Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2007. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-19T16:03:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 narjara garcia.pdf: 779084 bytes, checksum: e95318fdc085b36d088f50faa3d0489d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-09T13:56:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 narjara garcia.pdf: 779084 bytes, checksum: e95318fdc085b36d088f50faa3d0489d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-09T13:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 narjara garcia.pdf: 779084 bytes, checksum: e95318fdc085b36d088f50faa3d0489d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A família enquanto contexto de desenvolvimento humano propicia interações que contribuem para o processo educativo dos seus membros. A educação nas famílias é um fenômeno sócio-histórico, geracional e cultural que se processa por experiências individuais e conjuntas de transmissão de saberes, valores e hábitos de convivência. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos investigar as crenças, os significados da educação em famílias de pescadores artesanais, os modelos de práticas educativas transmitidos bem como compreender se estes modelos se constituem em fatores de risco, proteção e resiliência para estes grupos. Foram escolhidas aleatoriamente duas famílias do município de Rio Grande/ RS, uma da zona rural e outra da zona urbana. Foram estudadas três gerações de cada família participante. Para tanto, foi escolhido o método da inserção ecológica que pressupõe a imersão do pesquisador no ambiente a ser estudado e requer diferentes estratégias de coleta de dados: diário de campo, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, histórias de vida e geno gramas. A análise qualitativa dos dados seguiu os passos da Grounded-Theory. Os resultados apontam para mudanças na atividade pesqueira ao longo das diferentes gerações, principalmente no que se refere aos materiais utilizados para a atividade da pesca artesanal e a comercialização do pescado. Há evidências de linearidades na transmissão geracional dos saberes sobre a pesca e na definição de papéis do homem e da mulher no desempenho desta atividade. Além disso, foram detectadas transformações no modelo educacional das gerações anteriores. A nova forma de pensar a educação dos filhos é direcionada pelo diálogo e expressão da afetividade, antigamente mediadas por punições e autoritarismo. Fica explícita a mudança nos padrões de comunicação familiar com a ruptura do silêncio e abertura para tomada das decisões. Para o enfrentamento das situações de risco são incluídas as crianças e os idosos do grupo familiar. Estes resultados salientam que a atual educação familiar destes grupos promove oportunidades de reflexão sobre as situações de vulnerabilidade socioambiental e pode formar sujeitos sociais participativos que podem escolher continuar ou não com a atividade pesqueira artesanal. Portanto, este modelo de educação nas famílias de pescadores artesanais com base no diálogo é sintônico com a perspectiva da educação ambiental, cuja proposta é de reforçar que o processo de transmissão cultural entre gerações possibilite uma visão crítica, reflexiva e transformadora da realidade social. / Families are contexts of development that provide interactions which contribute to the educational processes of their members. Family education is a socio historical and generational phenomenon that is processed by individual and collective experiences of knowledge, values and habits of living transmission. This present research aimed to investigate the beliefs, the familiar education meanings, and the educational patterns which are transmitted as well as understand whether those patterns are risk, protection and resilience to groups of non-industrial fishing families. Two families were randomly chosen in the district of Rio Grande/RS, one belonging to the rural and the other to the urban areas. Three generations of the participant families were studied. The method of ecological insertion was elected as it presupposes the immersion of researchers in the environment to be studied and demand different strategies of data collecting: diary of observations, semistructured interviews, life stories and genograms. The qualitative analysis followed the paths of the grounded-theory. The results point to changes in the fishing activities along the different generations, mainly with respect to the materials for non-industrial fishery and the commercialization of the product. There were evidences of linearities of generational transmission of knowledge about fishing and the definition of women‘s and men’s roles. Besides there were found transformations in the educational models’ patterns of the previous generations. The new form of elaboration on the children’s education is guided by dialogue and expressions of affection which in the past was mediated by punishments and authority. The changes in communication patterns are explicit by means of the rupture of the silence and the openness for decision making. In order to face the risk situation the children and the elders are included. These results underline that the familiar education of these groups promotes opportunities of coletive thinking over the socio environmental vulnerabilities and can constitute social and participant individuals that may choose whether they want to carry on with the ARTESANAL fishing activity. However, this model of education in the non industrial fishing families dialogue based is coherent with the perspective of environmental education whose purpose is to reinforce that the cultural intergenerational transmission might provide a critical, reflexive and transforming view of the social reality.

Située au coeur du golfe de Gascogne, La Rochelle fut dès sa naissance au début du XIIe siècle une communauté de pêcheurs. La ville s’affirme comme une cité marchande, devenant l’une des plus dynamiques de l’Ouest français. Son port de commerce se déplace sur un nouveau site en 1890, libérant le vieux port au centre-ville pour la pêche. De nombreux voiliers viennent déjà y vendre leur pêche sur un marché aux poissons attractif, que le chemin de fer relie à l’intérieur du pays en 1857. Une nouvelle page s’ouvre, celle du chalutage industriel qui fait une percée majeure en Grande-Bretagne. A La Rochelle, après l’échec d’une tentative de l’anglais Craggs d’y implanter le chalutage à vapeur en 1871, de grands armements à la pêche industrielle sont fondés de 1904 à 1920. Une première période d’essor de ces armements fait de la cité le deuxième port de pêche de France, le premier de l’Atlantique. Après le marasme des pêches françaises et la crise de la flottille de chalutiers à vapeur rochelais, un nouvel essor du port s’affirme après la Seconde guerre mondiale. La Rochelle redevient le quatrième port de pêche de France dans les années 1960. Mais l’année 1965 marque une rupture de la pêche industrielle rochelaise et un déclin s’ensuit qui conduit à la disparition des derniers grands chalutiers en 1994. De nombreux travaux menés jusqu’ici ont porté sur d’autres ports de pêche de France. Cette étude a l’ambition de contribuer à la connaissance de plus d’un siècle d’histoire de pêche industrielle du port de La Rochelle, de ses dimensions économiques, sociologiques, politiques et écologiques, dans le cadre d’une étude comparative, en analysant les caractéristiques et les raisons de cet essor et celles d’un déclin précoce et rapide. / Situated in the heart of the bay of Biscay, La Rochelle, right from its foundation, at the beginning of the XIIth century, was a community of fishermen. It then became one of the most dynamic cities in western France. In 1890 the commercial port moved to a new site, liberating the old port in the city centre for fishing activities. Many sailing ships came to sell their fish on an attractive fish market boosted by the railway connection to the inland part of the country in 1857. A new era started with industrial trawling, a major innovation in Great Britain. In 1871, the English shipowner Craggs tried to introduce steam-powered trawling but suffered a setback . However from 1904 to 1920 important armaments in industrial trawling were created, making La Rochelle, in this early period of expansion, the second fishing port in France and the first one on the Atlantic coast. After the stagnation of French fisheries and a crisis of Rochelais steam-powered trawlers, a new expansion of the port occured after WWII. In the sixties, La Rochelle became the 4th fishing port in France, until in 1965 a break in industrial fishing activities resulted in the loss of the last big trawlers in 1994. There have been numerous documents about other fishing ports in France. This study aims to concentrate on the history of industrial fishing in the port of La Rochelle over a century, highlighting its economic, sociological, political and ecological dimensions. For this purpose a comparative study has been made, analysing the characteristics and the reasons of this expansion as well as the ones of a rapid and premature decline.

The Peruvian anchoveta fishery was for nearly 60 years characterized by the unsustainable dynamics of open access resource pools. This thesis investigates whether the 2009 Peruvian Legislative Decree 1084 on Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQ's) is an effective response to the industrial overcapacity and race-to-fish problems that threatened the environment before its implementation. It employs Common-Pool Resource theory to assess the impact of the new IVQ scheme on collective dynamics, and Ribot and Peluso's access theory (2009) to elucidate evolving power relations in the fishery. In this framework, DL1084 is evaluated as a regulatory instrument, as a lens on fisheries governance in Peru, and as a source of insight into how environmental impact serves in developing regulations of natural resource exploitation. A triangulated mixed-method design is employed: (1) a two-stream literature review of fisheries management and of the fishery's political ecology; (2) a quantitative analysis of daily state-published landings reports; and (3) seven in-depth intensive interviews with key actors in the fishery, conducted in Peru over two field-trips of approximately 2 months in total. Results indicate that although IVQ's supported existing trends towards large-scale economic efficiency and altered extreme competitive strategies previously associated with open access, fishing companies have built larger ships, favour bigger catches and still concentrate fishing effort around a given annual peak. Meanwhile, capacity has again increased in the unregulated artisanal fishery sector. DL1084 appears to reflect a broader process of growing private sector involvement in managing the fishery, made official by its institutionalization of market self-regulation. Ultimately, it evidences deep structure and capacity limitations in the state's ability to govern marine resources. The law was nevertheless seen as a landmark for the environmental legal process in Peru and an opportunity for reform. This thesis suggests that studying such legislations can provide insight into state identity and the evolving relationship between a nation and its geography. / Durante casi 60 años, la pesquería peruana de anchoveta estaba caracterizada por las dinámicas insostenibles de la explotación de recursos de propiedad común en situación de acceso abierto. Esta tesis investiga si el Decreto Legislativo Peruano 1084 (DL1084) sobre Límites Máximos de Captura por Embarcación (LMCE) es una respuesta efectiva a los problemas de sobrecapacidad industrial y de carrera por el recurso que amenazaban el ambiente antes de su aplicación en 2009. Se basa en la teoría de los Recursos de Propiedad Común (Common-Pool Resource theory) para evaluar el impacto del nuevo modelo de gestión por LMCE sobre las dinámicas colectivas, y en la teoría del Acceso de Ribot y Peluso (2009) para trazar la evolución de las relaciones de poder en la pesquería. En este marco, el DL1084 es evaluado como herramienta regulatoria, como lente sobre la gobernanza pesquera en el Perú y como reflejo del proceso por el cual el impacto ambiental sirve como base para el desarrollo de regulaciones sobre el acceso a recursos naturales. Sigue un diseño triangulado de métodos combinados: (1) una revisión de literatura en dos ramas de la gestión de pesquería como campo general y de la ecología política de la pesquería de anchoveta; (2) un análisis cuantitativo de los informes diarios de desembarques publicados por el estado (IMARPE); y (3) siete entrevistas intensivas de fondo con actores claves en la pesquería, realizadas en Perú durante dos visitas de aproximadamente dos meses en total. Los resultados indican que a pesar de que los LMCE soportaron una tendencia existente hacia una eficiencia económica de mayor escala y alteraron las estrategias competitivas extremas asociadas con el acceso abierto, las empresas pesqueras han construido embarcaciones más grandes, favorecen capturas de mayor tamaño y todavía concentran su esfuerzo pesquero alrededor de un pico anual de abundancia. En paralelo, ha aumentado la capacidad de captura en el sector artesanal, el cual no cuenta con límites de captura. El DL1084 aparece como parte de un proceso más general de creciente involucramiento del sector privado en el manejo de la pesquería, haciéndolo oficial por su misma institucionalización de la autorregulación del mercado. Por último, pone en evidencia profundas limitaciones de estructura y de capacidad en el estado en cuanto a cómo gobierna los recursos marinos. La ley ha sin embargo sido vista como un precedente importante para el proceso legislativo ambiental en el Perú así como una oportunidad para impulsar otras reformas. Esta tesis sugiere que el estudio de tales legislaciones puede ofrecer una mirada sobre los procesos de formación de la identidad de un estado y sobre la evolución de la relación entre una nación y su geografía.