Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o Gasto Energético Basal (GEB) através da Calorimetria Indireta (CI) em pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE). Métodos: Estudo transversal com 30 pacientes internados com diagnóstico de CEE submetidos à CI antes de iniciar a terapia oncológica. A avaliação nutricional foi realizada a partir de parâmetros antropométricos (Índice de Massa Corporal, Circunferência do Braço, Dobra Cutânea Triciptal, Circunferência Muscular do Braço e Percentual de Perda de Peso), parâmetros bioquímicos (albumina, transferrina e Proteína C Reativa) e bioimpedância tetrapolar. Além disso, foram determinados a capacidade pulmonar e o estadiamento clínico. A CI foi realizada depois de uma noite de jejum. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A média do GEB pela CI foi de 1.421,8 ± 348,2 kcal e pela Equação de Harris e Benedict (EHB) de 1.310,6 ± 215,1 kcal. A EHB subestimou o GEB comparado com a CI (p= 0,014). Foi encontrada diferença significativa no GEB entre os pacientes desnutridos (1.181,7 ± 278,1 kcal) e bem nutridos (1.509,1 ± 334,1 kcal) pelo IMC (p=0,020). Pelo %PP não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o GEB dos pacientes com PP significativa e não significativa (p=0,526). Entre os pacientes que apresentavam o percentual de massa magra abaixo do esperado, foi encontrada GEB de 1.408,9 ± 364,3 kcal, enquanto que os que tinham o percentual de massa magra adequado o GEB foi de 1.538,4 ± 97,5 kcal (p=0,550). Não houve associação entre o GEB pela CI e o estadiamento (p=0,255) e o Índice de Tiffeneau (p=0,946). Na associação entre os exames laboratoriais e o GEB pela CI, não foram encontradas associações significativas entre os que tinham alteração e os que não a tinham (p= 0,364, 0,309 e 0,780, respectivamente). Conclusões: O GEB de pacientes com CEE foi subestimado pela EHB sem fator injúria e superestimado pela EHB com fator injúria de 1,3 quando comparado ao GEB medido pela CI. / Expenditure (BEE) of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus by indirect calorimetry (IC). Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 30 patients admitted with a diagnosis of SCC who underwent IC before starting cancer therapy. Nutritional assessment was conducted using anthropometric parameters (body mass index, arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference and percentage weight loss), biochemical parameters (albumin, transferrin and Creactive protein) and tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis. Additionally, lung capacity and clinical staging were determined. IC was carried out after overnight fasting. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean of the BEE for IC and Harris-Benedict equation were 1421.8 ± 348.2 kcal/day and 1310.6 ± 215.1 kcal/day, respectively. The HBE underestimated the BEE when compared with IC (p=0.014). A significant difference was found in the BEE between malnourished (1181.7 ± 278.1 kcal/day) and well-nourished (1509.1 ± 334.1 kcal/day) patients by BMI (p=0.020). In terms of percentage weight loss, no significant difference was found in BEE between patients with significant or non-significant weight loss (p=0.526). BEE for patients presenting with a lower than expected lean body mass was 1408.9 ± 364.3 kcal/day, whereas for those with an adequate lean body mass it was 1538.4 ± 97.5 kcal/day (p=0.550). No association was found between BEE measured by IC and clinical staging (p=0.255) or the Tiffeneau Index (p=0.946). Additionally, when comparing laboratory examinations with BEE measured by IC, no significant association was found between those with and those without alterations (p=0.364, 0.309 and 0.780 respectively). Conclusion: When compared to BEE measured by IC of patients with SCC, it was found that the HBE without injury factor underestimated, whereas the HBE with an injury factor of 1.3 overestimated BEE.

Objetivos: Medir o gasto e estimar a ingestão energética de adolescentes asmáticos com excesso de peso e comparar com asmáticos eutróficos e não asmáticos com excesso de peso. Metodologia: Estudo transversal incluindo 69 adolescentes de 10 a 18 anos. Foram comparados três grupos que foram pareados. Para avaliação nutricional utilizaram-se medidas antropométricas e de composição corporal. O gasto energético foi medido por calorimetria indireta e a ingestão energética estimada por inquéritos alimentares. Resultados: Cada grupo era composto por 23 adolescentes, sendo 13 do sexo masculino, com média de idade 12,39±2,40 anos. Os resultados a seguir são apresentados, respectivamente, para os grupos: asmáticos com excesso de peso; asmáticos eutróficos e não asmáticos com excesso de peso: índice de massa corporal (24,83 ± 2,73Kg/m2), (19,01 ± 2,10 Kg/m2) e (25,35 ± 3,66Kg/m2); gasto energético de repouso (GER) (1550,24±547,23Kcal/dia), (1540,82±544,22Kcal/dia) e (1697,24 ± 379,84Kcal/dia); estimativa da ingestão energética (2068,75± 516,66Kcal/dia), (2174,05± 500,55Kcal/dia) e (1673,17 ± 530,68Kcal/dia). O GER não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos, mesmo quando ajustado pela massa magra e massa gorda (f=0,186; p=0,831). Somente nos grupos dos adolescentes asmáticos, a estimativa da ingestão energética foi maior que o GER. Conclusão: O GER foi semelhante entre os grupos. A estimativa da ingestão energética dos adolescentes asmáticos foi maior que o GER. / Objectives: To measure resting energy expenditure and calculate caloric intake of asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight and compare results with those of groups of adolescents eutrophic asthmatics and no-asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 69 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years divided into three matched groups. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric and body composition measurements. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure energy expenditure; caloric intake was estimated from dietary recalls. Results: In each group, there were 23 adolescents (10 girls) aged 12.39±2.40 years. Results for each group (asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight; adolescents eutrophic asthmatics; and no-asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight) were, respectively: Body mass index = 24.83±2.73 kg/m2, 19.01±2.10 kg/m2, and 25.35±3.66 kg/m2; resting energy expenditure (REE) = 1550.24±547.23 kcal/day, 1540.82±544.22 kcal/day, and 1697.24±379.84 kcal/day; estimated caloric intake = 2068.75±516.66 kcal/day, 2174.05±500.55 kcal/day, and 1673.17±530.68 kcal/day. REE between groups was not statistically different, not even after correction for lean mass and fat mass (F=0.186; P=0.831). Estimated caloric intake was greater than REE only in the group of adolescents with asthma. Conclusion: REE was not significantly different between groups. Estimated caloric intake was greater than REE in the group of adolescents with asthma.

Vários estudos analisando a taxa de metabolismo de repouso (TMR) contribuíram com equações cuja proposta era estabelecer padrões que pudessem ser genericamente utilizadas para se estimar a TMR. A equação de Harris-Benedict (HB), permanece como o método mais comumente utilizado para estimar a TMR. Porém, em indivíduos obesos o uso de equações preditivas da TMR pode levar a resultados conflitantes. Indivíduos obesos submetidos a dietas hipocalóricas podem apresentar uma diminuição da TMR e do gasto energético total. Isto pode ser a causa da redução na velocidade da perda de peso durante o tratamento. Outros estudos mostram que a TMR, quando corrigida para a massa livre de gordura (MLG), apresenta pouca variabilidade e propõem uma correlação entre MLG e TMR. Porém ainda existem dificuldades em se afirmar ou não se a redução de massa corporal também reduz a TMR. O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a TMR de indivíduos com obesidade grau III (IMC > 40 kg/m2) do sexo feminino obtida por meio de calorimetria indireta (CI) e comparar com a TMR estimada por meio da equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual e peso ideal. Relacionar a TMR medida por CI com a composição corporal e validar a relação entre a TMR e a MLG nestes indivíduos antes e após a perda de peso. As pacientes foram internadas na Unidade Metabólica da Divisão de Nutrologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica do HCFMRP-USP, durante um período de 8 semanas. No início e no final do estudo foram realizadas: avaliação nutricional incluindo antropometria, bioimpedância e calorimetria indireta. As pacientes foram submetidas a uma dieta hipocalórica durante a internação. A TMR medida por calorimetria indireta (CI) no início e final do estudo foi de 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/dia, respectivamente (p<0,05). Quando calculado pela equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual, os valores encontrados foram 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/dia (p<0,05). Utilizando-se o peso ideal a TMR calculada foi de 1343 ± 59 kcal/dia. A TMR medida por CI foi, em média, 18 % maior que a calculada por HB pelo peso atual e 47 % maior que a calculada por HB utilizando-se o peso ideal no início do estudo. No final do estudo estes valores passaram para 1% e 30% respectivamente. Comparando-se a TMR medida por CI e calculada por HB usando peso atual tem-se, no início do estudo uma diferença significante (p<0,05) que não se repete no final do estudo (p>0,05). A TMR, quando corrigida para massa livre de gordura no início e no final do estudo foi de 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/MLG (p<0,05) respectivamente e quando corrigida para a gordura corporal (GC) foi de 33 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/GC (p<0,05) respectivamente. Os dados encontrados no presente estudo não permitem afirmar que o uso da equação de HB possa estimar a TMR de maneira confiável em indivíduos obesos grau III do sexo feminino. Porém os dados sugerem que logo após submeter esses indivíduos à dieta hipocalórica, com conseqüente perda de peso a equação de HB se torna confiável para estimar a TMR. Pacientes obesos ingerindo dieta livre deveriam ter a TMR obtida por meio da equação de HB corrigida por um fator de 20% a mais. / Studies analyzing resting energy expenditure (REE) have contributed with equations that were intended to establish a pattern that could be used generally to estimate the REE. Harris Benedict’s (HB) equation remains as the most used in estimating the REE. But in obese subjects, the use of predictive equations can lead to conflicting results. Obese individuals undergoing a hypo caloric diet may have a reduction in the REE and in the total energy expenditure. These are the most probably cause of the slowing on weight loss during the treatment. Some studies show that when the REE is relative to the fat free mass (FFM) there is less variability and their proposal is a correlation between FFM and REE. But it is difficult to confirm if a reduction in total body mass also can diminish the REE. The objective of this study was to define the REE of female subjects with grade III obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2) using indirect calorimetry (IC) and to compare this REE with the one estimated with HB equation using real body weight and ideal body weight, and try to correlate the REE obtained by IC with the body composition, validating the relation between REE and FFM in these individual before and after weight loss. The patients were under hospital regimen in the Metabolic Unit of the Nutrology Division of the Internal Medicine Department of the HCFMRP-USP, for an 8 weeks period. At the beginning and at the end of the study, nutritional assessment was realized, including anthropometry, bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry. The patients were undergoing a hypo caloric diet during the 8 week period. The REE obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) at the beginning and at the end of the study was 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/day, respectively (p<0,05). When estimated with the HB equation using real weight the values were 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/day (p<0,05). Using the ideal weight, the calculated REE was 1343 ± 59 kcal/day. At the beginning of the study, REE obtained by IC was 18 % greater than the REE calculated with HB equation using the real weight and 47 % greater than the one calculated using the ideal body weight. At the end of the study these values changed to 1% e 30% respectively. There is a significant difference (p<0,05) when comparing the REE obtained by IC with the one calculated using the HB equation with real weight at the beginning of the study, but this does not happen at the end of the study (p>0,05). The REE corrected by the FFM at the beginning and at the end of the study was 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/FFM (p<0,05) respectively and the REE corrected by the fat mass (FM) was 3 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/FM (p<0,05) respectively. The data found in this study does not allow affirming that the use of HB equation to predict REE in female grade III obese subjects is reliable. But the data suggest that immediately after using a hypo caloric diet, the REE calculated using HB equation and real weight is reliable. When calculating the REE of female grade III obese patients undergoing a free diet using HB equation, the obtained value should be increased in 20 %.

Orientador: Sarah Monte Alegre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_ThalytaMorandiRidolfide_M.pdf: 1082546 bytes, checksum: 8844f3f5a4c8f2d69eee5b1aa85f8f02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Mundialmente estimam-se 644.000 novos casos de câncer de cabeça e pescoço no mundo com dois terços dos casos ocorrendo em países em desenvolvimento. Os principais sinais e sintomas clínicos são dificuldade para engolir os alimentos, aumento do volume da região cervical, rouquidão, sangramento e em alguns casos dor que guiam o paciente à perda de peso. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o gasto energético basal e os fatores que mais influenciam na perda de peso de trinta e dois pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeça e pescoço em estádios III e IV do sistema TNM antes e após 30 dias do término da radioterapia e quimioterapia,compreendidos numa faixa etária de 30 a 65 anos, de ambos os sexos. A seleção dos indivíduos foi realizada no ambulatório de Oncologia do Hospital das Clinicas -Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A coleta de dados realizou-se na Unidade Metabólica, 6° andar do HC-UNICAMP que englobou o preenchimento de um questionário com informações pessoais (idade, sexo, tabagismo), avaliação do estado nutricional (peso, altura e avaliação subjetiva global preenchida pelo próprio paciente), avaliação da composição corporal (bioempedância elétrica, circunferência braquial, prega cutânea do tríceps e circunferência muscular do braço), avaliação do gasto energético basal (calorimetria indireta), avaliação metabólica/bioquímica (colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, glicemia, insulinemia, adiponectina, leptina, fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-?), interleucina 1 (IL-1?), interleucina 6 (IL-6) e avaliação da sensibilidade à insulina (HOMA). Além disso os pacientes foram avaliados em relação à ingestão alimentar por meio do recordatório de 24 horas e do Índice de Alimentação Saudável. Os dados foram digitados em banco de dados utilizando-se o programa Excel e para a análise estatística utilizou-se o programa SAS para Windows versão 9.1.3. com nível de significância ? 5%. Nosso estudo mostrou que não podemos justificar a perda de peso pelo aumento do gasto energético basal e/ou diminuição do gasto energético basal, sendo a mesma influenciada por fatores derivados do tumor e pelo início de um processo inflamatório e sugerimos que o aporte nutricional precoce e a ressecção tumoral antes de iniciar o tratamento poderiam melhorar o prognóstico do paciente / Abstract: Worldwide, an estimated 644,000 new cases of head and neck cancer are diagnosed each year, with two- thirds of cases occurring in undeveloped countries. They are usually seen as a set of signs and symptoms which include lesions of the oral cavity, swelling of the neck, difficulty in swallowing food, hoarseness, bleeding and ultimately pain that in some cases can lead to malnutrition. Furthermore, the standard treatment increases weight loss. The main of this study was to evaluate the resting energy expenditure and the factors that had the most influence on weight loss of thirty two patients (aged between 30 and 65 years of both genders) with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in stage III and IV of the TNM system before and after 30 days of completion radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The selection of subjects was performed at the Hospital Oncology Clinic, University of Campinas. Data collection took place in the Metabolic Unit which included filling out a questionnaire with personal information such as (age, sex, smoker or non-smoker ...), assessment of nutritional status (weight, height and subjective global assessment completed by the patient), evaluation of body composition (bioelectrical impedance, arm circumference, triceps skinfold and arm muscle circumference), evaluation of resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), evaluation of metabolic / biochemical factors (total cholesterol and fractions , triglycerides, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?), interleukin 1 ? (IL-1?), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and evaluation of insulin sensitivity (HOMA). In addition, the patient was evaluated in relation to food intake by 24-hour recall and the Healthy Eating Index. The data were entered into the database using the program Excel and the statistical analysis used the SAS for Windows version 9.1. 3. with a significance level ? 5%. Our study demonstrated that we cannot justify the weight loss either by increasing the resting energy expenditure or decreasing; it is influenced by factors derived from the tumor and the beginning of an inflammatory process. Nutritional support and early tumor resection before starting treatment improves the nutritional prognosis / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on balance of nutrients and efficiency of energy of steers. The experiment was conducted in a Latin Square design, with eight Holstein steers (338 ± 32,2 kg body weight (BW)). The animals have been housed in metabolism cages, fed on a diet composed by 90% corn silage and 10% concentrate at two levels of intake with or without the inclusion of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract. The treatment structure was a 2 × 2 factorial; intake, 1.2 versus 1.8 × NEm and tannin addition vs. control. The experiment was conducted in four periods of 21 days, of which the first 14 days were intended for the adaptation of the animals to the diets and the last 7 days to evaluate whole body energy balance and endogenous heat production. For measurement of heat production and nutrient balance, expired respiratory gases, urine, and feces were collected. Fecal and urine collections were taken during 7 days. Whole-body heat production (HP) was calculated by indirect calorimetry from O2 consumption and CO2 production and corrected for CH4 production and urinary N excretion using the equation proposed by Brouwer (1965). The inclusion of tannin extract had no effect on energy and nitrogen balance. The two levels of intake had effect on energy retention and whole-body heat production (P<0.001). / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii a dois níveis de consumo da dieta total de bovinos sobre o balanço de nutrientes e eficiência da utilização de energia. Foram utilizados oito bovinos machos, castrados, da raça Holandês (338 ± 32,2 kg de peso corporal (PC), aleatoriamente alocados em um Quadrado Latino replicado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (com ou sem a inclusão de extrato tanífero x níveis de consumo). A dieta experimental foi composta de silagem de milho, milho moído e premix mineral, a relação volumoso:concentrado utilizada foi de 90:10. Foram ofertados dois níveis de consumo: 1,5 e 1,8 × Energia Líquida de mantença (Elm). O experimento foi constituído de quatro períodos de 21 dias cada, sendo 14 dias de adaptação às dietas e 7 dias de coleta de amostras. Coletas fecais e urinárias foram realizadas durante os 7 dias de coleta. A produção de calor foi calculada pela calorimetria indireta a partir do consumo de O2 e a produção de CO2 corrigido para a produção de CH4 e excreção de nitrogênio urinário utilizando equação proposta por Brouwer (1965). A inclusão do extrato tanífero não teve efeito sobre o balanço de energia e nitrogênio. Os níveis de ingestão influenciaram a retenção de energia e a produção de calor (P<0,001).

Introduction: Weight loss programs are based on inducing a negative energy balance by decreasing energy intake while increasing energy expenditure. Energy needs of obese patients are difficult to determine. The value of resting energy expenditure, as the largest component of the energy needs, is usually calculated to asses an adequate energy intake for obese patient. In clinical practice, predictive equations are most commonly used for this purpose, because of their simplicity, although many clinical studies have shown that in obese individuals they may generate errors large enough to impact the outcome of treatment. It leads to the prescription of an inadequate diet that does not meet the criterion of long-term sustainability. Objective: The aim of the thesis is to compare the values of resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by indirect calorimetry with values calculated with Harris-Benedict predictive equation in a selected group of obese individuals. Methods: The sample includes 38 subjects, 28 women and 10 men, patients of the General University Hospital in Prague. The average age is 48 ± 11,71 years, the mean BMI is 42,88 ± 9,09 kg/m2 . For each subject, resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and calculated by the Harris-Benedict predictive equation. Indirect...

[EN] For many years energy needs of ruminants have tried to be known to formulate rations adjusted, but it has been found that there are a variety of factors that affect them. Therefore, lots of studies are needed for evaluating the effect of these factors. Consequently, the main objective of this Thesis was to design and validate a respirometry system based on indirect calorimetry, which would allow assessing energy needs of small ruminants accurately. It was intended from the beginning it was a mobile system and of relatively low cost. Furthermore, a methane gas analyzer was incorporated to this system, which allowed the measurement of emissions of this greenhouse gas and quantification of energy losses in the form of methane. Initially the system had connected a mask, which was placed on the animal's face. A sample of exhaled gas was stored in a gas collection bag which was connected to the analyzer, and it measured the concentration of O2, CO2 and CH4 from the air. The proper functioning of the system was checked by a pilot experiment with dry Murciano-Granadina breed goats fed at maintenance level. Later this system was improved. Some of the most important changes were the replacement of the mask by a head hood in which the animal introduced the whole head, and the development of software that recorded and kept automatically concentrations of O2, CO2 and CH4 in exhaled air. This improvement allowed gas measurements during longer periods of time and recording more data. These changes were also validated through a pilot test with dry Manchega breed sheep. Subsequently, three experiments were performed. One of them with dry Guirra ewes and the other two with Murciano-Granadina goats during mid lactation. Diets were mixed rations that differed in the inclusion of cereal or fibrous by-products. In these experiments the effect of diet was studied on digestibility, energy balance and carbon-nitrogen, oxidation of nutrients, rumen parameters and methane production; in the case of lactating goats, also on milk performance. The determination of the calibration factor for O2 (1.005 ± 0.0101) confirmed the proper functioning of equipment. Moreover, small differences between the heat production obtained by indirect calorimetry and the carbon-nitrogen balance (2% in sheep and 1% in goats) demonstrated that this system allows determining the heat production of the animals reliably and accurately. In the experiments of this Thesis have been estimated maintenance energy needs of two Spanish native sheep breeds, such as the sheep from the Guirra and Manchega breeds; net maintenance requirements were 270 kJ/kg BW0.75, on average. In the case of Murciano-Granadina breed goats, in the middle of lactation, the average utilization efficiency of metabolizable energy for lactation was 0.61. / [ES] Desde hace años se ha tratado de conocer las necesidades energéticas de los rumiantes con el fin de formular raciones ajustadas, pero se ha comprobado que hay una gran variedad de factores que les afectan; por ello son necesarios estudios que evalúen el efecto de estos factores. Como consecuencia, el principal objetivo de esta tesis fue diseñar y validar un equipo de respirometría, basado en calorimetría indirecta, que permitiese evaluar las necesidades en energía de pequeños rumiantes de forma precisa. Se pretendió desde el inicio que fuese un sistema móvil y de relativo bajo coste. Además, a este sistema también se le incorporó un analizador de gas metano, que permitía la medición de las emisiones de este gas de efecto invernadero y la cuantificación de las pérdidas energéticas en forma de metano. Inicialmente el equipo tenía conectada una máscara que se colocaba en la cara del animal. Una muestra del gas espirado era almacenada en una bolsa de recogida de gases que era conectada al analizador, el cual medía la concentración de O2, CO2 y CH4 del aire. Se comprobó el correcto funcionamiento del sistema mediante una prueba piloto con cabras de raza Murciano-Granadina secas, alimentadas a nivel de mantenimiento. Posteriormente este sistema fue mejorado. Algunos de los cambios más importantes fueron la sustitución de la máscara por una urna en la que el animal introducía la cabeza entera, y el desarrollo de un software que registraba y guardaba de forma automática las concentraciones de O2, CO2 y CH4 del aire espirado. Esta mejora permitía medidas de gases durante periodos de tiempo más largos y el registro de muchos más datos. Estas modificaciones también fueron validadas mediante una prueba piloto con ovejas de raza Manchega secas. Posteriormente se realizaron tres experimentos. Uno de ellos con ovejas de raza Guirra secas y los otros dos con cabras Murciano-Granadinas en mitad de lactación. Las dietas fueron raciones mixtas que diferían en la inclusión de cereal o subproductos fibrosos. En estos experimentos se estudió el efecto de la dieta sobre la digestibilidad, balances de energía y carbono-nitrógeno, oxidación de los nutrientes, parámetros del rumen y producción de metano; en el caso de las cabras en lactación, también sobre los rendimientos productivos. La determinación del factor de calibrado para el O2 (1,005 ± 0,0101) confirmó el buen funcionamiento del equipo. Por otro lado, las pequeñas diferencias entre la producción de calor obtenida mediante calorimetría indirecta y el balance de carbono-nitrógeno (2% en ovejas y 1% en cabras) demostraron que este sistema permite determinar la producción de calor de los animales de forma fiable y precisa. En los trabajos de esta Tesis se han estimado las necesidades energéticas de mantenimiento en dos razas de ovejas autóctonas españolas, como son las razas Guirra y Manchega; las necesidades netas de mantenimiento fueron 270 kJ/kg PV0,75, de media. En el caso del ganado caprino de raza Murciano-Granadina, en mitad de lactación, la eficacia media de utilización de la energía metabolizable para la lactación fue de 0,61. / [CAT] Des de fa anys s'ha tractat de conèixer les necessitats energètiques dels remugants a fi de formular racions ajustades, però s'ha comprovat que hi ha una gran varietat de factors que els afecten; per això són necessaris estudis que avaluen l'efecte d'estos factors. Com a conseqüència, el principal objectiu d'aquesta Tesi va ser dissenyar i validar un equip de respirometría, basat en calorimetria indirecta, que permetera avaluar les necessitats en energia de menuts remugants de forma precisa. Es va pretendre des de l'inici que fóra un sistema mòbil i de relatiu baix cost. A més, a este sistema també se li va incorporar un analitzador de gas metà, que permetia el mesurament de les emissions d'este gas d'efecte hivernacle i la quantificació de les pèrdues energètiques en forma de metà. Inicialment l'equip tenia connectada una màscara que es col·locava en la cara de l'animal. Una mostra del gas expirat era emmagatzemada en una bossa d'arreplega de gasos que era connectada a l'analitzador, el qual mesurava la concentració d'O2, CO2 i CH4 de l'aire. Es va comprovar el funcionament correcte del sistema per mitjà d'una prova pilot amb cabres de raça Murciano-Granadina seques, alimentades a nivell de manteniment. Posteriorment este sistema va ser millorat. Alguns dels canvis més importants van ser la substitució de la màscara per una urna en què l'animal introduïa el cap sencera, i el desenrotllament d'un programari que registrava i guardava de forma automàtica les concentracions d'O2, CO2 i CH4 de l'aire expirat. Esta millora permetia mesures de gasos durant períodes de temps més llargs i el registre de moltes més dades. Estes modificacions també van ser validades per mitjà d'una prova pilot amb ovelles de raça Manxega seques. Després es van realitzar tres experiments. Un d'ells amb ovelles de raça Guirra seques i els altres dos amb cabres Murciano-Granadinas en mitat de lactació. Les dietes van ser racions mixtes que diferien en la inclusió de cereal o subproductes fibrosos. En estos experiments es va estudiar l'efecte de la dieta sobre la digestibilitat, balanços d'energia i carboni-nitrogen, oxidació dels nutrients, paràmetres del rumen i producció de metà; en el cas de les cabres en lactació, també sobre els rendiments productius. La determinació del factor de calibrat per a l'O2 (1,005 ± 0,0101) va confirmar el bon funcionament de l'equip. D'altra banda, les xicotetes diferències entre la producció de calor obtinguda per mitjà de calorimetria indirecta i el balanç de carboni-nitrogen (2% en ovelles i 1% en cabres) van demostrar que este sistema permet determinar la producció de calor dels animals de forma fiable i precisa. En els treballs d'esta Tesi s'han estimat les necessitats energètiques de manteniment en dos races d'ovelles autòctones espanyoles, com són les races Guirra i Manxega; les necessitats netes de manteniment van ser 270 kJ/kg PV0,75, de mitja. En el cas del bestiar caprí de raça Murciano-Granadina, en mitat de lactació, l'eficàcia mitjana d'utilització de l'energia metabolitzable per a la lactació va ser de 0,61. / López Luján, MDC. (2015). Development of a mobile open-circuit system based on indirect calorimetry for energetic metabolism studies in small ruminants [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/50430 / TESIS

VLIV VZTAHU DÉLKY DOLNÍ KONČETINY A VELIKOSTI RÁFKU NA PSYCHOFZIOLOGICKOU ODEZVU ORGANISMU Cíle: Cílem této práce je posoudit vliv délky dolní končetiny (DK) na psychofyziologickou odezvu organismu při jízdě na horském kole s odlišnými velikostmi ráfků. Metody: Soubor probandů tvořilo 20 mužů ve věku 26,4 ± 4,2 let. Jednalo se o experiment. Psychofyziologická odezva byla stanovena na základě výkonu (zajetého času), tepové frekvence a subjektivním hodnocení jízdních vlastností horského kola a vlastního vynaloženého úsilí hodnoceného na Borgově škále. Ke kontrolní analýze při testování byl použit přístroj MetaMax 3B. Testovány byly tři velikosti ráfků o stejné šíři plášťů. Jízdy byly realizovány na 800 m dlouhém okruhu. Testované osoby absolvovali každou jízdu s individuálně zvoleným fixním převodem v poloze v sedle s maximálním možným úsilím. Výsledky: Při jízdě na různě velkých ráfcích jsme u skupiny č. 2 (85 -90 cm DK) shledali velký rozdíl (P = 0,016) v dosažených časech při jízdě na různě velkých ráfcích. U skupiny č. 1 jsme shledali významné rozdíly v průměrné tepové frekvenci (P = 0,010), který činil 3 tepy a u subjektivního hodnocení vlastního vynaloženého úsilí pomocí Borgovy škály jsme se pohybovali na hranici významnosti (P = 0,060). Skupina č. 3 (97 - 101 cm DK) se pohybovala na hranici...

Title: Movement economy and physiological response during differing climbing speeds in sport climbers. Aims: The work aims to evaluace climbing economy and physiological responses of intermediate and advanced climbers in different climbing speeds. Methodology: 32 climbers (11 advanced men, 11 intermediate men, 10 intermediate women) performed 3 submaximal tests in treadwall at slope of 90ř at speeds 4, 6 and 9 m.min-1 . Each of the tests lasted exactly 4 minutes. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), respiratory ratio (RER) and energy expenditure were monitored. Results: Advanced men reported lower energy expenditure than intermediate men in all climbing speeds (4 m.min-1 : -0,06 kcal.kg-1 , P = 0,007; 6 m.min-1 : -0,06 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,048; 9 m.min-1 : -0,07 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,022). Intermediate women reported only slightly lower energy expenditure than intermediate men (4 m.min-1 : -0,01 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,051; 6 m.min-1 : 0,06 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,091; 9 m.min-1 : -0,03 kcal.kg-1 P = 0,115). Energy expenditure was significantly lower at 4 m.min-1 than at 6 m.min-1 (-9,82 kcal, p = 0,001) and also signicantly lower at 6 m.min-1 than at 9 m.min-1 (-8,3 kcal, p = 0,001). Advanced men reported significantly lower VO2 at speeds 4 a 6 m.min-1 (- 2,2 ml.kg- 1 .min-1, P = 0,022; -3,9 ml.kg-1...

Title Energy expenditure of slackline walking Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure of slacklining in intermediate and advanced slackliners. Methods In this observatory study, 19 slackliners (10 intermediate, of which 7 men and 3 women, 9 advanced, of which 7 men and 2 women) completed experimental energy expenditure measurement of slacklining using indirect colorimetry. The MetaMax 3B metabolic analyzer (Cortex Biophysik, Germany) was used to determine respiratory parameters and the heart rate monitor (Polar Electro OY, Finland) was used to determine the heart rate (HR). Comparative statistical tools were used in the data analysis. Results Relative energy expenditure of 0,471 kJ·min-1 ·kg-1 was found in intermediate slackliners and 0,377 kJ·min-1 ·kg-1 in advanced slackliners in walking on a 10 m long slackline at a constant speed of 15 m·min-1 . In the static standing on slackline, the relative energy expenditure was found to be 0.368 kJ·min-1 ·kg-1 in intermediate slackliners and 0.289 kJ·min-1 ·kg-1 in advanced slackliners. The weighted arithmetic mean for HR in men and women walking on the slackline at 15 m·min-1 was at 67.3% of the predicted HRmax (220 - age for men, 226 - age for women). The MET value in the advanced group (n = 10) was set at 5.15, and in...