se samt förutspå en påverkan på universitets-och högskoleutbildningen orsakad av ChatGPT. Synen på hur ChatGPT:s påverkan ser ut samt hur möjligheter tas tillvara och hur risker minimeras varierar väldigt mycket. Lärarna uttrycker oroskänslor kopplade till bristande information kring ämnet och önskar tydligare vägledning från skolledningen. Slutsatsen är att ChatGPT:s existens redan har och kommer att påverka den svenska universitets- och högskoleutbildningen på flera vis. Studien visar att det behövs åtgärder på institutionerna för att vidareutbilda lärarna, implementera ChatGPT i undervisningen, lära studenterna använda ChatGPT på rätt sätt samt ändra examinationsrutiner för att förhindra fusk. Möjligheter som användandet av ChatGPT kommer leda till är ökad jämlikhet, effektivare drift samt kvalitetshöjningar av utbildningar. Riskerna består av att studenternas kritiska tänkande och problemlösningsförmåga kan minska och att bekvämligheten med ChatGPT riskerar att göra studenterna lata samt att fusket kan öka. Lärarnas och skolledningarnas kompetens och förmåga att anpassa sin undervisning kommer att avgöra om generativ AI som ChatGPT kommer att höja eller sänka kvaliteten i högre utbildning. / The problem this study focuses on is the impact Open AI's new version of the chatbot ChatGPT has on higher education. ChatGPT has gained enormous popularity among not least university and college students and quickly created uncertainty among the country's education providers. While the tool increases opportunities for learning and motivation in student life, it helps to reduce the threshold for cheating and plagiarism. This places demands on teachers to review their teaching and examination methods in order to take advantage of opportunities and minimize risks. The chosen question is “How does ChatGPT affect Swedish university and college education from a teacher's perspective?. The methods applied are qualitative strategy in the form of phenomenology, which by its nature is deep and detailed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using video conferencing technology and analyzed using a thematic analysis. An exploratory selection strategy was used, where eight course-responsible college teachers from seven Swedish universities were randomly selected. The result shows that all teachers think they see and predict an impact on university and college education caused by ChatGPT. The view of how ChatGPT's impact looks like and how opportunities are taken advantage of and how risks are minimized vary greatly. The teachers express concerns linked to a lack of information about the subject and wish for clearer guidance from the school management. The conclusion is that ChatGPT's existence has already and will affect Swedish university and college education in several ways. The study shows that measures are needed at the institutions to further train the teachers, implement ChatGPT in teaching, teach students to use ChatGPT correctly and change examination routines to prevent cheating. Possibilities that the use of ChatGPT will lead to are increased equality, more efficient operation and quality increases in education. The risks are that students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills may decrease and that the convenience of ChatGPT risks making students lazy and that cheating may increase. The competence and ability of teachers and school leaders to adapt their teaching will determine whether generative AI such as ChatGPT will raise or lower quality in higher education.

Studien fokuserar på att identifiera utmaningar och lösningar för hantering av hyresgästernas avfallhos fastighetsägaren, Rikshem. Arbetet att identifiera och undersöka Rikshems utmaningar medavfallshantering på nationell nivå baserades på intervjuer med olika medarbetare i bolaget samtundersökning av kostnader och andra interna dokument. Tre utmaningar identifierades: felsortering,översopor samt nedskräpning och dumpning av grovavfall. Orsakerna och konsekvenserna till dessautmaningar sammanställdes. Intervjuerna med andra fastighetsägare bekräftades utmaningarna somåterkommande hos fastighetsägare i vissa av deras områden. I syfte att lösa dessa problem identifierades olika lösningar från intervjuerna och delades upp ipraktiska och strategiska lösningar med hjälp av tematisk analys. Lösningarna undersöktes senareutifrån Rikshem hållbarhetskompass. De strategiska lösningarna som att ta fram mål och vision samtsammanställa kostnader rekommenderades att utföras på bolagsnivå. De praktiska lösningarnainkluderar bland annat olika former av miljöhus, tekniska lösningar i form av TV-skärmar, sensoreroch kärlpress, alternativ för grovsoprum, personlig service och nudging. Dessa lösningar måstedäremot undersökas vidare då de utförs utifrån varje områdes enskilda förutsättningar och behov. / The study focuses on identifying challenges and solutions for managing tenants' waste living inRikshem’s houses. The work to identify and investigate Rikshem's challenges with waste managementat the national level was based on interviews with various employees in the company as well as anexamination of other internal documents. Three challenges were identified: incorrect sorting,overloaded waste containers and dumping of bulky waste. The causes and consequences of thesechallenges were compiled. The interviews with other property owners confirmed that these challengesrecur with other property owners. In order to solve these problems, different solutions from the interviews were identified and dividedinto practical and strategic solutions using thematic analysis. The solutions were later examined basedon Rikshem's sustainability compass. The strategic solutions such as developing goals and vision andcompiling costs were recommended to be carried out at a company level. The practical solutionsinclude various forms of environmental houses, technical solutions in the form of TV screens, sensorsand container-press, alternatives for bulky waste rooms, personal service and nudging. Thesesolutions, on the other hand, must be further investigated as they would be carried out on the basis ofeach area's individual conditions and needs.Keyword

Arbetets utgångspunkt är att förändra den traditionella synen på matematiska felsvar samt lärarens återkoppling vid felsvar. Genom en systematisk kvalitativ litteraturstudie syftar denna studie att visa vilken roll muntlig återkoppling och felaktiga svar har för att utveckla elevers matematiska prestationer. Studien syftar också till att ge matematiklärare användbara verktyg för att dra fördel av denna roll och skapa en god lärandemiljö. Studiens resultat presenteras i två avsnitt. Det första avsnittet belyser felsvar positiva roll samt återkopplingen på elevernas matematiska prestationer. Det andra avsnittet ger användbara verktyg för att dra nytta av den positiva roll som återkoppling har. Denna studie drar slutsatsen att lärare, för att skapa en god lärandemiljö, bör ge elever återkoppling med glädje och på så vis inleda konstruktiva diskussioner. Lärare skapar således ett positivt klassrumsklimat där felsvar är välkomna. / This study aims to alter students’ stereotypical views of incorrect answers and teachers’ feedback on them. By conducting a systematic qualitative literature review, this study demonstrates the role of verbal feedback and incorrect answers in students’ development of their learning abilities. It also aims to equip mathematics teachers with the required tools for creating a positive learning environment. The study’s findings are presented in two sections: The first section highlights the positive impact of errors and feedback on the mathematical performance of students. The second section provides tools for the effective delivery of positive feedback. The study concludes that, to create a positive learning environment, teachers should know how to use verbal feedback (response) positively and spark constructive discussions in mathematics classrooms. Thus, teachers create a positive classroom climate in which incorrect answers are welcome.

臺灣光復初期，政府受限於人力、物力，並未重新實施地籍測量，即沿用日治時期既有之地籍圖冊辦理地籍管理，惟歷年來既存圖簿面積不符之課題，今日為民眾所放大檢視，其衍生之疑義已持續擴張、浮現；而因應現實環境之需所制定的法規，於時、空間的變遷及人民產權意識的高漲，亦日趨模糊，致難以適從。 本文同時就圖解複丈辦理之疑義及更正登記遭遇之課題等考量，由臺灣地籍的演進，先行釐清面積不符之肇因，次就錯誤型態的認定以及補償制度的研擬，而為處理程序之建構，最後經由實務上之個案分析進一步研擬對策，並律定標準作業程序；另針對地籍測量實施規則第232條規定之測量錯誤更正沿革加以深論，並歸納研究結果，提出修法建議，以化解民眾的質疑及不信任。 經研究發現，既存面積不符之錯誤，於複丈或重測前難以先行釐正，乃因現行更正規定未臻明確，恐有逾越法律授權範圍。故由處理程序之建構，得以對其錯誤型態之認定能有所區分，並從補償面向的先行考量，以減少事後賠償之紛爭。另外，除循修法方向強化現行更正規定之意涵外，經由標準化作業程序之律定，至少可達至程序正當性的要求，使類似情事得以按部就班順利進行，不再各自摸索自謀解決，避免其他問題衍生。 / At the early period after Taiwan Restoration, due to the limited human resource and material resource, Taiwan government implemented cadastral management based on the cadastral maps produced during Japanese colonization rather than carry out new cadastral surveys. The issue of existed incorrect land area has been magnified today, and the extended doubts constantly emerged. Regulation, which should be made by real need, becomes blurred and hard to follow as temporal and spatial changes and property rights rises. This paper discusses the doubts of land revision with digitalized map and the registration corrections. First, clarify the causes of incorrect land area through the cadastral maps revolution, and then construct process procedures based on the identification of land error type and development of compensation system. Finally, create standard process procedures through real case analysis. Moreover, to reduce public doubts and distrust as well as to avoid go to law easily, this article deals with the past history of corrections of cadastral survey on Article 232 Directions for Implementation of Cadastral Survey, and conclude research results and propose suggestions for amendments to relative articles. The results show that the existed incorrect land area is hardly to correct before cadastral resurveys because of the unclear regulations of corrections. However, land error type can be identified by applying process procedures. It is suggested to put compensation on priority consideration to decrease possible disputes. In addition, except for strengthen current regulation by law modification; the creation of process procedure could at least achieve legitimacy. The similar cases can follow it step by step and avoid extended problems.

Clefts of orofacial komplex are the most common birth development defects. One of them is Pierre Robin sequence, which is characterized by presence of micrognathia, glossoptosis and upper airway obstruction. Because of these symptoms, isolated cleft palate "U" or "V" shaped can be part of the diagnose. Other clinical manifestations are feeding difficulties, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and / or gastroesophageal reflux disease. The aim of the treatment is to secure the airway and the child's thriving after birth by using conservative or invasive treatment methods. Choosing of methods and procedures should be established by multidisciplinary cooperation. The other part of diploma thesis is trying to find out, which clinical manifestation are the most common in patients from the Czech Republic compare to foreign patients and the differences in management of the treatment. Furthermore we are trying to investigate, whether there is higher percentage of patients with delayed neuromotor development among PRS patients, which are under physical therapy. The last part is trying to find out the relationship between the poor posture and PRS diagnose in children age 4 - 6 years.

Introduction: Une respiration buccale est souvent associée à une faible musculature oro-faciale et à une position basse de la langue, pouvant mener aux malocclusions et au potentiel de développer des problèmes de respiration pendant le sommeil chez les enfants. Objectifs: Évaluer l’efficacité de la thérapie oro-faciale myofonctionnelle sur le rétablissement d’une déglutition physiologique et d’une respiration nasale en développant une posture linguale et labiale normale au repos. Méthodes: Cette étude contrôlée randomisée prospective à simple aveugle a évalué 37 patients (six à quatorze ans) divisés en deux groupes où un groupe a reçu une thérapie complète (7 séances), comprenant des exercices pour la correction du patron de déglutition et de la posture linguale, et l’autre groupe a reçu une thérapie sommaire, corrigeant seulement la posture linguale (3 séances). Des suivis à trois mois et à un an post-traitement ont été effectués pour les deux groupes. Résultats: Les résultats des deux traitements, soient la thérapie complète et la thérapie sommaire, sont similaires (p = 0.59) et également efficaces pour la correction de la déglutition atypique et le rétablissement d’une respiration nasale, avec une différence significative entre les évaluations avant et après traitement (p = 0.001), qui demeure stable après un an post-traitement. Conclusion: Le traitement avec des exercices spécifiques pour une correction d’une propulsion linguale ne serait pas une composante absolue d’une thérapie oro-faciale myofonctionnelle afin de rétablir une posture linguale adéquate au repos et un patron de respiration nasale chez les enfants n’ayant pas d’autre problème fonctionnel connu. / Introduction: Mouth breathing is often associated with a weak orofacial musculature and a low resting tongue position, leading to malocclusion and potentially sleep-disordered breathing in children. Objective: To evaluate the effect of orofacial myofunctional therapy on the reestablishment of a mature pattern of swallowing and nasal breathing by stabilizing a proper position of the tongue and lips at rest. Methods: This prospective randomized single-blind controlled study evaluated 37 patients (age six to fourteen years) divided into two groups who received either a complete orofacial myofunctional therapy (7 sessions) including swallowing pattern and tongue posture, or a simplified therapy modifying their tongue posture (3 sessions). Both groups were seen at three months and one year following treatment completion. Results: Results suggested that treatment outcomes were similar when treating tongue-lip posture at rest along with tongue thrust, and treating without addressing tongue thrust (p = 0.59). Both treatments were efficacious as there was a significant difference between the pre- and post- evaluations for both groups (p < 0.001), and these differences remained stable at the one year follow-up. Conclusion: Treating a tongue thrust habit with specific related exercises, may not be a necessary component of an orofacial myofunctional therapy to reestablish tongue posture at rest and nasal breathing in children with no other functional problems.

L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato. L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante. La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico. / The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.