Företagets omvandling är en ständig process av utbyten med andra företag. Genom utbyte mellan företag av såväl varor och tjänster som kunskap och kompetens skapas relationer. Ett företags interaktion med andra företag utgör därmed en omvandlingskraft. En annan drivkraft utgör den interna kompetensomvandlingen av resurser inom ett företag. Företaget är en organisation av individer som drivs av sina uppfattningar och det egna företaget och de omgivande företagen. Teknikfaktorn är också en betydelsefull förändringskraft för industriföretag. Den beaktas genom företagets produkter som ses som "bärare" av omvandling. Med utgångspunkt från verkstadsföretagets produkter söker författaren skapa en helhetsförståelse för hur företaget AB Hägglund & Söner förändrats över lång tid. I avhandlingen ingår också "En produkthistoria", den separat publicerade empiriska delen som beskriver AB Hägglund & Söner från 1922 till 1981.

This study will discuss with the transition of China¡¦s technology innovation system before and after ¡§Open door policy¡¨. Because I want to know how many characters between those two phases? Why China chose transition before ¡§Open door policy¡¨? When China upgrades their innovative capabilities, do any factors affect outcomes? This study will use more macroscopic to face transition of China¡¦s technology innovation system since established PRC. To survey the institution and interaction between governments, research institutes, universities, native companies and foreign-invested companies. Finally, this study consider that China¡¦s achievement is not clearly because the shortage of talent, basic research capability between research institute is weak, government have ¡§strong control¡¨ in this system, the market mechanism is not maturity so that Chinese native companies do not have skilful in innovation. Consequently, China¡¦s technology innovation system seems to have long way to go.

Företagets omvandling är en ständig process av utbyten med andra företag. Genom utbyte mellan företag av såväl varor och tjänster som kunskap och kompetens skapas relationer. Ett företags interaktion med andra företag utgör därmed en omvandlingskraft. En annan drivkraft utgör den interna kompetensomvandlingen av resurser inom ett företag. Företaget är en organisation av individer som drivs av sina uppfattningar och det egna företaget och de omgivande företagen. Teknikfaktorn är också en betydelsefull förändringskraft för industriföretag. Den beaktas genom företagets produkter som ses som "bärare" av omvandling. Med utgångspunkt från verkstadsföretagets produkter söker författaren skapa en helhetsförståelse för hur företaget AB Hägglund &amp; Söner förändrats över lång tid. I avhandlingen ingår också "En produkthistoria", den separat publicerade empiriska delen som beskriver AB Hägglund &amp; Söner från 1922 till 1981. / <p>Utgör jämte förf:s: En produkthistoria! diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk</p>

Žmonija naudoja žemės išteklius bei teikiamas paslaugas kur kas greičiau, nei natūralūs procesai gali juos atkurti. Globalios ekonominės sistemos pereksploatuoja natūralius išteklius, nesumoka tikros atliekų bei taršos tvarkymo kainos. Tuo pat metu socialinis ir ekonominis atotrūkis tarp turtingųjų ir vargšų platėja, o sveikatos ir skurdo problemos tampa opesnės visoje planetoje. Tai tik keletas didžiausių globalių problemų, dėl kurių taip padidėjo mokslinės ir akademinės visuomenės susirūpinimas. Norint išspręsti šias problemas pradėta pasaulyje diskutuoti apie darną, darnų vystymąsi bei įvairias darnos strategijas. Jos įgyvendinamos įvairiuose lygiuose: tiek atskirose įmonėse, nepelno organizacijose, tiek savivaldybėse, valstybėse ir globaliniame lygyje, kur pasirašomi įvairūs tarptautiniai susitarimai. Literatūroje galima surasti daug ir įvairių įmonėms skirtų priemonių, strategijų, modelių bei koncepcijų, kurias jos yra skatinamos taikyti siekiant darnos. Tačiau vis didėjant šiai įvairovei trūksta visas šias koncepcijas apjungiančio požiūrio, kuris sukurtų bendrą vaizdą apie atskirų koncepcijų tarpusavio ryšius. Literatūroje dažniau kalbama apie vieną ar keletą koncepcijų, išryškinant kiekvienos jų naudą įmonėms, tuo tarpu neatkreipiamas dėmesys į atskirų koncepcijų ryšius. Šiame darbe ir bandoma sujungti visas darnaus verslo koncepcijas panaudojant pokyčių strateginio valdymo procesą. Problemos ištyrimo lygis: Lietuvoje teoriniu lygiu apie darnaus vystymosi koncepciją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / GRUNDA, Rokas. (2007) Strategic Management Process of Business Transformation into Sustainable Business. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University. 70 p. Humanity is using the Earth’s services in a way, that they cannot renew naturally, economic systems are overexploiting the natural resources, the gap between the poor and the rich is widening, and these are the main global and local problems, fostering the discussion of business role in the world’s sustainable development. As these global issues become more and more significant, the number of business sustainable development tools, strategies, models, methods and concepts is constantly increasing, while the researchers tent to focus only on the limited number of these tools. Because of this, there is a need to develop a holistic approach, which would try to embrace all the available solutions for businesses to move towards sustainable development, in other words an approach to help business manage transformation towards sustainable business. Object: applicability of business sustainable development tools, strategies, models, methods and concepts in business strategic change management process. Aim: to structure business sustainable development tools, strategies, models, methods and concepts according to business strategic change management process. Tasks: 1. To reveal the essence of sustainable development. 2. To define the conception of sustainable business. 3. To form a broad-brush... [to full text]

The MOZAL aluminium smelter in Maputo is the largest-ever foreign direct investment in Mozambique. South Africa&rsquo / s state-owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) owns 24% shares in MOZAL and the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) and Eskom provided road and power supply infrastructure to ensure the success of the smelter. BHP Billiton is the majority shareholder, the other being Mitsubishi. MOZAL is the flagship of South Africa&rsquo / s foreign policy for regional integration in southern Africa and economic reconstruction in Mozambique: a practical manifestation of the African Renaissance. This thesis is a case study of MOZAL as an example of cross-border industrial development and its implications for development in Mozambique. Using an eclectic multidisciplinary Critical Global Political Economy (critical GPE) theoretical framework, a survey of relevant literature and a series of selected open interviews, it examines how development based on the assumptions of industrialisation and neo-modernisation espoused by the governments and private sector champions of MOZAL impact on class, gender, environmental and social justice in Mozambique. The research identifies the socio-economic development dimensions of MOZAL for Mozambique and how the cost and benefits are distributed among the various social groups and actors directly and/or indirectly involved with the MOZAL aluminium smelter. The main findings are that MOZAL as a private sector FDI project is a qualified success. On the positive side, it contributes to economic growth. However, the benefits to Mozambique are exaggerated and are not broadly distributed. On the negative side, it contributes to increasing the economic dependence of Mozambique on the South African economy. Instead of narrowing the development gap, the smelter has contributed to increased differentiation between companies in South Africa and Mozambique and, within Mozambique, between the Northern and Southern regions, as well as among MOZAL employees and the majority of the population in Maputo. The implications are that the development benefits from foreign direct investment cross-border industrial development projects may, at least in the short-term, lead to uneven regional integration and development enjoyed by a few.

Thesis ((MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing similar problems as those occurring in other developing countries. Such problems include: large scale poverty; unequal regional development; inefficient policies; fragmented transport systems. The list goes on. This is largely due to apartheid policiesthat were implemented. After 1994 a series of new policies and programmes was implemented. Their aim was to eradicate apartheid planning; to provide equal and fair development for everyone and to stimulate and boost the economy. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was the first policy of its kind, followed by the Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme (GEAR). The aim of these two policies was to stimulate the economy, especially in areas where there is a need for an economic boost. This ultimately led to programmes such as the Spatial Development Initiative (SDI); Local Economic Development and Export Processing Zones or as they are better known in South Africa, Industrial Development Zones. Programmes or initiative such as these were aimed at boosting the economy, providing employment and utilising resources in a region. This is the shift that has taken place in development planning, from traditional regional policies towards incentive driven policiesthat try to attract investment into under-developed regions. Programmessuch as Industrial Development Zones however have a long history, not all of it positive. These zones have been known as sweatshops and that they use child labour. The largest problem of these zones is that labour legislation is almost non-existent. In 2001 South Africa declared Coega the first Industrial Development Zone in the country. The zone will link to the Spatial Development Initiative programme that was implemented in 1996. An uproar followed when labour organisations such as COSATUlearned that the government is going to use Industrial Development Zones, which are similar to Export ProcessingZones, to stimulate the economy and to solve the problem of unemployment in specific areas of the country. However the labour legislation of South Africa will be applied in the Industrial Development Zones. That just leaves the problem of efficiency and effectiveness. Will these zones really address and solve the employment problems in South Africa? Zones such as those in Mauritius have been a success, but there are cases where the zones did not create employment and more money was spend on putting in the infrastructure and services in the zones, than was made in the zone. Time will be the judge in the case of Coega Industrial Development Zone. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ondervind basies dieselfde probleme as wat ander onderontwikkelde lande ondervind. Die probleme sluit in: grootskaalse armoede; ongelyke streekontwikkeling; ondoeltreffende beleide. Die probleem spruit grootliks uit die apartheidsbeleide. Na 1994 is daar egter 'n reeks van nuwe beleide en programme geïmplementeer. Die beleide moes apartheidsbeplanning uitwis; moes gelyke ontwikkeling aan almal voorsien en die ekonomie stimuleer. Die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram was een van die eerste beleide, en is gevolg deur die "Growth, Employment and Redistribution" program. Die twee beleide se doel was om die ekonomie te stimuleer, veral in gebiede waar daar 'n behoefte aan ekonomiese groei is. Dit het dan ook gelei tot programme soos "Spatial Development Initiatives", "Local Economic Development" and "Export Processing Zones" of soos wat dit in Suid-Afrika bekend staan "Industrial Development Zones". Programme of inisiatiewe soos die se doel is om die ekonomie van 'n streek te versterk, om werksgeleenthede te skep en om gebruik te maak van die hulpbronne in die spesifieke streek. Die programme het 'n groot verandering in ontwikkelingsbeplanning meegebring, vanaf tradisionele streekbeleide tot inisiatief-gedrewe beleide wat poog om beleggings in onderontwikkelde streke te versterk. Programme soos "Industrial Development Zones" het 'n lang geskiedenis, en nie almal is posititief nie. Hierdie sones het 'n algemene naam van "sweatshops" gekry waar kinderarbeid gebruik word. Die grootste probleem van hierdie sones is dat arbeidwetgewing gewoonlik nie toegepas word binne die sones nie. In 2001 is Coega as die eerste "Industrial Development Zone" verklaar in Suid Afrika. Die sone is verbind tot die "Spatial Development Initiative" programme wat geïmplementeerd is in 1996. Dit is egter sterk deur die arbeidsorganisasie COSATU veroordeel, toe hulle hoor dat die regering nou "Industrial Development Zones", wat basies dieselfde is as "Export Processing Zones", gaan gebruik om die ekonomie te stimuleer en die hoë werkloosheid in die land te verminder. Maar, in hierdie sones sal arbeid wetgewing toegepas word. Dit los net die probleem van effektiwiteit en doeltreffendheid. Gaan hierdie sones die werkloosheids probleem van Suid Afrika oplos? Sones soos in Mauritius was suksesvol, maar daar is egter talle ander wat nie werkgeleenthed geskep het nie en die uitgawes wat gemaak is om infrastruktuur en dienste in die sones te voorsien is veel hoër as die profyt wat gemaak is op die einde. Tyd sal leer in die Coega "Industrial Development Zone'.

xii, 169 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This thesis examines the possibility of a broader approach to the concept of "context" within the practice of historic preservation by producing a more inclusive model for preservationists to use in reading dynamic cultural and environmental systems. The industrial landscape of Astoria, Oregon with its buildings and ruins of once dominant fishing and canning industries serves as a case study to explore this idea. The author examines late 19th century and early 20th century industrial development in terms of cultural influx, industrial landscape development, and vernacular architecture. This thesis explores how the landscape has responded to influences such as economic shift, environmental change, migrant populations, and technology, and how cultural landscapes and the natural environment combine to form a distinct human geography as reflected in architectural and material remains. Many of the issues raised are specific to maritime, west coast, and extractive industrial settlements. / Committee in Charge: Dr. Susan Hardwick, Chair; Shannon Bell

The objective of the study was to explore and to describe the extent to which the SIDO/UNIDO WED Programme had empowered participating women microentrepreneurs in the food-processing sector in Tanzania. The research question was: To what extent have SIDO/UNIDO WED Programme-supported women microentrepreneurs in the food-processing sector been empowered? The justification for the study was that most studies on women's empowerment have been on micro credit-based microenterprises and almost none on entrepreneurship-based ones. Furthermore, there is a very scanty coverage of Africa in women's empowerment research. Theoretical perspectives in gender and gender relations in accordance with the feminist empowerment paradigm as it is influenced by the international women's movement and empowerment guided the study. The study used a cross-sectional and causal-comparative research design. The sample comprised 78 women microentrepreneurs: 39 programme-supported and 39 others constituted a control group. Participation in the SIDO/UNIDO WED Programme was the independent variable. Women's empowerment was the outcome of interest with the following indicators as dependent variables: freedom to use own income; contribution to household income; ownership of assets; involvement in business associations; participation in trade fairs; freedom of movement and awareness of injustice. Measurement of women's empowerment was on three dimensions: economic, socio-cultural and psychological in two arenas: individual/household and community. Qualitative and quantitative primary data were collected using in-depth interviews and questionnaires. A constant comparative approach in qualitative data analysis and discussion was adopted. At first level of quantitative data analysis, descriptive statistical procedures involving cross tabulations and frequency distributions were used.Then chi-square tests and bivariate correlation analysis were performed. The findings indicated that WED Programme-supported women had become empowered in almost all indicators. However, they lacked control over their assets like their counterparts in the control group. The findings on women's freedom of movement show that it is an area where traditional ideologies, as structural factors, are resistant to changes normally influenced by women's income. The majority of interviewees from both categories were of the view that husbands and wives should have equal say in decision making and division of labour between husbands and wives should also be equal. / Development Studies / D. Litt et Phil. (Development Studies)

The small, medium and micro enterprises sector in South Africa is critical in addressing poverty, job creation and social instability inherited by the democratic government. The transformation of the economy has seen various pieces of legislation being enacted in order to promote a favourable environment for the growth of the SMME sector. As such, instruments such as the Industrial Development Zones were put in place to facilitate investment, create jobs and promote exports with one of the main objectives to grow the SMME sector. In this study, the case of the East London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ) in supporting the growth of the SMME sector in economic growth and addressing socio-economic challenges was analysed. The exploratory qualitative research methodology was used in the study. Structured questionnaires and a semi-structured interview guide were used to collect data from the 49 identified participants and an Executive Management representative from the ELIDZ in order to present the data obtained precisely. The study recommends that an integrated model of SMME growth by the private and public sector be developed in ensuring that there are clear expectations on the determinants of growth for the sector. In addition, the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality must have in place a consolidated database of SMMEs in order for the private and public institutions to elect the SMMEs which can be participants in their SMME development programmes.

O Brasil acumulou a partir de 1940, experiência significativa em matéria de planejamento governamental. Desde as primeiras tentativas, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o País procurou criar e implementar inúmeros Planos de Governo, começando com o Plano SALTE em 1947, e, avançando com vários Planos Plurianuais até os dias atuais. O Brasil empreendeu, ao longo das últimas seis décadas, diversas tentativas de planejar e melhor organizar o processo de desenvolvimento econômico nacional. Esta Tese efetua uma avaliação histórica das Políticas Públicas praticadas nos Setores Energético e Industrial para verificar a existência de correlação ou dependência entre elas, desde a metade do século XX até hoje. O Brasil tornou-se mais maduro do ponto de vista industrial, conseguiu avançar no plano tecnológico ao longo desses Planos mas, não obstante progressos setoriais isolados, a sociedade brasileira permaneceu desigual, e continuou a padecer de iniqüidades nos terrenos da educação, da saúde e demais condições de vida para os setores mais desfavorecidos da população. Em função das mudanças políticas, da evolução da demanda de energia e expansão do consumo industrial, este trabalho analisa no período considerado, o comportamento histórico, as tendências econômicas, industriais e energéticas do País. / Brazil has accumulated a significant experience in governmental planning from 1940 onwards. Since the first attempts after the Second World War, the country has tried to create and implement several governmental plans, starting with the SALTE(1) Plan in 1947 and continuing with various other plans until current days. Throughout the last six decades, Brazil has undertaken diverse attempts to plan and better organize the process of national economic development. This thesis presents a historical evaluation of the public politics implemented in the sectors Energy and Industrial to verify the existence of a correlation and dependence between them, from the second half of the twentieth century until today. Brazil has become more mature from the industrial point of view and has managed to progress in technology throughout these plans. However, despite some isolated sector progress, Brazilian society has remained imbalanced and the lower-class continued to suffer from inequality in education, health and living standards. Due to political changes, the evolution of energy demand and industrial consumption expansion, this study analyses in the period mentioned above, the historical behavior; the economic, industrial and energy trends of the country.