Yes / Despite a growing literature, the relationship between financing constraints (FC), intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and firm innovation remains unclear within the transitional country context. Drawing on endogenous growth theory and extending the Gorodnichenko and Schnitzer (2013) framework, we hypothesize that in addition to firm-specific factors, country-level variables manifested within FC hamper incremental innovation, albeit in varying degrees due to industry heterogeneity. Secondly, as opposed to previous studies that solely focus on FC affecting firm innovation, we propose that due to resource constraints, firms in transition economies tend to follow an imitational innovation strategy, and therefore, from this perspective, IPR protection can be crucial for firm-level innovation within those economies. Using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) consisting of information for about 21,960 firms from 27 Eastern European and Central Asian transition countries and employing a two-step probit model with endogenous regressors, we find that adverse effects of FC and IPR on firms' innovation activities are driven from within as well as between industries. Focusing on the differential impacts of FC and IPR protection across industries, we direct potential causal pathways from easing FC and optimal IPR protection to encourage firms' innovation. Based on the findings, while very strict IPR protection is detrimental to firms' product and process innovation in industries with limited resource and skill capabilities, it is nevertheless helpful for research and development (R&D) activities in industries characterised by strong R&D and IP capacities. Our results offer useful insights for policymakers to support incremental innovation as well as boost invention. IPR protection policies require to be customised to the industries and firms, since invariably tight or lax IPR enforcement can be discouraging to both incremental and radical innovation, causing all industries suffering from the same treatment.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la compréhension des aspects concurrentiels du marché de l’innovation incrémentale en France en s’appuyant sur une approche empirique. A cette fin, l’analyse porte plus particulièrement sur l’innovation incrémentale et les dynamiques concurrentielles des médicaments appelés en France « similaires ». La littérature anglophone retient les expressions « me-too » ou « follow-on » pour définir les produits pharmaceutiques à faible valeur ajoutée et qui ont des caractéristiques anatomiques, thérapeutiques et chimiques proches des molécules précédemment mises sur le marché. Le premier chapitre vise notamment l’étude sur les parts de marché des médicaments « follow-on » et le lien avec la variable stratégique définie par l’ordre d’arrivée sur le marché. Dans ce chapitre de thèse, on vérifie que les premiers follow-on d’une classe thérapeutique ont un avantage concurrentiel en ce qui concerne la capacité des capturer et de maintenir des parts de marché pendant une longue période. En outre, les parts de marché sont positivement corrélés avec l’habilité de la firme de fixer un prix supérieur au premier médicament de la classe. Cet avantage stratégique des premiers entrants est aussi intrinsèquement lié aux caractéristiques qualitatives des produits puisque nous avons pu constater que les parts de marché des médicaments sont directement corrélés avec le niveau d’innovation du produit. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse apporte des éléments sur la nature concurrentielle en termes de prix du marché de l’innovation pharmaceutique incrémentale. Deux variables dépendantes mesurant le prix ont été considérées : le prix du produit calculé en coût du traitement journalier et le prix du médicament divisé par la moyenne des prix des médicaments similaires dans la classe. Nous vérifions que les derniers entrants ont une tendance à avoir un prix inférieur aux premières molécules « follow-on ». Cela implique une caractérisation des derniers entrants ayant un moindre pouvoir de négociation avec le régulateur autour du prix, notamment en raison d’une qualité innovatrice intrinsèque plus faible. Le troisième chapitre présente une analyse empirique autour de la confrontation des deux marchés émergents et d’importance majeure pour la régulation des systèmes de santé : le marché des génériques et le marché des médicaments « follow-on ». L’analyse se concentre sur les aspects de l’intensité de la compétition dans le marché des médicaments brevetés similaires et son impact sur la pénétration des versions génériques de ces derniers. Le constat est que l’intensité de la compétition de médicaments similaires est positivement et significativement corrélée avec l’introduction des génériques. Plus de produits « follow-on » entrainerait donc une baisse encore plus importante des prix des génériques des derniers « follow-on » dans la classe thérapeutique. L’approche essentiellement empirique de cette thèse doctorale permet ainsi de mieux comprendre les déterminants et la dynamique de ce marché relativement émergent et qui suscite des nombreux débats au sein de la communauté scientifique. Enfin nous terminons par une brève conclusion générale fondé autour des résultats de cette recherche permettent d’affirmer que dans un marché régulé comme celui qui prévaut en France, l’intensité de la compétition, engendré notamment par l’arrivé sur le marché des médicaments « follow-on », peut avoir des conséquences positives sur les aspects concurrentiels du secteur du médicament...... / The dynamics of pharmaceutical markets have been constantly changing last years. The development of the so called “follow-on” or “me-too” drugs has been in the centre of a major debate concerning the ability of innovation in the health sector. These drugs are characterized by having a minor level of innovation and do not add any therapeutic value in relation to the previous drugs launched in the market. This doctoral dissertation proposes three empirical essays concerning competition aspects in the market of incremental innovation in France. The first chapter focuses on the impact of entry order on “follow-on” drugs competition in the French market between years 2001 and 2007. More precisely, this study examines the effects on market share of first entrants in the follow-on drug market and how this possible competitive advantage changes over time. Our results are coherent with theoretical microeconomic issues concerning the importance of being first. We find evidence that first movers in the follow on drug market have the ability to capture and maintain greater market share for a long period of time. The hierarchical market position of follow on drugs does not seem to be affected by generic drugs emergence. From a dynamic perspective, our analysis shows that market share is positively correlated with the ability of follow on drugs to set prices higher than the average follow-on drug price in a specific therapeutic class (ATC) which means that market power remains considerably important for first movers. Finally we found that the optimum level of innovation to maximize market share is the highest one.The second chapter examines the relationship between entry order of follow-on drugs and their prices on the French pharmaceutical market. We used a representative panel data of 1047 follow-on drug formulations distributed in 118 ATC classes set over 2001-2007. Two measures of prices were used in the econometric specifications: the absolute price and the relative price of the follow-on drugs. The former concerns simply the absolute price of the drug in daily costs and the latter is the price of the drug relative to the average price of the follow-on drugs in the class. Both prices are calculated on the basis of manufacturer prices. These different indicators give us similar results for the impact of entry order on prices but they are differently correlated with market share. Moreover, our study analyses the potential impact of several variables on prices of pharmaceutical incremental innovation such as firm size, innovation and intensity of competition. Our results suggest that big firms have more ability to negotiate higher prices and that the number of follow-on drugs in the class and the emergence of generic competition may help decrease general prices in the ATC class. We have not found any relationship between prices and innovation in the French pharmaceutical market.The third chapter investigates the potential relationship between follow-on drugs dissemination and generic drug market emergence. It explores the structural determinants of off-patented drugs development at the therapeutic class level with a focus on explanatory variables that reflect the intensity of competition amongst similar interchangeable drugs. We found that generic market growth is greater in therapeutic classes where the number of similar drugs is high and the average brand price is low. This could be due to the fact that brand name drugs reduce their prices to keep market share when generic drugs enter the market. We study also the generic to follow-on brand price ratio at the individual drug level and we found that generic prices of later follow-on drugs are closer to the price of the brand name than generics of first follow-on movers. Our results are coherent with the fact that intensity of competition in the follow-on drugs may help reduce prices not only in the patented drug markets but also in the off-patented sector.

The purpose of this study was to outline how startups shape their intellectual capital to create incremental innovation. This has manifested itself as a black-box for practitioners and it has previously been unknown if startups and established firms differentiate themselves during such a process. A comparison was also made between startups in liberal market economies and the European coordinated market economies. A pilot study was conducted initially using an in-depth interview followed by a literature review, an examination of the intellectual capital construct as used in modern research and an online survey, which was sent to 2000 startups. We contributed through our findings with implications that startups construct their intellectual capital differently than established firms to generate innovation. The startups show a significant relationship between the human capital and incremental innovation as opposed to established firms that often put an emphasis on all the three dimensions of intellectual capital. We also found that there is no significant difference between liberal market economies and European coordinated market economies output of incremental innovation. However, they do differ in terms of the importance of relational capital in the creation of incremental innovation. The relational capital is more important in liberal market economies but does not affect the output of incremental innovation. We expect it has subsequent effects on the outcome of the incremental innovation since higher levels of relational capital could be manifested as a competitive advantage.

User inertia is a real innovation adoption problem that cannot be seen or grasped. How to overcome user inertia while introducing innovation has become a key factor in today's society. Based on the background of requirements engineering, the goal of this thesis is to study and understand the relationship between user inertia and innovation adoption, including whether the type of innovation has an impact on user adoption and how to use strategies to reduce this impact. Through an online survey of 60 users and a systematic literature review of a series of articles, we have concluded the following points: RI has a greater impact on user inertia, while II has almost no impact; neither RI nor II has a significant impact on user satisfaction. Not only that, but through literature review, we have also concluded a comprehensive strategy to deal with the adoption problem caused by user inertia.

Le développement durable est la conceptualisation de la transition imposée de la Société humaine vers un modede développement soutenable pour la planète, pour trouver une solution de sortie à la crise de l’Environnement. Acet égard, l’écoconception est l’une des solutions que le monde industriel et entrepreneurial se propose de mettreen application. Elle consiste à prendre en compte les impacts environnementaux sur l’ensemble du cycle de vied’un produit (bien ou service) lors de la conception de celui-ci. L’intégration de la dimension Environnementsoulève une triple complexité : (i) celle liée à la nature multicritère de la dimension Environnement, (ii) celle liéeà la compréhension de la dimension Environnement par les acteurs de la conception de produits dont la résistancepeut être un frein à une bonne intégration, et (iii) celle liée au processus de conception et d’innovation d’un produit,spécialement dans le cas des produits complexes. Or malgré la multitude d’outils d’écoconception qui a étédéveloppée, peu de sujets de recherche s’intéressent à la prise en compte à la fois des aspects techniques etorganisationnels, lors de l’intégration de la dimension Environnement en phase d’innovation d’un produitcomplexe. Cette thèse vise donc à expérimenter, chez un constructeur d’automobiles, une stratégie d’intégrationde l’évaluation environnementale d’innovations incrémentales nommée E3PICS (Methodology of an Evolutiveintegration of the Evaluation of the Environmental Performances of Innovative Complex Sub-systems). Mise enforme par des contraintes à la fois techniques et organisationnelles, la stratégie E3PICS emploie une démarcheprogressive d’intégration d’un référentiel évolutif d’écoconception dans les processus d’ingénierie avancéed’éléments innovants qui seront raccordés à des projets de développement des véhicules. La première étape estcelle de la conception itérative du référentiel évolutif d’écoconception avec l’équipe écoconception (au sein duservice Environnement) et les pilotes d’innovations, permettant ainsi un apprentissage croisé. La deuxième étapeest celle de l’accompagnement de l’ensemble des pilotes d’innovations dans l’utilisation systématique duréférentiel d’écoconception. La troisième étape consiste à développer un outil analytique d’évaluation de l’impactd’innovations sur la recyclabilité en fin de vie des véhicules. Elle nécessite la création de modèles de véhiculesafin de contourner le manque de données sur le système complet en cours de conception et de faire une projectioncet impact. La quatrième et dernière étape concerne le développement d’un deuxième outil analytique pourl’évaluation de l’impact d’innovations sur la performance environnementale sur le cycle de vie des véhicules. Dela même manière, cet outil nécessite une méthode de développement de modèles environnementaux de véhicules ;cependant, pour les impacts environnementaux calculés sur le cycle de vie, contrairement à la recyclabilité qui estcalculée sur le véhicule en fin de vie, ces modèles sont basés sur le traitement par classification ascendantehiérarchique de résultats d’analyse de cycle de vie de véhicules. Les expérimentations ont été réalisées chez PSAPeugeot Citroën. La stratégie E3PICS a permis d’intégrer dans les processus d’innovation, l’utilisation duréférentiel d’écoconception et de systématiser son utilisation, dans l’optique d’une amélioration continue pérennedes véhicules du constructeur. / Sustainable development is the conceptualization of transition imposed from human society towards a sustainableway of development for the world to find a solution to the crisis of the Environment. In this regard, ecodesign isone of the solutions that the industrial and business world proposes to implement. It consists of taking into accountthe environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product (good or service) in the design of it. Integratingthe Environment dimension raises a triple complexity: (i) the one related to the multi-criteria nature of theEnvironment dimension, (ii) the one related to understanding the Environment dimension by actors designingproducts who may resist and be a barrier to successful integration, and (iii) the one related to process design andinnovation of a product, especially in the case of complex products. But despite the multitude of ecodesign toolsthat has been developed, few research topics are interested in taking into account both technical and organizationalaspects, while integrating environment in the innovation phase of a complex product. Therefore this thesis aims toexperiment, by a car manufacturer, an integration strategy of the environmental evaluation of incrementalinnovations, named E3PICS (Methodology of an Evolutive integration of the Evaluation of the EnvironmentalPerformances of Innovative Complex Sub-systems). Framed by constraints on the technical and organizationalconstraints, E3PICS strategy employs a progressive approach to integrate a scalable ecodesign repository inadvanced process engineering of innovative features that are connected to development projects vehicles. The firststep is the iterative design of the scalable ecodesign repository with the ecodesign team (in the EnvironmentDepartment) and innovation leaders, allowing cross learning. The second step is to accompany all the innovationleaders in the systematic use of the ecodesign repository. The third step is to develop an analytical tool for assessingthe impact of innovations on the recycling end of life vehicles. It requires the creation of models of vehicles tobypass the lack of data on the complete system under design and project impact. The fourth and final step is thedevelopment of a second analytical tool for assessing the impact of innovations on environmental performanceover the life cycle of vehicles. Similarly, the tool requires a method of developing environmental models ofvehicles; however, for environmental impacts calculated on the life cycle, unlike recyclability which is calculatedon the vehicle end of life, these models are based on the treatment by hierarchical clustering of vehicle life cycleassessment results . The experiments were performed at PSA Peugeot Citroen. The E3PICS strategy has helped tointegrate the processes of innovation using the eco-design repository and systematize its use in the context of asustainable continuous improvement of vehicle manufacturer.

As researchers found that throughout the history a common challenge for companies across different industries, when it comes to leveraging and capturing value from a technology innovation is strongly influenced by the company’s dominant business model, an established framework through which assessment takes place. The overall purpose of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of the role that company's dominant business model has on the assessment of the impact that new technology innovation, in this case, AI, will have on the company and the market on which company operates. This thesis is partially exploratory and partially descriptive with a qualitative and deductive nature. In order to answer the purpose, a research strategy of case studies was used where empirical data was collected from interviews held with 47 company’s top executives from different hierarchical levels and business units, from Sweden, Switzerland, the USA, Germany, and Finland. The theoretical framework that describes the how AI as a new technology tool is perceived from the Company X perspective, either as a radical, game changer, or an incremental innovation technology tool and examines the role that dominant business model has on this perception was created. The developed implementation framework had its foundation in previous research concerning innovation business model theories. The data that was collected from the company’s executives were then analyzed and compared to the model. The most significant findings suggest that AI as a new technology tool is perceived as a game changer, radical innovation tool for some areas within the Company X and that the company dominant business model profoundly influences this perception. / Som forskare fann att genom hela historien är en gemensam utmaning för företag inom olika branscher när det gäller att utnyttja och fånga värde från en teknologisk innovation starkt påverkad av företagets dominerande affärsmodell, en etablerad ram genom vilken bedömning sker. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att ge en djupare förståelse för den roll som företagets dominerande affärsmodell har vid bedömningen av den inverkan som ny teknik innovation, i detta fall AI, kommer att ha på företaget och marknaden där företaget driver . Denna avhandling är delvis undersökande och delvis beskrivande med kvalitativ och deduktiv natur. För att svara på målet användes en forskningsstrategi av fallstudier där empiriska data samlades in från intervjuer med 47 bolagets ledande befattningshavare från olika hierarkiska nivåer och affärsenheter, från Sverige, Schweiz, USA, Tyskland och Finland. Den teoretiska ram som beskriver hur AI som ett nytt teknikverktyg uppfattas ur företagets Xperspektiv, antingen som en radikal, spelväxlare eller ett inkrementellt innovationsteknologiprogram och undersöker den roll som dominerande affärsmodell har på denna uppfattning skapades. Den utvecklade implementeringsramen har grundat sig i tidigare forskning rörande innovationsmodellteorier. Data som samlades in från företagets chefer analyserades sedan och jämfördes med modellen. De viktigaste resultaten tyder på att AI som ett nytt teknikverktyg uppfattas som en spelväxlare, radikalt innovationsverktyg för vissa områden inom företaget X och att företagets dominerande affärsmodell påverkar denna uppfattning väsentligt.

New technology, which has emerged as a part of the new industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, is changing the reality ofmanufacturing companies. Manufacturing companies are perplexed on which technologies to adopt in their productionprocesses, and when is the right time. This can be defined as a company’s ability to prepare for the future, andespecially, for these future technological challenges. A large part of being able to adopt these technologies into theproduction processes is related to the company’s ability to be innovative in their production processes. This is known asprocess innovation. Therefore, this thesis investigates how a production unit within a manufacturing company canmanage process innovation to prepare for future technological challenges. This purpose has been achieved by conducting a single case study, where the case company’s process innovation abilitieswere assessed, and combined with necessary tools to prepare the case company for the future. The case company chosenfor this thesis was Scania. They are a world-leading manufacturer of heavy trucks, buses, and engines. The case studyfocused on one of their productions units, which produce gearboxes and axles. The data for the study was collectedthrough qualitative interviews with members of the case company. The results indicate that the case company needs toimprove their process innovation abilities in order for them to be able to adopt new technologies in their productionprocess. They need a definition of innovation, and a strategy that includes innovation so that it is prioritized andviewed as important. Furthermore, management needs to encourage innovation, and increase their level of risk-taking sothat the culture of the case company is compatible with innovation. Finally, the results show that the case companymay need to redefine or reconsider their fundamental management principle “continuous improvement” to further givepriority to innovation in their production process. Furthermore, an overview of the necessary tools for preparing for thefuture are also covered. These are trend analysis, scenario planning, benchmarking, and technological roadmap. Usingthese four tools can help the company when making strategic decisions about the implementation of new technologies. Finally, this thesis contributes to science by providing empirical research on the topic of process innovation and gives aninteresting perspective on how it can be used to prepare for the future.

Constant development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles. Time-to-market is crucial for commercial success. This development requires resources to create new knowledge and skills within organizations and together in networks with other firms. Open innovation is an alternative for developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels. Even though services is vital for economic growth and fits well with the open innovation model, there is little research on open service innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to extend knowledge on how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets in industrial networks. It also aims to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovator roles in the development from idea to commercial services. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. there is a range of organizing templates (archetypes) that fit different types of development work. Where previous research on open service innovation has focused on radical service innovation present research suggests that open service innovation also can be a strategy for incremental service innovation. Present research shows how actors take on multiple innovator roles in the innovation process of open service innovation. The more radical changes, the more roles each actor takes on. Present research add a new innovator role to previous research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position in all archetypes, but as the name implies, has no decision power. The research also sheds light on how the hub firm deploys not one but a portfolio of network orchestration processes dependent on the archetype used for open service innovation. / The development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles, time to market is crucial. Firms can no longer rely solely on internal knowledge in new product-/service development. They require external resources to create new knowledge and skills within their organizations. Developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels is labeled open innovation. Even though the open innovation model is well known and widely spread, there is little research on open service innovation. The aim of the thesis is to understand and describe how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets (groups) in industrial networks, and to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovation roles in the development of service innovations in open service innovation nets. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. It suggests that open service innovation can be a strategy not only for radical but also for incremental service innovation. The thesis also present a new innovator role to add to existing research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position as third-party facilitator catalyzing the innovation process but has no decision power.

The Front End of Innovation (FEI) is the early phase of the Product Development Process, responsible for the concept generation and an important driver of innovation success. The FEI is characterized by roles\' dynamism, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Several authors divide the FEI into other sub-phases in order to organize its activities, roles, and understand the function of each role. Despite the growing research about the FEI in recent years, there is a need for further research on the theme to better understand the dynamics and help to reduce the uncertainty in the critical concept phase. The formal processes designed for the front end are insufficient, the rules and roles are not fully described, and it is necessary to balance the interactions between the activities in the FEI to get a better-structured New Product Development - NPD - later. The main FEI models developed at the literature have discussed some key roles such marketing, engineering, customers, but they do not discussed the role of design, which is critical in creative activities which, in turn, are the nature of the new product development process. The literature also has not discussed the external integration in the FEI, that is, how the Brand Owners integrate the partners, especially the suppliers and design agencies, in this critical and uncertain phase. To tackle this issue, this research aims to examine the FEI in a dynamic industry, examining the integration of roles in an iterative process. The objective of this research is to identify the roles that play in the Front End of Innovation and the mechanisms of integration, whether internal through cross-functional teams; or external through interfirms integration. The main question that guided this research is \"What roles are involved in each FEI activity and what are the mechanism that integrate these roles in the FEI?\". This is qualitative and exploratory research, based on multiple-cases-studies. For this study, the packaging industry was selected because of its value chain in the concept phase, which has a complex set of relationships among its parties, Brand Owner, Design Agencies and Packaging Producers. The consumers buy the product by the performance of the same and also by the packaging. Packaging is considered a second product at the point of sale and a vital buying decision factor. Brand Owners understand that they need to integrate suppliers into the FEI to assist them in identifying opportunities, ideation, and conceptualization. Five brand owners were interviewed, and the FEI has been divided into five activities: Opportunity Identifications and Analysis, Idea Generation, Idea Enrichment, Idea Selection, and Concept Development. / O Front End de Inovação (FEI) é a fase inicial do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, responsável pela geração de conceitos e um importante motor de sucesso na inovação. O FEI caracteriza-se pelo dinamismo, a ambiguidade e a incerteza dos papéis. Vários autores dividem o FEI em outras subfases, a fim de organizar suas atividades, papéis e compreender a função de cada função. Apesar da crescente pesquisa sobre o FEI nos últimos anos, há necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre o assunto para entender melhor a dinâmica e ajudar a reduzir a incerteza na fase conceitual crítica. Os processos formais projetados para o front-end são insuficientes, os papéis e as regras e não são totalmente descritos e é necessário equilibrar as interações entre as atividades no FEI para obter um melhor estruturado Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos - NPD - depois. Os principais modelos de FEI desenvolvidos na literatura discutem alguns papéis fundamentais como marketing, engenharia, consumidores, mas não discutem o papel do design, crítico nas atividades criativas, que, por sua vez, são a natureza do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. A literatura também não tem discutido a integração externa no FEI, ou seja, como os clientes integram os parceiros, especialmente os fornecedores e agências de design, nesta fase crítica e incerta. Para abordar esta questão, esta pesquisa visa examinar o FEI em uma indústria dinâmica, examinando a integração de papéis em um processo iterativo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os papéis que desempenham no Front End de Inovação e os mecanismos de integração, sejam eles internos através de equipes multifuncionais; ou externos através da integração entre firmas. A principal questão que guiou esta pesquisa é \"Quais papéis estão envolvidas em cada atividade do FEI e quais são os mecanismos que integram estes papéis no FEI?\" Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, baseada em estudos de casos múltiplos. Para este estudo, o setor de embalagens foi selecionado por sua cadeia de valor na fase conceitual, que possui um conjunto complexo de relacionamentos entre suas partes, as Indústrias de Bens de Consumo, as Agências de Design e os Produtores de Embalagens. Os consumidores compram o produto pela performance do mesmo e também pela embalagem. A embalagem é considerada um segundo produto no ponto de venda e um fator de decisão de compra vital. As Indústrias de Bens de Consumo entendem que precisam integrar fornecedores no FEI para ajudá-las a identificar oportunidades, ideação e conceituação. Foram entrevistados cinco Indústrias de Bens de Consumo e o FEI foi dividido em cinco atividades: Identificações e Análises de Oportunidades, Geração de Ideias, Enriquecimento de Ideias, Seleção de Ideias e Desenvolvimento de Conceitos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 10.pdf: 5847510 bytes, checksum: 02605c560b1254f0a54a86b7e9c1963b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / No início dos anos 90, a questão das patentes farmacêuticas tornou-se um assunto polêmico na sociedade brasileira, uma vez que os países signatários da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) deveriam se alinhar às condições estabelecidas pelo agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), que demandava a obrigatoriedade da não discriminação de campos tecnológicos para patenteamento, e assim forçava seus membros a aceitar as patentes no campo farmacêutico. A promulgação da Lei nº 9.279/96 visou nacionalizar esses e outros critérios do acordo TRIPS. Após os impactos negativos decorrentes da nova legislação patentária, o setor farmacêutico foi inserido como atividade-chave para o desenvolvimento do país e passou a ser alvo de formulação de políticas e ações verticais, na tentativa de induzir maior competitividade, sustentabilidade e estimular a inovação farmacêutica nacional. O presente trabalho analisa os esforços e as estratégias que a indústria farmacêutica nacional vem adotando na geração de inovação utilizando a propriedade industrial, especificamente patente de invenção, como indicador de inovação, em um cenário de quase 20 anos após a promulgação da Lei nº 9.279/96. A partir da seleção das mais proeminentes indústrias farmacêuticas nacionais e da análise de seus pedidos de patentes, foram geradas informações relevantes quanto aos depósitos ao longo do tempo, as parcerias estabelecidas entre as indústrias farmacêuticas e outras organizações, os campos tecnológicos das reivindicações, os principais tipos de reivindicações, as classes terapêuticas relacionadas, o status dos pedidos de patente e o perfil do patenteamento realizado pelas empresas nos principais escritórios internacionais. Os resultados obtidos mostram as articulações entre a indústria e demais instituições, sobretudo públicas, a relevância das inovações incrementais para o atual estágio da P&D no setor, a importância do sistema de patentes para garantir a exclusão de concorrentes do mercado, as patentes concedidas junto ao escritório de patentes nacional e principais escritórios estrangeiros. Os resultados fazem um apanhado geral que permite chegar a conclusões acerca da geração de inovação no setor e, com isso, avaliar o resultado dos esforços governamentais para fomentar a inovação farmacêutica nacional. / In the early 90s, the issue of pharmaceutical patents had became a controversial issue in Brazilian society, since the signatory countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) should be aligned with conditions established by agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which required the obligation of non-discrimination of technological fields to patenting, and thus forced its members to accept patents in the pharmaceutical field. The enactment of Law nº 9,279/96 aimed to nationalize these and other criteria of the TRIPS agreement. After the negative impacts of the new patent law, the pharmaceutical industry was inserted as a key activity for the development of the country and has become the subject formulation of vertical policies and actions in an attempt to induce greater competitiveness, sustainability and stimulate national pharmaceutical innovation. This work analyzes the efforts and strategies that the national pharmaceutical industry has adopted in generating innovation using industrial property, in particular patent, as an indicator of innovation, in a nearly 20 year scenario after the enactment of Law nº 9,279/96. From the selection of the most prominent national pharmaceutical industries and the analysis of their patent applications, relevant information have been generated about the deposits over time, the partnerships between pharmaceutical companies and other organizations, the technological fields of the claims, the main types of claims, related therapeutic classes, the status of patent applications and the patenting profile held by companies in major international offices. The results show the links between industry and other institutions, particularly public institutions, the relevance of incremental innovations to the current state of R&D in the sector, the importance of the patent system to ensure exclusion of competitors on the market, the patents granted by the national patent office and main foreign offices. The results are an overview allowing to reach conclusions about the innovation generation in the sector and thereby assess the result of government efforts to promote national pharmaceutical innovation.