Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The 21st Century is witnessing the concurrence of neoliberal globalisation and widespread informalisation. To this extent, the informal sector or economy is perceived as a permanent ‘feature of modern capitalist development’ (Chen 2007: 2). Its expansion, particularly in developing countries, has far reaching implications for employment generation, occupational or livelihood diversification, urban form dynamics, urban planning, as well as the general economic outcome. The historical evolutionary truth of the informal origin of most businesses coupled with the reality of informal-formal sector continuum gives credence to the critical imperative of multi-path development regime that does not consider the informal sector as a dead end. Consequently, the research explored the policy implications of the spatial and structural relationships between the informal and formal business sectors in urban Nigeria. The study region is viewed from the prism of Enugu, the major administrative centre in the southeast region of the country. Here, spatial-structural causalities at the city level are conjectured as surrogates of the globalisation-induced transformations occurring in the country from 1990 to 2010 (Andranovich & Riposa 1993). The research sought to: one, examine the extent relationships between the distribution structures of two economic segments in the city; and two, explore the changes in inter-sectoral linkages and the urban business landscape mediated by the global-local economic changes. To guide the study, two research hypotheses were formulated, viz.: (1) to prove whether or not some significant spatial/structural relationships exist between the distribution of informal and formal business units in the study area; and (2) to verify if the observed changes in the spatial and structural relationships between the two segments are accounted for by the same sets of physical, economic, and socio-cultural variables. The study made use of primary and secondary data, which were collected via mixed research methods. The proportional stratified sampling was used where necessary. The primary data were collected through casual observation/recognisance, photographic and questionnaire surveys, and semi-structured personal interviews; while the secondary data were sourced from literature review, maps and databanks of local governments and Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The data analytical procedure involved data reduction and hypotheses testing. The former technique consists of sectoral aggregation (the segmentation by coherent attribute-sectors) and spatial aggregation (translation from quantitative into spatial dimensions) (Wang & Vom Hofe 2007), while the latter required the use of Spatial Statistics Analysis toolsets of the ArGIS software and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the SPSS package. The Spatial Statistics Analysis (the Spatial Autocorrelation or Moran’s I index) and PCA results permitted the rejection of the two null hypotheses respectively. The Moran’s I index is 0.16 with a Z score of 159.78 at a significant level of .01 and critical value of 2.58, revealing a highly clustered spatial association (or dependence) between the informal and formal business distribution in the study area. Based on the eigenvalues of 10 selected variables, the PCA extracted three major determinants of the observed spatial-structural causalities, namely: socio-economic and cultural traits or business ethos, client base and market control, and physical environment/business transaction mode. The findings challenges the received model of Nigeria retail hierarchy, and among the key recommendations for guaranteeing stronger informal-formal sector linkages that are generative of sustainable endogenous development are: (i) the reinstatement of the import substitution programme; (ii) implementation of the innovative Cluster Concept of Industrial Development Strategy (CCIDS) of 2007; and (iii) adoption of urban planning standards that are pro-informal sector. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die 21ste eeubeleefonsgelyktydigneoliberaleglobalisasie en wydverspreideinformalisasie. Samelopendhiermee word die informelesektorvandieekonomiegesien as ’n “permanentekenmerk van die kapitalistieseontwikkeling.” (Chen 2007: 2). Die uitbreidingdaarvan, veral in ontwikkelendelande, het verreikendeimplikasies vir die skepping van werksgeleenthede, die diversifikasie van loopbaan- en broodwinnings-moontlikhede, stedelikevorms, stedelikebeplanning, asookalgemeneekonomieseuitkomstes. Die historieseevolusionêrewaarheidoor die oorsprong van die meestebesighede, tesame met die realiteit van die informelesektorkontinuum, verleengeloofwaardigheidaandie kritiesebelangrikheid van die multi-pad ontwikkelingraamwerkwaarbinne die informelesektorniegesien word as ’n doodloopstraatnie. Gevolglik het die navorser die beleidsimplikasies van die ruimtelike- en struktureleverhoudingtussen die informele en die formele sake-sektors in stedelikeNigeriëondersoek. Die studiegebied word besigtigvanuit die prisma van Enugu, die hoof administratiewesentrum van die suidelikestreek van Nigerië. Hier word ruimetelik-struktureleoorsaaklikhedegebruik as maatstawwe vir die transformasieswatdeurglobalisasieveroorsaak is, en wattussen 1990 en 2010 in die land plaasgvind het (Andranovich&Riposa 1993). Daar is in die navorsinggepoog om eerstens die omvang van verwantskappetussen die verspreidingstrukture van die twee ekonomiesesegmente van die stad vas te stel, en tweedens, om die veranderings in inter-sektorieseskakels en die stedelike sake landskapwatdeur die globaale-plaaslikeekonomieseveranderingsbemiddel is, te bestudeer. Twee navorsinghipoteses is geformaliseer, naamlik (1) om te bewys of daarbetekenisvolleruimtelike/struktureleverwantskappebestaantussen die verspreiding van informele en formeleeenhede in die studie- gebied, en (2) om te bevestig of die veranderings in die ruimtelike en struktureleverwantskappetussen die twee besigheidsegmentetoegeskryfkan word aandieselfdestelfisiese, ekonomiese en sosio-kultureleveranderlikes. In die studie is daargebruikgemaak van primêre en sekondêre data watdeurmiddel van gemengdenavorsingmetodesversamel is. Die proporsioneelgestratifiseerdesteekproefmetode is, waarnodig, gebruik. Die primêre data is deurterloopseobservasie, fotografiese- en vraelysopnames, en semi-gestruktureerde persoonlike onderhoudeversamel, terwyl die sekondêre data verkry is uit ’n oorsig van die letterkunde, landkaarte, en die databanke van plaaslikeowerhede en die binnelandsebelastingsdiens. (FIRS). Die data ontledingsproses het data reduksie en hipotesetoetsingingesluit. Dievorigetegniekbestaanuitsektorieseaggregasie (segmentasiedeursamehandeattribuutsektore) en ruimtelikeaggregasie (oorgesitvanafkwantitatiewenaruimtelikedimensies) (Wang & VomHofe 2007). Vir die laasgenoemde was dit nodig om Spatial Statistics Analysis gereedskapstel van die ArGISsagteware en die Principal Component Analysis (PCA) van die SPSS paket te gebruik. The Spatial Statistics Analysis (die Spatial Autocorrelation of Moran se I indeks) en die PCA resultatehet die verwerping van die twee nulhipotesesmoontlikgemaak. Moran se I indeks is 0.16 met ’n Z telling van 159.78 teen ’n betekenisvollevlak van .01 en ’n kritiesewaarde van 2.58, wat ’n hoogsgetrosderuimetlikeassosiasieaantoon, of dat die verspreiding van die informele en formelebesighede in die studiegebiednabymekaargeleë en afhanklik is van mekaar. Gegrond op die eigenwaardes van die 10 gekoseveranderlikes, is daardeur die PCA bepaalwat die drie hoof ruimtelik-strukturelekousaliteite is. Dit is sosio-ekonomiese en kulturelekenmerke, kliente basis en markbeheer, en fisieseomgewing/sake transaksie modus. Die bevindingeverskil van die ontvangdemodel van die Nigeriesehierargie. Om sterkerinformele-formeleskakelswatvolhoubareendogeneontwikkelingwaarborg, te genereer, word die volgendeaanbevelingsgemaak: (i) die invoerplaasvervangings-program moetingestel word, (ii) die Cluster Concept of Industrial Development Strategy (CCIDS) van 2007 moet implementer word; en (iii) stedelikebeplanningstandaardewat pro-informelesektor is, moet aanvaar word.

The MOZAL aluminium smelter in Maputo is the largest-ever foreign direct investment in Mozambique. South Africa&rsquo / s state-owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) owns 24% shares in MOZAL and the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) and Eskom provided road and power supply infrastructure to ensure the success of the smelter. BHP Billiton is the majority shareholder, the other being Mitsubishi. MOZAL is the flagship of South Africa&rsquo / s foreign policy for regional integration in southern Africa and economic reconstruction in Mozambique: a practical manifestation of the African Renaissance. This thesis is a case study of MOZAL as an example of cross-border industrial development and its implications for development in Mozambique. Using an eclectic multidisciplinary Critical Global Political Economy (critical GPE) theoretical framework, a survey of relevant literature and a series of selected open interviews, it examines how development based on the assumptions of industrialisation and neo-modernisation espoused by the governments and private sector champions of MOZAL impact on class, gender, environmental and social justice in Mozambique. The research identifies the socio-economic development dimensions of MOZAL for Mozambique and how the cost and benefits are distributed among the various social groups and actors directly and/or indirectly involved with the MOZAL aluminium smelter. The main findings are that MOZAL as a private sector FDI project is a qualified success. On the positive side, it contributes to economic growth. However, the benefits to Mozambique are exaggerated and are not broadly distributed. On the negative side, it contributes to increasing the economic dependence of Mozambique on the South African economy. Instead of narrowing the development gap, the smelter has contributed to increased differentiation between companies in South Africa and Mozambique and, within Mozambique, between the Northern and Southern regions, as well as among MOZAL employees and the majority of the population in Maputo. The implications are that the development benefits from foreign direct investment cross-border industrial development projects may, at least in the short-term, lead to uneven regional integration and development enjoyed by a few.

M.A. (Public Management and Governance) / This study focuses on the policy programme feasibility of the proposed OR Tambo Industrial Development Zone (ORTIAIDZ) programme to determine the viability of its implementation. This introductory chapter highlights the background and rationale in order to provide context to the problem statement and the chosen research approach. The research questions and research objectives are provided and the research investigation methodology (research approach, design, data collection and analysis methods) used in this study are clarified. The chapter also clarifies the explicit terminology used in the text. Finally, a synopsis of the chapters comprising the dissertation is provided.

A indústria de transformação é formada por um conjunto de setores com grande potencial para estimular o crescimento econômico, sobretudo de países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Vários fatores definem as condições produtivas e tecnológicas do país, como a inovação tecnológica, a diversificação produtiva e a proximidade setorial (cognitiva e tecnológica), os quais também podem se diferenciar de acordo com os setores de atividade. Para compreender as características recentes da indústria de transformação brasileira esta tese procura responder algumas questões: i) as empresas que realizaram cooperação para inovar no Brasil apresentaram perfil distinto daquelas que inovaram sem cooperar? ii) o esforço inovativo realizado por empresas nacionais e estrangeiras é similar? iii) os subsetores da manufatura brasileira são diversificados e possuem desempenho econômico superior em relação aos não diversificados? iv) há um padrão de diversificação entre os subsetores? v) existe uma relação de proximidade produtiva e tecnológica entre os setores industriais que pode ser confirmada a partir das habilidades dos trabalhadores? Essas perguntas ajudarão a entender melhor algumas questões ainda não exploradas pela literatura brasileira com o grau de detalhamento explorado nesta tese. Para tanto, foram obtidas algumas tabulações especiais da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (Pintec) e da Pesquisa Industrial Anual Empresa (PIA-Empresa) para anos recentes. Também criou-se um índice para captar habilidades produtivas e tecnológicas relacionadas às ocupações dos trabalhadores, que foi utilizado em uma nova aplicação de modelos econométricos espaciais para medir a proximidade cognitiva e tecnológica. O detalhamento dos dados solicitados resultou em informações inéditas que permitem fazer algumas avaliações conclusivas sobre o desempenho recente da manufatura brasileira nos temas abordados. Primeiro, empresas que cooperaram para inovar apresentaram um esforço inovativo muito superior às que não cooperaram, independente da origem do capital e da categoria tecnológica, sendo que o fato de cooperar foi mais decisivo para diferenciá-las que a origem do capital. Segundo, os subsetores com plantas produtivas industriais diversificadas possuem desempenho produtivo superior frente àqueles não diversificados. Há um padrão de diversificação da produção em que subsetores tendem a diversificar mais intensamente para dentro do mesmo grupo setorial, enquanto apenas os subsetores mais tecnológicos diversificam para grupos setoriais mais distantes. Terceiro, foi encontrado um padrão em que setores que possuem trabalhadores com habilidades produtivas e tecnológicas tendem a ter em sua vizinhança setores com as mesmas características, e isso permite que efeitos econômicos transbordem para sua vizinhança. Assim, os resultados apontaram que algumas características da indústria de transformação brasileira quanto à inovação, diversificação e proximidade setorial podem ser reforçadas a fim de obter melhor desempenho econômico. Esforços inovativos podem ser ampliados ao estimular empresas inovadoras a realizarem cooperação para inovar. O desempenho dos subsetores pode ser aperfeiçoado ao ampliar a diversificação das plantas produtivas. E ainda, pode-se produzir efeitos positivos sobre a economia de forma mais ampla ao focalizar ações para setores que possuam uma rede de vizinhança mais densa e que demandam habilidades produtivas e tecnológicas / The manufacturing industry is composed of subsectors with great potential to stimulate economic growth, especially in developing countries such as Brazil. Several factors define the productive and technological conditions of a country, such as technological innovation, productive diversification and sectoral proximity (cognitive and technological), which can also be differentiated according to the sectors of activity. In order to understand the recent characteristics of the Brazilian manufacturing sector, this thesis tries to answer some questions: i) have the companies that cooperated for innovating in Brazil presented a profile different from those that innovated without cooperating? ii) is the innovative effort carried out by domestic and foreign companies similar? iii) are the subsectors of Brazilian manufacturing diversified and have superior economic performance over non-diversified ones? iv) is there a pattern of diversification among subsectors? v) is there a productive and technological proximity relationship between the manufacturing subsectors that can be confirmed by the skills of the workers? These questions will help to better understand some issues not yet explored by the Brazilian literature with the degree of detail explored in this thesis. For this purpose, some special tabulations were obtained from the Brazilian Survey of Technological Innovation and the Annual Industrial Survey of Brazil in recent years. An index was also created to capture productive and technological skills related to occupations of workers, which was used in a new application of spatial econometric models to measure cognitive and technological proximity. The detailing of the requested data resulted in unpublished information that allows making some conclusive evaluations on the recent performance of the Brazilian manufacturing in the subjects approached. First, companies that cooperated for innovating presented an innovative effort far superior to those that did not cooperate, regardless of the origin of capital and the technological category, and the fact of cooperating was more decisive to differentiate them than the origin of capital. Second, subsectors with diversified industrial productive plants have superior productive performance over non-diversified ones. There is a production\'s diversification pattern in which subsectors tend to diversify more intensively within of the same manufacturing subsector (intra-industry diversification), while only the more technological subsectors diversify between several manufacturing subsectors (inter-industry diversification). Third, a pattern has been found in which subsectors that have workers with productive and technological skills tend to have in their proximity also subsectors with the same characteristics, and this allows economic effects to overflow to their neighborhood. Thus, the results pointed out that some characteristics of the Brazilian manufacturing sector regarding innovation, diversification and sectoral proximity can be strengthened in order to obtain better economic performance. Encouraging innovative companies to cooperate in innovating can enhance innovative efforts. Performance of the subsectors can be improved by raising the diversification of productive plants. Furthermore, positive effects on the economy can be obtained more broadly by focusing on subsectors that have a denser neighborhood that demands productive and technological skills

Esta tese analisa as características e as condições do desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico do setor de máquinas-ferramenta no Brasil. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que há uma relação entre trajetória tecnológica, regime tecnológico e desenvolvimento econômico e considera que o arcabouço sobre Sistema Setorial de Inovação pode trazer importantes contribuições para o desenvolvimento tecnológico entre os setores industriais. A revisão teórica da tese aplicou a discussão sobre trajetória tecnológica, regime tecnológico e Sistema Setorial de Inovação ao caso do setor de máquinas-ferramenta mundial, destacando as características do desenvolvimento das tecnologias do setor na Inglaterra, EUA e Japão. A metodologia de pesquisa abrangeu uma análise sobre o setor de máquinas-ferramenta no Brasil. Esta análise considerou as características do desempenho industrial e tecnológico e as interações realizadas entre empresas de máquinas-ferramenta e grupos de pesquisa sediados no Estado de São Paulo. A partir da análise empírica e setorial, a tese constatou que o regime tecnológico do setor de máquinas-ferramenta do Brasil apresenta características distintas, relativamente ao setor de máquinas-ferramenta dos países analisados na revisão teórica. O Sistema Setorial de Inovação de máquinas-ferramenta no Brasil também apresenta algumas diferenças em relação ao Sistema Setorial de máquinas-ferramenta da Alemanha, Japão, EUA e Itália. A conclusão é que a escolha das empresas por trajetórias tecnológicas no passado pode repercutir um ambiente tecnológico distinto para um mesmo setor através dos países. Considera-se que as características do ambiente tecnológico de cada setor podem apresentar alguns efeitos positivos para a sua competitividade. Entretanto, no longo prazo, a dinâmica industrial e tecnológica do setor de máquinas-ferramenta nacional pode ser afetada pela escolha entre trajetórias tecnológicas. / This thesis analyzes the characteristics and conditions of the industrial and technological development of the machine tools industry in Brazil. The work assumes that there is a relationship between technological trajectory, technological regime and economic development and considers the framework of the Sectoral System of Innovation can make important contributions to technological development among industries. A theoretical review of the thesis applied the discussion on technological trajectory, technological regime and Sectoral System of Innovation in the case of machine tools industry, highlighting the features of the technology development sector in England, USA and Japan. The research methodology includes an analysis of the machine tools industry in Brazil. This analysis considered the performance characteristics of industrial and technological interactions between companies of machine tools and research groups based in São Paulo. From the empirical analysis and sector, the thesis found that the technological regime of the machine tools industry in Brazil has distinct characteristics to the machine tools industry of the countries analyzed in the theoretical review. The machine tools Sectoral System of Innovation in Brazil also have some differences from the System Sector machine tools from Germany, Japan, USA and Italy. The conclusion is that the choice of enterprises by technological trajectories in the past can influence a distinct technological environment for the same sector across countries. It is considered that the characteristics of the technological environment of each sector may have some positive effects on their competitiveness. However, in the long term, the dynamic industrial and technological sector of machine tools can be affected by national choice between technological trajectories.

This research is an attempt to create a comprehensive assessment framework for identifying and assessing potential improvement options of cement production systems. From an environmental systems analysis perspective, this study provides both an empirical account and a methodological approach for quantifying the CO2 footprint of a cement production system. An attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed to analyze the CO2 footprint of several products of a cement production system in Germany which consists of three dierent plants. Based on the results of the LCA study, six key performance indicators are dened as the basis for a simplied LCA model. This model is used to quantify the CO2 footprint of dierent versions of the cement production system. In order to identify potential improvement options, a framework for Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA) is developed. The search and classication guideline of this framework is based on the concepts of Cleaner Production, Industrial Ecology, and Industrial Symbiosis. It allows systematic identication and classication of potential improvement options. In addition, it can be used for feasibility and applicability evaluation of dierent options. This MCA is applied both on a generic level, reecting the future landscape of the industry, and on a production organization level re ecting the most applicable possibilities for change. Based on this assessment a few appropriate futureoriented scenarios for the studied cement production system are constructed. The simplied LCA model is used to quantify the CO2 footprint of the production system for each scenario. By integrating Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-Criteria Assessment approaches, this study provides a comprehensive assessment method for identifying suitable industrial developments and quantifying the CO2 footprint improvements that might be achieved by their implementation. The results of this study emphasis, although by utilizing alternative fuels and more ecient production facility, it is possible to improve the CO2 footprint of clinker, radical improvements can be achieved on the portfolio level. Compared to Portland cement, very high reduction of CO2 footprint can be achieved if clinker is replaced with low carbon alternatives, such as Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) which are the by-products of other  industrial production. Benchmarking a cement production system by its portfolio product is therefore a more reasonable approach, compared to focusing on the performance of its clinker production. This study showed that Industrial Symbiosis, that is, over the fence initiatives for material and energy exchanges and collaboration with nontraditional partners, are relevant to cement industry. However, the contingent nature of these strategies should always be noted, because the mere exercise of such activities may not lead to a more resource ecient production system. Therefore, in search for potential improvements, it is important to keep the search horizon as wide as possible, however, assess the potential improvements in each particular case. The comprehensive framework developed and applied in this research is an attempt in this direction.

O Brasil acumulou a partir de 1940, experiência significativa em matéria de planejamento governamental. Desde as primeiras tentativas, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o País procurou criar e implementar inúmeros Planos de Governo, começando com o Plano SALTE em 1947, e, avançando com vários Planos Plurianuais até os dias atuais. O Brasil empreendeu, ao longo das últimas seis décadas, diversas tentativas de planejar e melhor organizar o processo de desenvolvimento econômico nacional. Esta Tese efetua uma avaliação histórica das Políticas Públicas praticadas nos Setores Energético e Industrial para verificar a existência de correlação ou dependência entre elas, desde a metade do século XX até hoje. O Brasil tornou-se mais maduro do ponto de vista industrial, conseguiu avançar no plano tecnológico ao longo desses Planos mas, não obstante progressos setoriais isolados, a sociedade brasileira permaneceu desigual, e continuou a padecer de iniqüidades nos terrenos da educação, da saúde e demais condições de vida para os setores mais desfavorecidos da população. Em função das mudanças políticas, da evolução da demanda de energia e expansão do consumo industrial, este trabalho analisa no período considerado, o comportamento histórico, as tendências econômicas, industriais e energéticas do País. / Brazil has accumulated a significant experience in governmental planning from 1940 onwards. Since the first attempts after the Second World War, the country has tried to create and implement several governmental plans, starting with the SALTE(1) Plan in 1947 and continuing with various other plans until current days. Throughout the last six decades, Brazil has undertaken diverse attempts to plan and better organize the process of national economic development. This thesis presents a historical evaluation of the public politics implemented in the sectors Energy and Industrial to verify the existence of a correlation and dependence between them, from the second half of the twentieth century until today. Brazil has become more mature from the industrial point of view and has managed to progress in technology throughout these plans. However, despite some isolated sector progress, Brazilian society has remained imbalanced and the lower-class continued to suffer from inequality in education, health and living standards. Due to political changes, the evolution of energy demand and industrial consumption expansion, this study analyses in the period mentioned above, the historical behavior; the economic, industrial and energy trends of the country.

This thesis provides a theoretical framework for evaluating the causes of vacant land in shrinking cities. The focus of this thesis was New Orleans and St. Louis; these two cities were selected as the case studies because they are roughly of similar age, possess a common cultural and economic heritage, and have a geographic footprint which encompasses different environmental conditions. This thesis evaluated factors that contribute to patterns of land vacancy within these two cities. Factors included in this evaluation include employment and other economic and cultural opportunities, environmental and ecological conditions, social dynamics and conditions, governmental management decisions, and 'quality of life' stressors, such as proximity to major infrastructure and industrial development. The theoretical framework described in this thesis is intended to apply to other shrinking cities beyond the case studies. A geographic information system database using historical maps and population census data were created for each city and utilized to examine temporal patterns in the relationship between land vacancy and a variety of environmental, economic, and social factors. Maps from the time of the founding of each city were geo-referenced to create a depiction of the ecological conditions prior to European settlement at the sites of New Orleans in 1718 and St. Louis in 1764, respectively. Time-series data gathered from the United States population censuses were utilized to document spatial change of the two cities as they evolved. Homo sapiens like other species compete for habitat. Access to high quality habitat within the urban ecosystem is determined by contestation between individuals and social groups, through market mechanisms and through management decisions, both utilitarian and ideological. Corruption and violence may also be factors. Individual agency is a factor in this contestation but social and cultural structures can also work to limit individual choices, particularly for minorities and low income residents, and relegate many residents to suboptimum or marginal habitat. A data analysis of both New Orleans and St. Louis showed that the quantity and location of vacant land is primarily influenced by proximity to opportunities and by proximity to major risks which impact the quality of Homo sapiens habitat. The first of these is proximity to opportunities such as employment, education, and cultural resources. The second is the presence of natural hazards, such as flooding and geological hazards, as revealed by the analysis of the historical ecology of the city. The third is the impact of local government management decisions and social planning which has spatial implications, including racially-based zoning, racial covenants, redlining, and isolation from public services and facilities such as the segregation of public schools. These decisions are often the reflection of ideology and power relationships. A fourth driver of land vacancy is proximity to risks, notably industrial lands, but also the intrusion of major infrastructure projects such as the development of the railyards and rail corridor of St. Louis, the construction of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, and the construction of Interstate highways through both cities. In some circumstances, such drivers that include the unintended consequences of utilitarian decisions. The fifth driver include socio-economic factors and the neighborhood effects of crime, and poor education. These five drivers act in different proportions in each city to influence land values which, in turn, drive levels of vacancy. This comparative investigation revealed that the impact of geophysical factors on land vacancy varies greatly between New Orleans and St. Louis. While much of New Orleans lies below sea level and is often subject to flooding and hurricanes, little of the vacant lands of St. Louis are impacted by geophysical factors. In contrast, management decisions and social planning have contributed significantly to the concentration of poverty and, in turn, land vacancy in both cities. While some of these management decisions are utilitarian in nature and intended to provide the greatest benefits for the most number of people, others are ideologically driven or reflect power relationships and in the case of both New Orleans and St. Louis, racism. Proximity to risks, such as active railroad tracks, major highways, and industrial development, also has a strong relationship to land vacancy in both cities. Land vacancy also has a strong spatial relationship with areas of low income, poor education, and crime and neighborhood effects. While an understanding of environmental history can provide a useful guide to vacant land policy, efforts to address the challenge of vacant lands must consider not only the symptoms but the underlying causes of vacancy, particularly economic and social factors. This thesis is addressed to planners, architects, urban designers, landscape architects, and elected and appointed government officials who work to address the challenges of shrinking cities. Though this thesis examined the causes of vacant land in two shrinking cities, future research should examine the application of the theoretical framework presented here to cities experiencing growth as well.

Esta tese analisa as características e as condições do desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico do setor de máquinas-ferramenta no Brasil. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que há uma relação entre trajetória tecnológica, regime tecnológico e desenvolvimento econômico e considera que o arcabouço sobre Sistema Setorial de Inovação pode trazer importantes contribuições para o desenvolvimento tecnológico entre os setores industriais. A revisão teórica da tese aplicou a discussão sobre trajetória tecnológica, regime tecnológico e Sistema Setorial de Inovação ao caso do setor de máquinas-ferramenta mundial, destacando as características do desenvolvimento das tecnologias do setor na Inglaterra, EUA e Japão. A metodologia de pesquisa abrangeu uma análise sobre o setor de máquinas-ferramenta no Brasil. Esta análise considerou as características do desempenho industrial e tecnológico e as interações realizadas entre empresas de máquinas-ferramenta e grupos de pesquisa sediados no Estado de São Paulo. A partir da análise empírica e setorial, a tese constatou que o regime tecnológico do setor de máquinas-ferramenta do Brasil apresenta características distintas, relativamente ao setor de máquinas-ferramenta dos países analisados na revisão teórica. O Sistema Setorial de Inovação de máquinas-ferramenta no Brasil também apresenta algumas diferenças em relação ao Sistema Setorial de máquinas-ferramenta da Alemanha, Japão, EUA e Itália. A conclusão é que a escolha das empresas por trajetórias tecnológicas no passado pode repercutir um ambiente tecnológico distinto para um mesmo setor através dos países. Considera-se que as características do ambiente tecnológico de cada setor podem apresentar alguns efeitos positivos para a sua competitividade. Entretanto, no longo prazo, a dinâmica industrial e tecnológica do setor de máquinas-ferramenta nacional pode ser afetada pela escolha entre trajetórias tecnológicas. / This thesis analyzes the characteristics and conditions of the industrial and technological development of the machine tools industry in Brazil. The work assumes that there is a relationship between technological trajectory, technological regime and economic development and considers the framework of the Sectoral System of Innovation can make important contributions to technological development among industries. A theoretical review of the thesis applied the discussion on technological trajectory, technological regime and Sectoral System of Innovation in the case of machine tools industry, highlighting the features of the technology development sector in England, USA and Japan. The research methodology includes an analysis of the machine tools industry in Brazil. This analysis considered the performance characteristics of industrial and technological interactions between companies of machine tools and research groups based in São Paulo. From the empirical analysis and sector, the thesis found that the technological regime of the machine tools industry in Brazil has distinct characteristics to the machine tools industry of the countries analyzed in the theoretical review. The machine tools Sectoral System of Innovation in Brazil also have some differences from the System Sector machine tools from Germany, Japan, USA and Italy. The conclusion is that the choice of enterprises by technological trajectories in the past can influence a distinct technological environment for the same sector across countries. It is considered that the characteristics of the technological environment of each sector may have some positive effects on their competitiveness. However, in the long term, the dynamic industrial and technological sector of machine tools can be affected by national choice between technological trajectories.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia Feitosa Nakamoto.pdf: 2498288 bytes, checksum: fe007259c8135a50abda21f03f266958 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / The present study focuses on the theme of environment and pollution as a result of the industrialization process and the model of capitalist production itself aiming to invoke knowledge to instrumentalize positions on the sustainability of the industrial environment, including the polluter pays principle and adjacent principles the principle of user pays principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle, the principle of the protective payee. To achieve this purpose, the study that uses the deductive approach and bibliographic research talks about the conceptualization related to the environment and pollution, the consequences of industrial activity on the environment, the polluter pays principle, the sustainable development and the inference of the polluter pays principle and sustainable development in industrial activity. Finally, the adoption of these preventive practices favors entrepreneurs and community for enjoying the benefits of the shares of industrial production under conditions of environmental protection and preservation of the natural environment / O presente estudo se debruça sobre o tema do meio ambiente e da poluição resultado do processo de industrialização e do próprio modelo de produção capitalista e objetiva invocar conhecimentos para instrumentalizar as posições relativas à sustentabilidade do meio ambiente industrial, abrangendo o princípio do poluidor pagador e os princípios adjacentes princípio do usuário pagador, princípio da prevenção, princípio da precaução, princípio do protetor recebedor. Para atingir este propósito, o estudo que se apoia na abordagem dedutiva e na técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica discorre sobre a conceituação relacionada ao meio ambiente e à poluição, aos reflexos da atividade industrial no meio ambiente, ao princípio do poluidor pagador, ao desenvolvimento sustentável e à inferência do princípio do poluidor pagador e do desenvolvimento sustentável na atividade industrial. Na conclusão, percebe-se que a adoção dessas práticas preventivas favorece os empresários e a coletividade, por usufruírem os benefícios das ações da produção industrial sob as condições de proteção ambiental e da preservação do meio ambiente natural