M.A. / A stable environment for future economic growth in South Africa will depend on curbing violence, crime and poverty. Government has started to address the development backlog by initiating programmes such as the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). Urgent problems such as housing shortages, the education crisis, unemployment, violence and poverty are receiving priority. This has had a further effect on the policy of service delivery in the field of Social Work, hence there is a paradigm shift towards development social work as emphasized in the White paper for Social Welfare (Government Gazette, 1997). Communities establish development projects with the aim of creating jobs, etc but are not aware of the process involved (e.g. management) for such a project to be successful. For this reason the researcher is of the opinion that many community development projects fail due to the fact that they are not managed properly. The main goal of the study is to develop guidelines on how to manage development projects in deprived communities. A qualitative exploratory study was used to address the following main question: “How do you manage your project?” A non-probability sampling procedure was used to select two projects that were under study. The data collection methods that were employed were face-to-face and focus group interviews, observation and the analysis of project documents. The method of data analysis utilized was data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. The following main themes were identified as important entities in the management of community development projects: teamwork, planning, implementation, monitoring and control, leadership and evaluation. All these themes are considered to be very important in ensuring project success. / Prof. J.B.S Nel

The research problem addressed in this study was to analyse and report on the development of the Coega Industrial Development Zone as an infrastructure for renewed entrepreneurial activity and profitable management of existing firms in the Eastern Cape. To achieve this objective, a literature study was undertaken to assess the potential benefits achieved at similar industrial development zones around the world and what could be learnt from these developments which will make the Coega Industrial Development Zone workable. The Empirical results obtained, indicate that most local companies are confident that the Coega industrial Development Zone will be beneficial to the region. In conclusion, various recommendations have been made with regard to the findings ascertained in the Empirical Study.

Manufacturing Revolutions - Industrial Policy and Networks in South Korea. This chapter uses a historic big push intervention and newly digitized data from South Korea to study the effects of industrial policy on industrial development. In 1973 South Korea transitioned to a military dictatorship and drastically changed their development strategy. I find industries targeted by the regime's big push grew significantly more than non-targeted industries along several key dimensions of industrial development. These developmental effects persisted after industrial policies were retrenched, following the 1979 assassination of the president. Furthermore, I estimate the spillovers of the industrial policies using exogenous variation in the exposure to the policy across the input-output network. I find evidence of persistent pecuniary externalities like those posited by big push development theorists, such as Albert Hirschman. In other words, I find that South Korea's controversial industrial policy was successful in producing industrial development, the benefits of which persisted through time and in industries not directly targeted by the policies. Waiting for the Great Leap Forward - The Green Revolution and Structural Change in the Philippines. This study explores the short- and long-run impacts of the green revolution on structural transformation. The setting is the revolution’s home country: the Philippines. In 1966, the Philippine’s experienced the widespread introduction of so-called “miracle rice” varieties, invented at the International Rice Research Institute in Los Banos, Laguna. The island republic experienced large gains to agricultural productivity as a result. Using a newly constructed panel of Philippine municipalities, I show that growth in agricultural productivity led to unexpected patterns of structural transformation. In the short-run, the green revolution translated into labor-absorbing technological change, reallocating labor into HYV-intensive rice economies. However, in the long-run, the rising relative cost of labor, meant that rice farms mechanized and displaced the Philippine peasantry into the service sector. The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and Economic Development in Vietnam. This study examines how the historical state conditions long-run development, using Vietnam as a laboratory. Northern Vietnam (Dai Viet) was ruled by a strong centralized state in which the village was the fundamental administrative unit. Southern Vietnam was a peripheral tributary of the Khmer (Cambodian) Empire, which followed a patron-client model with weaker, more personalized power relations and no village intermediation. Using a regression discontinuity design across the Dai Viet-Khmer boundary, the study shows that areas historically under a strong state have higher living standards today and better economic outcomes over the past 150 years. Rich historical data document that in villages with a strong historical state, citizens have been better able to organize for public goods and redistribution through civil society and local government. This suggests that the strong historical state crowded in village-level collective action and that these norms persisted long after the original state disappeared.

This treatise revisits the process of the implementation of the Coega Project and discusses political economic issues which emerge therein locating them in the political economic context of post-1994 South Africa. Based on an in-depth study of the “Coega Story”, and three years of observing the Coega Development Corporation engaging in the political economic space to implement the project, key themes which are relevant in understanding the nature of politics in the country are highlighted and discussed with a view to drawing lessons for future implementers of economic development projects and policy makers. Key discussions in the study include a critical analysis of the symbiotic relationship between politics and development (or broadly the economy) – where emphasis is made about the centrality of politics in implementing economic development projects; the developmental state – where key characteristics of a developmental state are highlighted; the transition from apartheid to democracy and its implications on the nature of political relations post-apartheid; industrial development as a growth strategy and the interplay of social forces in the post- 1994 political economic space. The Coega Project is located within the broader context of the ruling party seeking to advance what is called the second and, perhaps the ultimate task of the liberation struggle, socio-economic liberation. Its strategic fit in that task is discussed critically taking into account paths to industrialisation as they have been observed from Newly Industrialising Countries and South Africa’s attempts at industrialisation before and after 1994.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The MOZAL aluminium smelter in Maputo is the largest-ever foreign direct investment in Mozambique. South Africa's state-owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) owns 24% shares in MOZAL and the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) and Eskom provided road and power supply infrastructure to ensure the success of the smelter. BHP Billiton is the majority shareholder, the other being Mitsubishi. MOZAL is the flagship of South Africa's foreign policy for regional integration in southern Africa and economic reconstruction in Mozambique: a practical manifestation of the African Renaissance. This thesis is a case study of MOZAL as an example of cross-border industrial development and its implications for development in Mozambique. Using an eclectic multidisciplinary Critical Global Political Economy (critical GPE) theoretical framework, a survey of relevant literature and a series of selected open interviews, it examines how development based on the assumptions of industrialisation and neo-modernisation espoused by the governments and private sector champions of MOZAL impact on class, gender, environmental and social justice in Mozambique. The research identifies the socio-economic development dimensions of MOZAL for Mozambique and how the cost and benefits are distributed among the various social groups and actors directly and/or indirectly involved with the MOZAL aluminium smelter. The main findings are that MOZAL as a private sector FDI project is a qualified success. On the positive side, it contributes to economic growth. However, the benefits to Mozambique are exaggerated and are not broadly distributed. On the negative side, it contributes to increasing the economic dependence of Mozambique on the South African economy. Instead of narrowing the development gap, the smelter has contributed to increased differentiation between companies in South Africa and Mozambique and, within Mozambique, between the Northern and Southern regions, as well as among MOZAL employees and the majority of the population in Maputo. The implications are that the development benefits from foreign direct investment cross-border industrial development projects may, at least in the short-term, lead to uneven regional integration and development enjoyed by a few. / South Africa

Industrialization has held great attention in developing countries. Taiwan has demonstrated rapid industrial development. The problem of this study is to find out, what incentives the government in Taiwan has provided to foreign investors, what contributions foreign investment has made to capital formation and government revenue, and what been its impact on foreign trade and the balance of payments. The results of our study conclude that DFI and technology transfer can have a significant positive impact on a developing host country's industrialization.

Industrial revenue bonds (IRBs) possess special tax characteristics which provide an opportunity to test the interest tax shield hypothesis of Modigliani and Miller [1963]. The announcement day excess returns for IRB issues reflect a positive significant market reaction. However, this excess return is unrelated to the tax shield on the debt. Nor is it a function of non-debt tax shields, a proxy for an interior optimal capital structure, or the risk of the issue. It is consistent, however, with the argument that lRBs provide a subsidy to issuing firms. Miller's [1977] equilibrium model predicts that the tax rate of the marginal buyer of debt will be equal to the corporate tax rate. The Miller hypothesis is tested by comparing the yield spread between IRBs and taxable corporate debt. The empirical estimation indicates a segmentation of the market for tax-exempt debt. For short-term issues, the implied tax rate is not significantly different from the corporate tax rate, consistent with Miller’s prediction. For 1ong·term issues, the implied tax rate is significantly less than the corporate tax rate and decreases with maturity. This is consistent with the excess supply of tax-exempts being purchased by individuals in increasingly lower tax brackets. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Coega Development Corporation

Formular uma proposição para processos de desenvolvimento local a serem institucionalizados por organizações governamentais e/ou nãogovernamentais nas comunidades através de ações destinadas a estimular a conexão entre economia regional e mundial é o objetivo deste estudo. Esta preocupação advém de que os modelos econômicos baseados em localidades, concebidos e estruturados através da percepção dos indivíduos, enquanto seres intelectuais e capazes de contribuir com sua cultura e sua criatividade para o crescimento econômico local, necessitam de um processo coletivo para a criação e condução de ações de desenvolvimento endógenas. Percebeu-se que há urgência de uma mudança radical na mentalidade coletiva como a que determinou a importância da tecnologia na Revolução Industrial no processo de transformação da sociedade agrária na sociedade industrial. Agora, com a metamorfose desta na sociedade digital, a relevância é a cognição, onde a meta é o entendimento do entrelaçamento do microcosmo da localidade com a dimensão mundial, para estabelecer um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico através da capacidade da sociedade de planejar e conduzir sua própria experiência local. A proposição desta tese é que esta capacitação, normalmente função do desenvolvimento institucional decorrente de um processo histórico, se desencadeie nas regiões a partir de um processo cognitivo coletivo. O conhecimento, onde se encontram elementos que possibilitam a compreensão de relações complexas e abstratas, como as econômicas, dessa maneira gerenciado, deverá estabelecer formas de organização e julgamento das idéias e conceitos necessários para a construção de um modelo original resultante de características culturais da população, que dessa maneira poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável global com criatividade e inovação. / To formulate a proposition for local development processes to be institutionalized by both governmental and non-governmental organizations in the communities, through actions bound to stimulate the connection between regional and world economies is the aim of this work. This concern derives from the fact that the economic models based on localities, conceived and structured through the perception of individuals, while intellectual beings and capable of contributing with their culture and creativity to the local economic growth, need a collective process for generating and conducting endogenous development actions. It was perceived that a radical change in the collective mind urged, as the one which determined the importance of technology in the Industrial Revolution in the process of transforming a rural society into an industrial one. Now, with the metamorphosis of this digital society, the relevance is cognition. The goal is the understanding of the locality micro cosmos interwoven with the world dimension, so as to establish a model for economic development through society\'s ability to plan and conduct its own local experience. This thesis proposition is that this capacitating, usually a function of institutional development deriving from a historical process, is unleashed in the regions from a collective cognitive process. Knowledge, where elements are found that allow understanding complex and abstract relations, such as the economic ones, thus managed, will establish forms for organizing and assessing the ideas and concepts necessary to set an original model that can be a result of the cultural characteristics of the population, which may contribute for global sustainable development with creativity and innovation.

A estratégia da política pública de longo prazo para o setor aeroespacial compreende, historicamente, uma variável fundamental para organização e desenvolvimento dessas atividades em todos países que contam com esses segmentos industriais, inclusive o Brasil. A partir de meados dos anos 2000, a retomada das políticas industriais setoriais, como diretriz para o desenvolvimento econômico no Brasil, marcou um novo cenário em relação aos anos 90, com a implementação de estratégias baseadas nas características e nos desafios para as atividades. Essas novas diretrizes envolveram também o setor aeroespacial. O tema do presente trabalho é a estratégia para o Setor Aeroespacial Brasileiro, entendida como a apreciação das escolhas e objetivos da política industrial. O problema de pesquisa, por sua vez, consiste na análise comparada da estratégia brasileira e na formulação de considerações para uma avaliação abrangente da política, tendo como referência a experiência canadense. O objetivo do estudo é comparar a concepção estratégica para o setor aeroespacial estabelecido no Brasil pela Política de Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP) em 2008 em relação National Aerospace and Defence Framework (NADF), que foi instituída no Canadá, em 2005. A justificativa para escolha da referência canadense é fundada nas semelhanças em relação orientação da produção e características configuração setorial. Nesse contexto o estudo descreve a evolução e apresenta as especificidades do sistema de produção aeroespacial do Brasil e do Canadá; analisa as diretrizes políticas e estratégias para o setor, empreendidas pelos países, tendo como referência os objetivos de política setorial; e compara os programas e ações para o setor, desenvolvidos no contexto da PDP (Brasil) e da NADF (Canadá). Entre as constatações derivadas da análise podemos destacar as diferenças no conceito de autonomia associados à políticas empreendidas no Brasil e no Canadá; a participação das médias empresas e das subsidiárias estrangeiras no tecido produtivo; e a configuração da infraestrutura e serviços de apoio entre os países. Particularmente, em relação às políticas, há diferenças importantes em relação aos objetivos; requisitos e forma de seletividade das ações; e articulação dos instrumentos para consecução dos objetivos. Entre as considerações críticas para avaliação da política no Brasil, formuladas com base experiência canadense, destacam-se a ausência de um projeto integrado para o setor aeroespacial e definição de metas em relação às variáveis básicas de performance da atividade industrial; o foco excessivo nos produtos e a pouca ênfase nos processos de construção de competências para inserção nas cadeias internacionais de valor; e a visão limitada dos elementos institucionais necessários para viabilizar a produção aeroespacial no longo prazo. / The strategy of long-term public policy for the aerospace sector comprises Historically, a key variable for organization and development of these activities in all countries that have these industry segments, including Brazil. From the mid 2000s, the resumption of sectorial industrial policies, as a guideline for economic development in Brazil, marked a new scenario for the years 1990, with the implementation of strategies based on the characteristics and challenges for the activities. These new guidelines also involved the aerospace sector. The theme of this work is the strategy for the Brazilian Aerospace, understood as the appreciation of the choices and goals of industrial policy. The research problem, in turn, is the comparative analysis of Brazil\'s strategy and the design considerations for a comprehensive policy, with reference to the Canadian experience. The objective is to compare the strategic design for the aerospace sector in Brazil established by the Production Development Policy (PDP) in 2008 for the National Aerospace and Defence Framework (NADF), which was established in Canada in 2005. The rationale for choosing the Canadian reference is based on similarities between production orientation and configuration features sector. In this context, the study describes the evolution and presents the system specifications in the aerospace in Brazil and Canada, examines the policy guidelines and strategies for the sector, undertaken by countries with reference to the objectives of sector policy, and compares the programs and actions for the sector, developed in the context of the PDP (Brazil) and NADF (Canada). Among the findings derived from the analysis can highlight the differences in the concept of autonomy associated with the policies undertaken in Brazil and Canada, and the participation of medium-sized enterprises and foreign subsidiaries in the productive fabric, and configuration of infrastructure and support services between countries. Particularly in relation to policies, there are important differences in relation to the objectives; requirements and form of selective measures, and articulation of the instruments for achieving the goals. Among the critical considerations for policy evaluation in Brazil, formulated based on Canadian experience, we highlight the lack of an integrated project for the aerospace and setting targets in relation to the basic variables of performance of industrial activity, the excessive focus on products and little emphasis on the processes of building skills for insertion in international value chains, and the limited vision of institutional elements needed to make production viable in the long term aerospace.