Sustainable approaches have been extensively proposed in product, process and system levels. However, a lack of applicable solutions for these methods is identified in the existing research. This research considers uncertainties affecting sustainable systems and comprehensively discusses the need for the optimal design in product and system levels under uncertainty. Based on the economic, social and environmental requirements of a sustainable product, and uncertainties in engineering systems, two innovative methods are proposed. The methods, including agent-based modeling (ABM) and Big Data, quantify effects of users’ preference changes as a significant uncertainty source in a product design process. The effect of quantified uncertainties on the product sustainability is then evaluated, and solutions to reduce the effects are developed. Through a novel control engineering method, uncertainties are modeled in the design process of a product. Using two mathematical models, the cost and environmental impacts in the design process are minimized under users’ preference changes. The models search for an optimal number of iterations in the design process to achieve a sustainable solution. The methods have been extended to model and optimize the sustainable system design under uncertainties. Design of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) is a practical and scientific solution to achieve sustainable industries. To improve the feasibility of flow exchanges between industries in an EIP under several uncertainties, this research provides a perspective analysis for establishing flow exchanges between industries. The sources of uncertainties in the EIPs are then comprehensively studied, and research gaps are highlighted. Finally, models to optimize flow exchanges between industries are presented and the validity of models is evaluated using real data. A major is including all sustainability pillars in the proposed approach. The research addresses users’ preferences to highlight the role of individuals in the society. Moreover, the economic and environmental objective functions have been considered for optimal decision making in the design process. This research underlines the role of uncertainty studies in the sustainable system design. Multiple classifications, perspective analysis, and optimization objectives are presented to help decision makers with the optimal design of sustainable systems under uncertainties. / February 2017

工業區開發乃是促進國家與地方經濟發展的重要手段之一，而工業區開發政策之內容亦必須隨著國家發展政策的變更加以調整。本文之研究乃以產權理論為基礎，分析編定工業區開發合作關係中的人力要素及非人力要素的配置問題及各個生產要素投入的特性及與剩餘索取權的關連。開發者是人力的投入者，政府為非人力的投入者，開發者於公開甄選程序後，取得開發案的控制權，主導著開發案的走向，然而在產權結構上，卻採固定式報酬的代工模式，開發者人力沒有隨著開發案的開發成效愈好而得到愈高的報酬。本文試圖檢核在工業區開發產權結構中，開發者人力因沒有受到激勵，剩餘索取權配置所發生的問題與盲點，提出應以合作開發關係取代委託開發關係，開發者以勞務出資方式分享剩餘索取權，避免開發者機會主義的行為，以為健全未來工業區開發制度之參考。 / 本文第二章工業區開發制度之產權結構：概述工業區開發契約意義與利益分配，闡述團隊生產活動的本質、不完全契約及剩餘索取權，鏈結工業區開發與產權理論的關係；第三章，是我國編定工業區開發制度沿革，首先簡介工業區開發制度，其次論及開發問題與困境，再者進行開發課題的分析；第四章，以開發個案之探討為例，配合產權理論，深入探究剩餘索取權分配及歸屬。 / 第五章結論與建議，除了綜理產權理論應用於編定工業區的結果外，亦針對我國現行編定工業區提出改進的方向：第一、編定工業區開發制度設計應朝激勵制設計：現行編定工業區開發中，工業區委託生產關係無法激勵開發者去努力工作，因為生產率愈高，報酬卻沒有增加，所以未來在工業區相關制度設計上，應朝激勵制的方向修正，讓投入要素者都擁有剩餘索取權，相互監督，互享利益；第二、開發者報酬應與生產效率緊密地連繫：代辦費的大小係立基於開發規模的大小而定，代工性質濃厚，無法分享剩餘利益，實在不甚合理；第三、規劃設計單位亦須給予激勵：由於規劃設計單位知悉如何監督的Know How，這種專業知識亦難衡量，而必須賦予剩餘索取權，激化其認真監督的動機；第四、開發土地之定價改採市場定價：整個代辦費給付制度係從「懲罰」的角度來思維，開發者的報酬與生產效率不相對應，開發者實際上獲取高於其承擔風險的適當報酬，開發者才會願意投入開發，不符合公平正義，應讓市場來決定開發者的報償多寡，也可利用市場來測定開發者對開發到底投入多少人力，從而決定其應該可得多少回報，故土地的定價方式應從原先的成本法轉為比較法，以剩餘索取權的分配來促進開發。最後提出後續研究建議，首先，在沒有激勵制度下，開發者為何仍願意投入工業區開發案；而採用市場定價法後，仍有一些可供政策上應用的手段，這些都值再深入研究探討，但因非本文研究之重點，僅點到為止。而本文希望為工業區開發帶來新的機制設計，進一步更廣泛應用於其他的開發機制上。

A centralização da discussão da sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável colocou em evidencia conceitos como ecologia industrial oferecendo oportunidades e soluções para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Desta forma, este estudo apresenta como objeto central os eco-industrial parks que representam uma forma prática de aplicar o conceito de ecologia industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se e quais práticas de green supply chain management (GSCM) poderiam contribuir para a existência efetiva das características cooperação e integração entre empresas participantes de um eco-industrial park (EIP) e de outras características que determinam um parque como um EIP, visado o sucesso no desenvolvimento e operação desses parques ao longo do tempo. Para isso, foram realizadas duas revisões bibliográficas sistemáticas: a primeira referente à características de eco-industrial parks; a segunda sobre práticas de GSCM a fim de levantar na literatura as características de um eco-industrial park e as práticas de green supply chain management. Posteriormente, foram realizados três estudos de casos em parques que se nomeavam como eco-industrial park objetivando verificar a percepção de um EIP real além de analisar como os entrevistados relacionavam a contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência efetiva das características de um EIP levantadas por meio da revisão bibliográfica sistemática, podendo ser: contribuição forte, contribuição moderada e não existência de contribuição. Desta forma, constatou-se que poucas características de EIPs encontradas na literatura estão presentes nestes parques; as características comuns de EIPs presentes nos três casos são principalmente uso comum de serviço e infraestrutura e construção e arquitetura sustentável. Quanto à contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência das características de um EIP constatou-se que as práticas de GSCM denominadas \"comprometimento da alta gerência\" e \"suporte de nível médio\" são práticas que apresentam contribuição forte para a existência das onze características de EIPs encontradas na literatura revisada. Já as características de EIPs denominadas \"ciclo fechado\", \"empresas membros com certificação ambiental\" e \"simbiose industrial\" são as características que sofrem influência positiva do maior número de práticas de GSCM. Outra observação a ser feita é que somente a prática de GSCM denominada \"rotulagem ambiental\" não apresenta contribuição para a existência efetiva de nenhuma característica de EIP. / The centralization of sustainability and sustainable development discussion put in evidence concepts such as industrial ecology providing opportunities and solutions for sustainable development. Thus, this study presents as central object the eco-industrial parks that represent a practical way to apply the concept of industrial ecology. The objective of this study was to identify whether and which practices of green supply chain management (GSCM) could contribute to the effective existence of the characteristics cooperation and integration among participating companies an eco-industrial park (EIP) and other characteristics that determine a park like an EIP, aimed at the successful development and operation of these parks over time. For this, there were two systematic literature reviews: the first related to the eco-industrial parks characteristics; the second on GSCM practices in order to raise the literature the characteristics of an eco-industrial park and practices of green supply chain management. Subsequently, three case studies in parks that appointed them as eco-industrial park aimed to verify the perception of a real EIP were performed in addition to examining how respondents related the contribution of GSCM practices to the actual existence of the characteristics of an EIP raised by through systematic literature review and may be: strong contribution, moderate contribution and absence of contribution. Thus, it was found that few EIP features found in the literature are present in these parks; the common features of EIPs present in the three cases are particularly common use service and infrastructure construction and sustainable architecture. As for the contribution of GSCM practices for the existence of the characteristics of an EIP it found that the GSCM practices called \"top management commitment\" and \"midlevel support\" are practices that have strong contribution to the existence of the eleven features EIPs found in the reviewed literature. Already the EIPs features called \"closed loop\", \"member companies with environmental certification\" and \"industrial symbiosis\" are the features that suffer positive influence from as many GSCM practices. Another point to be made is that only the practice of GSCM called \"environmental labeling\" has no contribution to the actual existence of any characteristic of EIP.

A centralização da discussão da sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável colocou em evidencia conceitos como ecologia industrial oferecendo oportunidades e soluções para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Desta forma, este estudo apresenta como objeto central os eco-industrial parks que representam uma forma prática de aplicar o conceito de ecologia industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se e quais práticas de green supply chain management (GSCM) poderiam contribuir para a existência efetiva das características cooperação e integração entre empresas participantes de um eco-industrial park (EIP) e de outras características que determinam um parque como um EIP, visado o sucesso no desenvolvimento e operação desses parques ao longo do tempo. Para isso, foram realizadas duas revisões bibliográficas sistemáticas: a primeira referente à características de eco-industrial parks; a segunda sobre práticas de GSCM a fim de levantar na literatura as características de um eco-industrial park e as práticas de green supply chain management. Posteriormente, foram realizados três estudos de casos em parques que se nomeavam como eco-industrial park objetivando verificar a percepção de um EIP real além de analisar como os entrevistados relacionavam a contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência efetiva das características de um EIP levantadas por meio da revisão bibliográfica sistemática, podendo ser: contribuição forte, contribuição moderada e não existência de contribuição. Desta forma, constatou-se que poucas características de EIPs encontradas na literatura estão presentes nestes parques; as características comuns de EIPs presentes nos três casos são principalmente uso comum de serviço e infraestrutura e construção e arquitetura sustentável. Quanto à contribuição das práticas de GSCM para a existência das características de um EIP constatou-se que as práticas de GSCM denominadas \"comprometimento da alta gerência\" e \"suporte de nível médio\" são práticas que apresentam contribuição forte para a existência das onze características de EIPs encontradas na literatura revisada. Já as características de EIPs denominadas \"ciclo fechado\", \"empresas membros com certificação ambiental\" e \"simbiose industrial\" são as características que sofrem influência positiva do maior número de práticas de GSCM. Outra observação a ser feita é que somente a prática de GSCM denominada \"rotulagem ambiental\" não apresenta contribuição para a existência efetiva de nenhuma característica de EIP. / The centralization of sustainability and sustainable development discussion put in evidence concepts such as industrial ecology providing opportunities and solutions for sustainable development. Thus, this study presents as central object the eco-industrial parks that represent a practical way to apply the concept of industrial ecology. The objective of this study was to identify whether and which practices of green supply chain management (GSCM) could contribute to the effective existence of the characteristics cooperation and integration among participating companies an eco-industrial park (EIP) and other characteristics that determine a park like an EIP, aimed at the successful development and operation of these parks over time. For this, there were two systematic literature reviews: the first related to the eco-industrial parks characteristics; the second on GSCM practices in order to raise the literature the characteristics of an eco-industrial park and practices of green supply chain management. Subsequently, three case studies in parks that appointed them as eco-industrial park aimed to verify the perception of a real EIP were performed in addition to examining how respondents related the contribution of GSCM practices to the actual existence of the characteristics of an EIP raised by through systematic literature review and may be: strong contribution, moderate contribution and absence of contribution. Thus, it was found that few EIP features found in the literature are present in these parks; the common features of EIPs present in the three cases are particularly common use service and infrastructure construction and sustainable architecture. As for the contribution of GSCM practices for the existence of the characteristics of an EIP it found that the GSCM practices called \"top management commitment\" and \"midlevel support\" are practices that have strong contribution to the existence of the eleven features EIPs found in the reviewed literature. Already the EIPs features called \"closed loop\", \"member companies with environmental certification\" and \"industrial symbiosis\" are the features that suffer positive influence from as many GSCM practices. Another point to be made is that only the practice of GSCM called \"environmental labeling\" has no contribution to the actual existence of any characteristic of EIP.

Wastewater recycling and reuse is an important issue in the coming years due to the increasing water demand and the decreasing water supply. MBR (membrane bioreactor) technology has become an important pretreatment technology for reclaiming treated effluent from, for example, domestic, dyestuff, and pharmaceutical wastewater plants. However, variations in wastewater flow rate and polluted materials can be a great influence to the performance of MBR. The applications of MBR to the treatment of various industrial wastewaters are worthy of further investigation. The present study investigated performances of MBR for treating wastewaters from a tannery plant and an industrial park. In addition, a pilot-scale UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor was used for the pretreatment of the tannery plant wastewater for COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal. Results from tannery wastewater treatment indicate that using effluent from the activated sludge ponds of plant A as an influent to the pilot MBR, COD and SS (suspended solids) of the MBR filtrates could always be kept at <100 and <30 mg/L, respectively. Both COD and SS of the filtrates meet effluent regulations of <160 and <30 mg/L, respectively. The operation conditions were HRT (hydraulic retention time) = 12.2-20.4 hr, flux = 4.92-8.17 L/m2.hr, and MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) = 5,060-37,800 mg/L. Because the effluent had high TDS (total dissolved solids) contents of 8,700-9,700 mg/L resulted from chloride and sulfate ions, the permissible operational fluxes (4.92-8.17 L/m2.hr) were far below the normal ones (20-30 L/m2.hr). Experiments from the UASB test indicate that on an average 70% of the influent COD (2,200 mg/L) could be removed. Wastewater plant for the industrial park had influent and effluent COD of 93-144 and 11-65 mg/L, respectively. By the MBR with EBRT of 2.16-12.2 hr, flux of 5.0-28 L/m2.hr, and MLSS of 1,550 mg/L, the filtrates had COD of 11-81 mg/L. In addition, COD of the MBR filtrates could be decreased from 77 to 20-40 mg/L after supplementation of PAC (powdered activated carbon) at a concentration of 500 mg/L, and a clearer filtrate was obtained. After 30 days of operation, COD of the filtrates could be maintained at 30-48 mg/L. Regular addition of PAC to the MBR reactor is necessary for keeping the effluent quality to meet the reuse requirements.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are playing a key role in the economic development of every country in the world. The fast development and significant contributions of SMEs is one of the most important factors to the outstanding industrial and economic growth in Taiwan for the past fifty years. However, the SMEs in our country are gradually moving abroad and invest in Mainland China or other developing countries due to the drastic changes in the investment environment. Since the economic reform in 1978, due to the changes in the international investment environment, Mainland China has gradually recognized the importance of SMEs to the economic growth and is aggressively encouraging the development of SMEs. Such trend is indeed one of our major concerns. This study uses Historical Comparison Method and SWOT Analysis in an attempt to analyze the situation of cross-straight SMEs under macroscopic and regional investment environment since the late 1990¡¦s till now and the opportunities and threats of SMEs after joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Meanwhile, the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat for Taiwanese SMEs to invest in Mainland China is also explored for the authority of Taiwanese SMEs in setting related policy and for the Taiwanese businessmen as a reference. Firstly, in terms of macroscopic investment environment, the performances of both sides across the straight under general environment (including indices of political, legal, investment tariffs, and basic environmental evaluation) and overall economic environment (including indicators such as economic development, import and export trading, and luring of foreign capital, etc.) are better than before. Next, in terms of regional investment environment, the similarity between the places where cross-straight SMEs often gather ¡V Industrial Parks in Taiwan (including Export Zones and Industrial and Science Parks) and Special Economic Zones in Mainland China (including Shenzhen, Zuhai, Xiamen, Shanghai, and Beijin) are in the superiority of the locations and with development potential, similarity in industrial structure, emphasis in investment right protection, and complete basic infrastructure. The differences are in that the Industrial and Science Parks in Taiwan adopt single operating window and efficient in approval, whereas the applications for investment in Special Economics Zones in Mainland China are still approved based on the amount of investment, technology cooperation, or joint-venture between Chinese and foreign companies, foreign proprietary enterprises that require longer period of approval operation. In addition, the tax incentive in Taiwanese Industrial and Science Parks is of functional attribute with very high rewarding threshold and significantly higher cost than the Special Economic Zones in Mainland China. The tax break and grace period for Special Economic Zone in Mainland China is of industry attribute. It¡¦s tax break and grace period is obviously higher than Taiwanese Industrial park. Lastly, summarizing the SWOT Analysis of this study, it is found that the investment environments of the cross-straight SMEs are all facing the difficulty of lacking of talents and shortage of capital as well as facing potential stiff competition after joining WTO. To this end, it is recommended that the government should strengthen the innovation incubator for SMEs, expand the channel of financing for SMEs, and provide accurate investment information. On the manufacturers side, the government should adjust the industrial structure of manufacturers, strengthen the R&D capability, training professional talents, adopt strategic alliances and value employee¡¦s educational training in order to upgrade the international competitiveness of SMEs in our country.

abstract In the past, to accommodate the economic development needs of different times Taiwan has set up industrial parks, export processing zones and science parks of different functions, goals and missions to provide land of different types for company settlement. In recent years, to establish local characteristic industries, local governments have attempted in creating quality investment environments by developing industrial parks to attract company settlement and investment. However aside from looking for the funding necessary to buy up lands and construct park infrastructures, the relevant local developments required by the park peripheral public infrastructural needs both contribute to financial burdens for the local governments. Therefore local governments under limited financial resources should cater to factors influencing company investment strategies in setting up the investment environments and adopt most beneficial strategies in monetary allocation to achieve a win-win situation for both the public and private sectors with limited available resources. In the 90¡¦s, to accommodate the expansion needs of the metal processing industry, the Kaohsiung County Government began the development of the Ben-Chou Industrial Park in Gangshan town. During the development, Gangshan Industrial Park experienced changes in the industrial environment and the Koahsiung County Government responded to the sales difficulties arisen from these changes by implementing many strategies to strengthen the investment advantages. In 3 years time the park¡¦s stagnant land sales dropped from 90% to 10%, an astounding achievement for all of local government developed industrial parks. This study sampled 108 companies in Ben-Chou Industrial Park and analyzed the factors involved in companies¡¦ investment in this park. The study shows: 1. When local governments develop industrial parks, characteristic industries can be formed by providing SMEs with room for expansion and utilizing the industrial clustering phenomenon. 2. The government-provided preferential land policy is one of the key factors. 3. The overall cost is still the primary factor in deciding where to invest for SMEs. 4. The government administrative efficiency has gradually become an important factor to consider in deciding where to invest. Therefore, this study suggests that when local governments develop industrial parks, specialized industrial network studies should be taken into consideration and in order to shape these industrial parks into specialized characteristic ones. Secondly, central governments should provide support to local government developed industrial parks; financially preferential policies should be implemented and encourage local governments to develop characteristic industrial parks according to their regional industrial development. Lastly, governments should dedicate in improving administrative efficiency to increase industrial development competitiveness, respond to the needs of industries to amend related policies and regulations and fully enforce these regulations to protect the rights complying companies.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire étudient les problématiques transactionnelles posées par le développement des éco-parcs industriels (EPI). Nos travaux visent donc à fournir une analyse économique des synergies éco industrielles (substitution de ressource, mutualisation d'infrastructures) afin de compléter les approches techniques principalement développées en sciences de l'ingénieur. Notre unité d'analyse sera donc les transactions. Nous proposons une typologie des pratiques de synergies éco-industrielles ainsi qu'une représentation de leur processus de mise en oeuvre. Nous analysons le cas de l'EPI Green Valley (France). Nous caractérisons et mettons en perspective son développement et les principaux facteurs ayant affecté son processus de déploiement. Ensuite, en faisant appel à des arguments issus de l'économie des coûts de transaction, nous proposons l'usage de contrats de long terme complexes pour organiser les transactions associées aux SI. En conséquence, un cadre de conception des contrats incluant des clauses spécifiques (tarification, pénalités, garanties) est proposé de manière à tarifer les flux et à partager le risque. Dans une dernière partie, nous étudions les décisions d'investissement en capacités mutualisées. / This thesis report aims at addressing transactional issues raised by the undertaking of eco-industrial parks (EIP) development. The economics of eco-industrial synergies (resource "flow" substitution and infrastructure/service "capacity" sharing) is investigated so as to complement existing engineering-oriented approaches. A focus is made on industrial stakeholders' interplay in industrial symbiosis (IS) and their strategic decisionmaking in terms of investment and contracting practices. First, a survey of practices actually observed in EIPs in function is conducted through a literature review. A taxonomy of eco-industrial synergies is thus proposed and an IS implementation process representation is derived. Then we conduct a case study on the GreenValley eco-industrial park (France) Then, from economic arguments (transaction costs) we advocate the use of long term contracting in organizing IS related transactions. Following this, a contract design framework including specific provisions (tarification, penalties, warranties) is proposed in order to perform pricing of flows exchanges and risk sharing. In a last part, investment decisions in shared capacities is studied using economic modelling both in cooperative and non-cooperative game setting. Key economic parameters (size, back-up costs, scaling factor) and behavioral decisions (investment, commitment) are described and uncertainty is treated in two different approaches.

This thesis considers the problem of how to design an industrial network to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and reduce environmental burdens. A recent approach is further developed that uses analogies with biological food webs to guide industry design. Studying ecological food webs shows that among the metrics in use, critical quantities of interest for industry design include the internal cycling of energy, the ratio of producers to consumers, and the ratio of efficiency to redundancy in the network. Metrics that are calculated using flow based information are also introduced for use in industry, a significant step forward for bio-inspired network design. A comprehensive data set of proposed, operational, and failed eco-industrial parks is compiled for use with structural food web analyses. A data set of biological food webs is also assembled to calculate sustainable benchmark values used as goals for the industrial designs. This research an essential difficulty in bio-inspired design approaches by quantitatively analyzing components of food web design by reconstructing found relationships from science and engineering 1st principles, specifically using thermodynamic 1st law efficiency. Results from this work have the potential to provide industry-wide cost savings, increase efficiency, and reduce environmental burdens through a reduction in raw material consumption and waste disposal. The results also support the view that financial competitiveness and sustainability need not be mutually exclusive: using food web network patterns embodying both economically and environmentally desirable properties, biologically redesigned industrial networks can ease both environmental and economic burdens.

After globalized division of labor, the upstream and downstream in industry have become more valued. Designing, advertising, and marketing are exactly the focus of cultural creative industries. The destruction of environment that comes with economic development also forces Chinese government to consider the environmental issue and transformation in industries: developing cultural creative industry to enhance the profit, which ensures sustainable development in economy. This study focus on how cultural creative industrial parks help the expansion of cultural creative industries in Shanghai. ¡§Tianzifang,¡¨ ¡§M50,¡¨ ¡§Red Town,¡¨ and "Bridge 8" are for example in terms of how cultural creative industrial parks ¡§innovate¡¨ and improve cultural productivity in Shanghai, helping the sustained and stable development in the industry. With the history of concession, Shanghai is the gateway to China. Researches show that this fusion of Chinese and Western culture is open, diverse and tolerant. The establishment of Shanghai cultural creative industrial parks builds the platform for exchange and interaction among culture, industry, and consumers. The parks are also capable of revitalizing the uniqueness in Shanghai culture, creating employment, and cultivating the cultural creative markets. The parks are customer-oriented at present, highlighting the hardware and entertainment venues, which disappoints the cultural creative workers. As the core of creative industries is in creative work, improving the working environment and meeting satisfaction of the enterprises and workers will be the matter in the future.