Orientadores: Sergio Robles Reis de Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T03:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_Pollyanade_M.pdf: 1204744 bytes, checksum: b275cedb023051973e8b16d3603337a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: No Brasil, o setor de componentes semicondutores, os chips, permanece restrito a um pequeno grupo de empresas, fato que tem ocasionado déficits crescentes na balança comercial. Diante desse fato, existem várias discussões e estudos sobre formas de aumentar a internalização das atividades desse setor no país, além do debate recente sobre a necessidade da instalação de uma planta produtiva (foundry) realizado pelo governo. Outro elemento de destaque é que o segmento foi adotado como um dos setores prioritários na Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior (PITCE), lançada em 2004. Com essa preocupação, o objetivo dessa dissertação foi examinar as perspectivas, com suas possibilidades e limitações, do desenvolvimento da indústria brasileira de semicondutores por meio de um segmento específico - as companhias de projeto dos circuitos, chamadas de design houses. Para tanto, por meio da revisão bibliográfica, o trabalho foi estruturado em três capítulos: o primeiro que trata de uma discussão sobre o panorama existente e as tendências recentes na indústria mundial de semicondutores; o segundo que traz a análise de um país com desenvolvimento tardio nessa indústria - a experiência de Taiwan, e, finalmente, uma avaliação da indústria brasileira de chips, além do exame de suas possibilidades de desenvolvimento do setor por meio das design houses. Constatou-se que, com a tendência de especialização vertical na indústria mundial, houve uma separação entre as atividades de projeto e as de manufatura, criando um amplo mercado de design de circuitos, particularmente em segmentos menos padronizados e oligopolizados, como os circuitos integrados de aplicação específica, propiciando oportunidades para novos entrantes, tal como o Brasil. Já a experiência de Taiwan mostrou que a intervenção estatal é necessária para uma trajetória de desenvolvimento nesse setor, principalmente para articular mecanismos que garantam a assimilação e aprendizado a partir da transferência de tecnologias. Além disso, que a interação entre as design houses e as empresas de manufatura (foundries) permitiu a geração de capacidades tecnológicas diferenciadas que garantiram a inserção competitiva do país na indústria mundial. No caso da indústria brasileira de semicondutores, verificou-se que existem capacidades tecnológicas na área de projetos, as quais possibilitam o desenvolvimento de design houses no Brasil: atividades de design de circuitos integrados em grupos e centros de pesquisa, atividades de capacitação de recursos humanos e disponibilidade de equipamentos e ferramentas para desenvolvimento de projetos e softwares. No entanto, a experiência internacional de sucesso, juntamente com os obstáculos identificados na indústria nacional, mostraram que o desenvolvimento somente do segmento de design é uma trajetória limitada, uma vez que são necessários outros elementos, como uma empresa de manufatura, para que exista um ?círculo virtuoso?, capaz de oferecer sustentabilidade no desenvolvimento da indústria de semicondutores no longo prazo / Abstract: In Brazil, the sector of semiconductors components, the chips, remains restricted to a small group of companies, fact that has caused deficit increasing in the trade balance. Ahead of this fact, there are several discussions and studies in forms to increase the internal production of these activities in the sector of the country, beyond the recent debate on the necessity of the installation of a productive plant (foundry) realized by the government. Another element of prominence is that the segment was adopted as one of the priority sectors in the Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade Policy (PITCE), launched in 2004. With this concern, the objective of this dissertation was examine the perspectives, with its possibilities and limitations, of the development of the semiconductor brazilian industry by means a specific segment - the companies of project of the circuits, called design houses. For in such a way, by means the bibliographical revision, the work was structuralized in three chapters: the first one deals with a discussion on the existing panorama and the recent trends in the worldwide industry of semiconductors; the second brings the analysis of a country with late development in this industry ? the Taiwan experience, and finally, an evaluation of the Brazilian industry of chips, beyond the examination of its possibilities of development of the sector by means the design houses. It was evidenced that with the trend of vertical specialization in worldwide industry, it had a separation between the project and manufacture activities, creating an ample market of circuit designs, particularly in less standardized and oligopolyzed, as the integrated circuits of specific application, propitiating new chances for incoming, as Brazil. Already the Taiwan experience showed that the state intervention is necessary for a trajectory of development in this sector, mainly to articulate mechanisms that guarantee the assimilation and learning from the technology transfer. Moreover, that the interaction between design houses and the companies of manufacture (foundries) allowed the generation of differentiaded technological capacities that had guaranteed the competitive insertion of the country in the worldwide industry. In the case of the Brazilian industry of semiconductors, which was verified that exist technological capacities in the area of projects, makes possible the development of design houses in Brazil: activities of circuit designs integrated in groups and centers of research, activities of human resources qualification and availability of equipment and tools for development of projects and softwares. However, the international experience of success, together with the obstacles identified in the national industry, had shown that only the development of the design segment is an limited trajectory, given that other elements are necessary, as a company of manufacture, so that a ?virtuous circle? can exist, capable to offer sustaintability in the development of the industry of semiconductors in a long period. / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The research problem addressed in this study was to analyse and report on the potential use of Spoornet’s excess warehousing to support the Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) in the Eastern Cape. In order to achieve this objective, a literature study was undertaken to ascertain the world-class practices for warehousing. A study was conducted on Spoornet strategy in order to determine whether the company can apply its existing strategy for warehouse operations. The empirical results obtained, indicated that there would be a need for warehousing to support the IDZs in the Eastern Cape. There would be opportunities for storage of raw materials, distribution of parts for production, and finished goods to be delivered to consumers. Spoornet has gained ground on its competitor with respect to logistics and has progressed with its “Freight Logistics Solution” initiative. In conclusion it was recommended that Spoornet uses its existing strategy and convert their goods sheds into world-class warehousing. The warehouse space can be used as a trade-off to gain rail clients.

La présente étude explore le problème, curieusement peu étudié en gestion, de l'innovation dans le développement des applications Web. En partant de la distinction entre innovation par « l'usager » (U) et innovation par « l'industriel/entrepreneur » (E) et en utilisant une approche de « phenomenon-based research », elle identifie un troisième acteur, le « développeur » (D), dont l'action se positionne entre les deux autres. Trois figures d'acteur sont proposées pour le décrire : celle de l'usager-développeur (UD), de l'usager-développeur-entrepreneur (UDE) et du développeur-entrepreneur (DE).Cette grille de lecture (U, D, E) est testée, dans la 2ème Partie, sur le cas de trois industries dont on peut retracer l'histoire, depuis leur genèse jusqu'à des stades de maturité avancés : l'industrie des radiocommuni- cations, celle du PC, celle de l'ordinateur d'entreprise. L'importance du rôle joué par l'acteur D identifié se retrouve dans chacune de ces 3 industries. Les étapes de développement de chacune de ces industries peuvent être lues comme une suite d'innovations liées à des acteurs différents - successivement : UDs, UDEs, DEs - jusqu'à l'étape de proposition de rationalisations par des entreprises (Es) puis d'autonomisation de chacun trois acteurs U, D, E.Dans la phase de maturité intermédiaire que connaît le Web où sont déjà apparues des entreprises spéciali- sées E mais où les développeurs D continuent à exister sous les formes riches de DEs ou d'UDEs, se pose la question pour les entreprises de savoir comment mobiliser et gérer l'activité de ces développeurs à des fins d'innovation. Trois formes de gestion sont identifiées dans la 3ème Partie. La première méthode consiste à favoriser l'auto-révélation de ces acteurs. La seconde consiste à mobiliser ces acteurs dans des actions éphé- mères visant l'exploration du potentiel d'un service donné. La dernière consiste à animer une communauté de développeurs qui utilisent déjà la technologie de l'entreprise pour les encourager à développer des applications sur la base de cette technologie.Mots clés : développement des applications Web, innovation par les usagers, innovation par les industriels, entrepreneurs, développement industriel, potentiel technologique. / He current study explores the curiously not much studied in management problem of innovation of contemporary Web-based applications. Starting from the distinction between user (U) and manufacturer/entrepreneur (E) innovation and using a phenomenon-based research approach, it identifies a third actor, the developer (D), whose action is found to lie in-between the two. Three actor figures are proposed for his description: user-developer (UD), user-developer-entrepreneur (UDE) and developer- entrepreneur (DE).This interpretative framework (U, D, E) is tested in the second part on the cases of three industries, where it enables a tracing of their history, from their birth to their maturity: radio industry, PC industry and enterprise computer industry. The important role of D actor is identified in all three settings. Their development phases can be read as a sequence of innovations related to different actors, UDs, UDEs and DEs successively, until the proposition of a rationalisation by enterprises (Es) and leading to the independence of the three actors, U, D, E.During the intermediate maturity phase of the Web, where expert enterprises Es have appeared, yet the de- velopers Ds remain under the forms of DEs or UDEs, the question posed for enterprises is how to harness their activity for innovation. Three management modes are identified in the third part. The first method consists in fostering the self-revelation of these actors. The second consists in harnessing their action using ephemeral settings for the exploration of the potential of a given service. The last consists in animating a community of developers already using the enterprise's technology to encourage them in developing applications on the basis of this technology.

Background: The Vaal Triangle is an area generally associated with a number of harmful determinants of health since it houses diverse industrial processes and industrial development in South Africa, hence being categorised as an outdoor air pollution priority area in 2006. Method: A cross-sectional inter-comparative study to the 1990 Vaal Triangle Air Pollution and Health Study (VAPS) was conducted in 2010. The main objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of upper and lower respiratory illnesses of 10-year-old children in 2010 and compare those findings to the 1990 study, and lastly to identify risk and protective factors for respiratory illnesses in 1990 and in 2010. In addition, the association between exposure factors (risk and protective factors) that are sources of indoor air pollution and factors related to diet and household living conditions and their associations with upper and lower respiratory health illnesses in 1990 and 2010 was determined. Results and Discussion: The prevalence of the respiratory health outcomes in the 1990 study and 2010 study cannot be compared directly since a 1-year prevalence was determined in 1990 and a 6-month prevalence in 2010. Throughout the dissertation this should be kept in mind. The change in prevalence of a respiratory health outcome observed in 1990 and in 2010 is just an indication of the possible change. The 1990 1-year prevalence and the 2-week 2010 prevalence of asthma were the same in the two study populations (i.e. 12%). The 6-month prevalence of sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia in 2010 was lower when compared to the yearly prevalence of these illnesses in the 1990 study. On completion of the multivariate analyses, in 1990 study, the use of a gas heater acted as a risk factor for pneumonia (a lower respiratory illness), with a odds ratio of 3.67 (1.15-11.71) and a p-value of 0.03, whilst environmental tobacco smoke within the household was protective of hay fever and sinusitis (upper respiratory illnesses). In the 2010 study, the consumption of chicken and/or fish and fruit at least three times a week was protective of bronchitis (with odds ratios of 0.23 and 0.26 respectively). Conclusion and Recommendations: It is not certain whether the change in the respiratory health status of 10-year-olds living in the Vaal Triangle is real as the prevalence of health outcomes in the two studies cannot be compared directly to one another due to the differences in prevalence time periods in the two studies. Nevertheless, a statistically significant change was observed in the prevalence of sinusitis, earache, bronchitis, and pneumonia between the two study populations. It is imperative to have a study protocol; this ensures all levels of measure are consistent in both studies and leads to a dataset of high quality. There is also a need for more analytical epidemiological studies (i.e. cohort, time-series, case-crossover and panel studies) to be done in South Africa, addressing indoor and outdoor air pollution and respiratory health. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / unrestricted

The thesis provides an assessment of Cleaner Production (CP) implementation in Ugandan industries, using Sugar Corporation Of Uganda Limited (SCOUL) as a case study. The thesis covers the time the CP programme was implemented in 2004 to date. The study is primarily concerned with the sustainability of CP in Ugandan industries. Using the local Uganda Cleaner Production Centre (UCPC) Assessment Approach, both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used to explore the trend (progress) of environmental and economic performance of CP in SCOUL. Several indicators are used to gain better understanding of the raw materials, products and waste in SCOUL. The thesis sets out to assess the environmental and economic performance of CP in Uganda, identify barriers to CP and make recommendations for Sustainable CP in Uganda. The findings show that both the environmental and economic performance of SCOUL continues to improve, in line with raw material, products and wastereduction. This improvement can be attributed to the different CP optionswhich were implemented. These options include reduction, reuse and recycling. From the findings, it can also be argued that CP is a practical way towards sustainable industrial development as demonstrated in the progress made by SCOUL and that CP has good potential for application in other industries in Uganda. This is because CP is simple to implement and yet it has both economical and environmental performance benefits. As such, it can be argued that CP will lead to sustainable industrial development in Uganda. The long term aim of this study is to contribute towards promotion of sustainable industrial development in Uganda by showing that the implementation of Cleaner Production is simple and yet it has both financial and environmental benefits. / www.ima.kth.se

[pt] O início dos anos 40 do século passado foi marcado por um cenário internacional caótico, com as grandes potências imersas na Segunda Guerra Mundial e o sistema financeiro internacional destroçado. Esse ambiente propiciou a celebração de negócios entre várias nações europeias, Estados Unidos e Japão, com o objetivo de promover a reconstrução da Europa destruída no pós-guerra. Tais negócios previam acordos de compensação, pelos quais as aquisições de produtos envolviam contrapartidas. Embora inicialmente voltadas aos setores agrícola e industrial, tais compensações se estenderam, rapidamente, à área de defesa. Denominados de offset, os acordos de compensação se desenvolveram ao longo das décadas subsequentes, tornando-se prática comum no comércio internacional, notadamente na área de defesa, como é o caso do Brasil. Alvo de intensas críticas, as práticas de offset foram taxadas como medidas protecionistas e contrárias ao desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. No Brasil, apesar de ter sido adotado, em caráter obrigatório, para as aquisições de grande porte na área de defesa, o offset ainda é pouco conhecido, orbitando em um cenário de normas incipientes, obscuridade, falta de transparência e de mecanismos de gestão e monitoramento adequados. Ao se percorrer a origem e a evolução do offset, conclui-se que o uso eficiente deste mecanismo mediante adequada aplicação, gestão e monitoramento, pode trazer grandes contribuições à Base Industrial de Defesa do Brasil. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, assim, ampliar o debate sobre o uso adequado do offset no cenário brasileiro, buscando-se demonstrar a viabilidade dessa prática como poderoso mecanismo de desenvolvimento industrial, tecnológico e do país. / [en] The early 1940s were marked by a chaotic international scenario, with the great powers immersed in the Second World War and the international financial system shattered. This environment led to the celebration of business among several European nations, the United States and Japan, with the purpose of promoting the reconstruction of Europe in the post-war period. These deals provided for compensation agreements, involving counterparts. Albeit initially aimed at the agricultural and industrial sectors, such compensations quickly extended to the defense area. Called offset, the compensation agreement developed over the subsequent decades, becoming a common practice in international trade, especially in the field of defense, as is the case of Brazil. The target of fierce criticism, the employment of offsets was regarded as a protectionist measure and contrary to the development of international trade. In Brazil, despite having been adopted on a mandatory basis for large-scale acquisitions in the field of defense, offset is still little known, orbiting in a scenario of incipient rules, obscurity, lack of transparency and lack of adequate management and monitoring mechanisms. Considering the origin and evolvement of offset mechanism, it is possible to conclude that the efficient use of such mechanism through proper application, management and monitoring can bring great contributions to Brazil s Defense Industrial Base. The objective of the present study is to broaden the debate on the appropriate use of offset in the Brazilian scenario, seeking to demonstrate the feasibility as a powerful instrument for the industrial, technological and development for the country.

Die bestaande belastingaansporingsmaatreels in Suid-Afrika is nagevors. Belastingaansporingsmaatreels wat vroeer in gebruik was, is ook ondersoek. Aandag is gegee aan die kontantaansporingsmaatreels wat vir vervaardigingsondernemings beskikbaar is in Suid-Afrika. Programme wat deur onder andere die Nywerheid-Ontwikkelingskorporasie van Suid-Afrika Beperk en die Kleinsake-Ontwikkelingskorporasie aangebied word is ondersoek. Ondersoek is ingestel na die bevindings van die Margo kommissie Verslag wat in 1986 uitgereik is. Die verslag van die Katz-kommissie wat in 1994 uitgereik is, is ook nagevors. Aandag is gegee aan die 1994, 1995 en 1996 begrotings asook sommige van die aspekte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms op Tariewe en Handel. Die belastingkoerse en aansporingsmaatreelsprogramme wat deur die Verenigde State van Amerika, Verenigde Koninkryk en Kanada beskikbaar gestel word aan ondernemings is ondersoek. Moontlike oplossings vir die probleme wat tans ondervind word in SuidAfrika se aansporingsmaatreelstelsel is geformuleer. / The existing tax incentives in South Africa were researched. Tax incentives that were previously in use, were also investigated. Attention was given to the cash incentives available to manufacturing enterprises in South Africa. Amongst others the programmes offered by the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited and the Small Business Development Corporation were investigated. The findings of the Margo Commission Report issued in 1986 were investigated. The Katz Report issued in 1994 was also researched. Attention was given to the 1994, 1995 and 1996 budgets as well as some of the aspects of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The taxation rates and incentive programmes available to enterprises in the United States of America, United Kingdom and Canada were investi gated. Possible solutions for the problems currently experienced in South Africa with regard to incentives have been formulated. / School of Computing / M.Sc (Computer Science)

Rapid industrialization, breakthroughs in science and technological development have ushered in an era regarded as a technocratic age. The advent of a technocratic age has necessitated the acquisition of technologically appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes, and consequently it has become necessary to establish education systems that fulfil the demands set by technocratic age principles. Present-day education is typified by technocratic age imperatives which include meritocracy, specialization, vocationalism, professionalism and scientism. Technocratic age education is further characterized by mass education, free and compulsory education and greater bureaucratic control of education. In technocratic age education systems, entrance examinations are used to select learners for advanced education and training. It would appear that this takes place with little regard for the learner's personal worth or meeting the learner's distinctive needs. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

Theses (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to survive in a global economy, developing nations can no longer rely on their own resources if they wish to prosper, they require outside assistance. Various economic policies and strategies have been adopted over the years in order to encourage foreign capital to contribute to the growth of developing nations. One of the most common of these is the concept of an export promotion zone. This is a dedicated area inside the host country where the host tries to lure foreign investors - usually by providing a range of financial and labour concessions. Namibia instituted an export promotion zone in the mid nineties in Walvis Bay but has met with limited success, as indeed have many of the other countries which have tried this approach. Namibia's immediate neighbour - South Africa - reviewed this and other economic zones with the intent of adopting a policy better suited to the needs of foreign capital. The result was the development of an industrial development zone in Coega outside Port Elizabeth. This study contrasts these two concepts in order to ascertain similarities and differences both in terms of their respective legislation and in terms of the World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies ten criteria for a successful investment environment. The conclusion was that these two policy frameworks are different more in name than in substance, with one crucial exception: South Africa has effectively waived most of the tax concessions generally found in this type of area. It is argued that if the South Africa concept does succeed it will probably be more a function of the country's relative economic size in Africa rather than because of policy differences. Beyond that there is little reason to believe that South Africa will meet with any more success than Namibia barring the acquisition of a major anchor tenant to draw other affiliate industries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelende lande het buitelandse bystand nodig om in 'n wêreld ekonomie te bestaan omdat hulle nie meer op hulle eie reserwe bronne kan staat maak nie. Verskeie strategieë en ekonomiese beleidstoepassings is in die verlede aangewend om buitelandse beleggings te lok ten einde by te dra tot die groei van ontwikkelende nasies. 'n Algemene strategie is die daarstelling van 'n uitvoersone waardeur die land probeer om buitelandse beleggers te lok deur die daarstelling van 'n reeks finansiële- en arbeidstoegewings. Namibië het so 'n uitvoersone in die middel negentigs in Walvis Baai tot stand gebring, met min sukses. Verskeie ander lande het ook nie bevredigende resultate met hierdie metode gehad nie. Suid-Afrika, 'n direkte buurland van Namibië, het hierdie ekonomiese sone en soortgelyke implementerings ondersoek met die doel om die beleid aan te pas en te verbeter om sodoende meer buitelandse kapitaal te lok. Die resultaat was die ontwikkeling en totstandkoming van die industriële ontwikkelingsarea in Coega buite Port Elizabeth. In hierdie studie word die twee konsepte met mekaar vergelyk ten einde die ooreenkomste en verskille uit te lig, beide in terme van wetgewing asook in terme van die Wereld Assosiasie van Bellegingsbevorderings Agentskappe se tien kriterieë vir 'n suksesvolle beleggingsomgewing. Die gevolgtrekking was dat die twee beleidsraamwerke baie min verskil, met die uitsondering dat daar min of geen belasting toegewings gemaak word ten opsigte van implementering van hierdie sones in Suid-Afrika nie. Daar word aangevoer dat indien die Suid-Afrikaanse konsep suksesvol is, dit meer waarskyknlik die gevolg sal wees van die land se relatiewe ekonomiese stand in Afrika, as die gevolg van beleidstoepassing. Behalwe hierdie faktor is daar min rede om te glo dat Suid-Afrika meer suksesvol sal wees as Namibië, tensy 'n industrie gevestig kan word wat as hoeksteen van die ontwikkeling kan dien, wat om die beurt ander verwante industrieë kan lok en ontwikkel.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / This study considers the impact that the particular funding structure used in the financing of black economic empowerment (BEE) transactions has on the expected outcome. Various structures are evaluated, each with their particular advantages and disadvantages. The report details the history of South Africa, the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), as well as the black economic empowerment phenomenon. An in-depth commentary on the financing structures used for BEE transactions within the IDC is presented together with a new, remodeled structure to be used in the analysis as part of a comparative study to determine whether the existing preferential Vanilla Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) structure garners the most appropriate result for the BEE entrepreneur. The statistical study tests whether the Vanilla SPV structure, where the financier is reliant on dividends for the repayment of their preference shares, is a better structure than the reworked SPV structure, where the financier is reliant on free cash flow for repayment. The results infer that access to free cash flow is preferred by both the financier, as well as the BEE party, as vesting is higher and the bullet payment required to attain that vesting is significantly lower.