I takt med Försvarsmaktens ökade engagemang internationellt och det faktum att alla insatsförband inom Försvarsmakten ska kunna verka på alla konfliktnivåer och i en urban miljö kommer nya krav och behov på bekämpningsförmågan att uppstå avseende precisionsbekämpning. Med hjälp av ett GIS kopplat till EOI:et vid en insats i en urban miljö kan en rad vinster erhållas för att stödja artilleriet vad avser precisionsbekämpning. Exempel på sådana områden är: målverifiering, justering av målkoordinater, lägesuppfattning avseende målets närmiljö, redovisning och presentation av verkansområde inför en insats för dimensionering av verkan. / The Swedish Armed Forces’ increasing engagement in international conflicts and the fact that all units in the Armed Forces should be able to participate and solve tasks in urban environments and in all levels of conflict will put new demands on and needs for the combat ability regard to the precision fire. This paper will discuss the use of geographic information system (GIS) together with the forward observation instrument (EOI) and how it can support the artillery concerning precision fire in an urban environment. / ChpT 08-10

Turkey has very different geomorphologic, hydrologic and climatic conditions, so the runoff coefficient should be different from one basin to another. But only one constant value, which is 0.37, is being used for all the basins in Turkey. In this thesis, monthly, seasonal and annual runoff coefficients of 48 sub-basins in western and southern part of Anatolia are determined by using synchronous and average rainfall, runoff data of 26 year record period. Their temporal and spatial distributions are investigated. The relationship between the basin parameters and the runoff coefficient are also examined. Some of the basins have unrealistic large runoff coefficients, therefore excluded from the analyses. The basin boundaries and parameters are determined by using Geograhic Information System (GIS), and areal average precipitations are found by a program written in visual basic language that uses ArcObjects. The Box-Cox transformed data are used in regression analysis. There are a number of dams in the region, which affect the natural flow. Such streams are found and their sub-basins are not used in the analyses. The results revealed that there is not a strong the relationship between the basin parameters and annual and seasonal runoff coefficients for the whole region, but there are significant relations between them for some basins.

Mine safety is of paramount concern to the mining industry. The generation of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which can administrate relevant spatial data and metadata of underground mining safety efficiently is a very vital issue in this sense. In an effort to achieve a balance of safety and productivity, GIS can contribute to the creation of a safe working environment in underground (U/G) mining. Such a system should serve to a continuous risk analysis and be designed for applications in case of emergency. Concept for safety should require three fundamental components, namely (i) constructive safety / (ii) surveillance and maintenance / and (iii) emergency. The implementation has to be carried out in a Web-Based Geographic Information System. The process comprises first the safety concept as the application domain model and then a conceptual model was generated in terms of Entity- Relationship Diagrams. After the implementation of the logical model a user interface was developed and GIS was tested. Finally, one should deal with the question if it is possible to extend the method of resolution used to a national GIS infrastructure.

The purpose of this study is to find potential areas suitable for energy production using renewable sources. For this aim, accurate assessments are necessary. The assessments include geographical suitability, closeness of infrastructure and observing local and regional framework concerning the use of renewable sources together with environmental protection. In addition, economical factor is considered in such an assessment. In this study, the Photovoltaic (PV) production potential for Germany is considered. An accurate and complete data set is necessary in order to achieve reliable results. In addition, a powerful database management and strong analysis tools are required. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool for finding suitable sites for the photovoltaic production.Using GIS, energy generation planners are able to visualize solar densities throughout the considered area. In addition, they can find the optimal and most economical sites by the combination of solar potential with the information about land. In this study, data sources consist of meteorological and geographical conditions. Furthermore, all analyses have been performed using Arc GIS Desktop. This study demonstrates the possible places for photovoltaic plants and indicates suitable candidates according to weights and factors in multi criteria analysis. The solar radiation data is from year 1995 to 2005. Land cover data is according to Corine 2000 and the more detailed Raumordnungskataster (Rok) for Weser-Ems. Numerical results are reliable from a comparison point of view. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the defined criteria with respect to electricity production. In particular, this study is useful to see the capabilities of GIS for site selection regarding photovoltaic plants.The purpose of this study is to find potential areas suitable for energy production using renewable sources. For this aim, accurate assessments are necessary. The assessments include geographical suitability, closeness of infrastructure and observing local and regional framework concerning the use of renewable sources together with environmental protection. In addition, economical factor is considered in such an assessment. In this study, the Photovoltaic (PV) production potential for Germany is considered. An accurate and complete data set is necessary in order to achieve reliable results. In addition, a powerful database management and strong analysis tools are required. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool for finding suitable sites for the photovoltaic production.Using GIS, energy generation planners are able to visualize solar densities throughout the considered area. In addition, they can find the optimal and most economical sites by the combination of solar potential with the information about land. In this study, data sources consist of meteorological and geographical conditions. Furthermore, all analyses have been performed using Arc GIS Desktop. This study demonstrates the possible places for photovoltaic plants and indicates suitable candidates according to weights and factors in multi criteria analysis. The solar radiation data is from year 1995 to 2005. Land cover data is according to Corine 2000 and the more detailed Raumordnungskataster (Rok) for Weser-Ems. Numerical results are reliable from a comparison point of view. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the defined criteria with respect to electricity production. In particular, this study is useful to see the capabilities of GIS for site selection regarding photovoltaic plants.

Το Αλιβέρι είναι μια κωμόπολη της Εύβοιας. Βρίσκεται λίγα χιλιόμετρα νοτιοανατολικά της Χαλκίδας και βρέχεται από τα νερά του Ευβοϊκού Kόλπου. Είναι μια περιοχή περιβαλλοντικού ενδιαφέροντος εφόσον λειτουργούν στην παράκτια περιοχή θερμικός σταθμός ηλεκτροπαραγωγής της Δ.Ε.Η. και μια τσιμεντοβιομηχανία (Α.Γ.Ε.Τ.), από τις οποίες είτε αποτίθεται τέφρα κοντά στη θάλασσα είτε διαφεύγουν αέριοι ρύποι από τις καμινάδες. Στόχος της εργασίας είναι να γίνει ψηφιοποίηση τοπογραφικών και γεωγραφικών χαρτών κλίμακας 1:50.000 και να αποτυπωθούν δεδομένα από μετρήσεις που έγιναν σε δείγματα που έχουν ήδη ληφθεί από το θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον. Οι μετρήσεις αυτές αφορούν ρύπανση από μέταλλα. / Aliveri is a town on the island of Evoia, located a few kilometers southwest of Chalkida and watered by Evoian Gulf. It is an area of high environmental importance because of the operation at its coastal area of a thermal power plant operated by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) S.A and the cement manufacturing industry (AGET), from which either ash is stockpiled near the sea coast, or air pollutants are emitted from the chimneys. The aim of the study is to digitize the topographic maps (scale 1:50.000) and to depict data from measurements carried out on samples already taken from the marine environment. These measurements are related to metal pollution. The results include a database where we can build further studies and tracking trends in terms of the outfall and the dispersion of pollutants in the marine environment and attempts to determine the source of the metal pollution through geographical maps.

This present work had as objective to spatially analyze the evolution of the covering and usage of the land through the usage of geoprocessing techniques in the district of Santa Flora, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in the period of 2000 and 2006. Specifically it was sought to identify, to quantify and to analyze the representative information of the landscape, relating them to the social economical and environmental aspects of the district. In this way, it was used for the accomplishment of the study, Santa Maria's municipal map (1993), the image of the satellite LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (2000) and the image of the satellite CBERS 2 (2006), both of the same time period, implemented by the geoprocessing system SPRING. This system allowed the accomplishment of the classification of the images and in the elaboration of the cartographic elements (cartographic base, hipsometric map, clinographic map and map of the earth usage), associated in parallel to the conference in the field. The classification type was supervised and the images were classified pixel by pixel, and the classifier used was the MAXVER. The thematic classes used for use of land were: forest, farming, field, exposed soil and water. After the stage of image classification, the crossing of the thematic maps was done. With the aid of the LEGAL programming, it was determined the forest evolution, the evolution of the farming field with the following classes: increase, maintenance, decrease, and the areas of permanent preservation in agreement with the current legislation. Among the key findings are referred to the increase area of farming class in 11.008,00 ha between the periods from 2000 to 2006, increasing by more than 100%. Consequently, there was a decline in forest area (6.825,32 ha) in the field (21.291,32 ha) in the period of 2006, due to the expansion of the primary sector, in this case farming. The results enabled know, track and explore the coverage and use of the land through the techniques of geoprocessing, providing subsidies for the different areas. It should be noted that in this study, the agricultural activities are responsible for the changes in coverage and use of the land assigned to socioeconomic policy of the primary sector. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar espacialmente a evolução da cobertura e uso da terra por meio do uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento no distrito de Santa Flora, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), no período de 2000 a 2006. Especificamente buscou se identificar, quantificar e analisar as informações representativas da paisagem, relacionando-as aos aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais do distrito. Desta forma, utilizou-se para a realização deste estudo, o mapa municipal de Santa Maria (1993), a imagem do satélite LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (2000) e a imagem do satélite CBERS 2 (2006), ambos de mesma época, implementados no sistema de geoprocessamento SPRING. Este sistema permitiu a realização da classificação das imagens e na elaboração dos elementos cartográficos (base cartográfica, mapa hipsométrico, mapa clinográfico e mapa de uso da terra), associadas, paralelamente, à conferência no campo. O tipo de classificação foi supervisionada e as imagens foram classificadas pixel a pixel, sendo que o classificador utilizado foi o MAXVER. As classes temáticas utilizadas para uso da terra foram: floresta, lavoura, campo, solo exposto e água. Após a etapa de classificação das imagens, realizou-se o cruzamento dos mapas temáticos. Com o auxílio da programação LEGAL, determinou-se a evolução florestal, a evolução da lavoura com as seguintes classes: aumento, manutenção, diminuição, e as áreas de preservação permanente de acordo com a legislação vigente. Entre os principais resultados destaca-se o aumento da área classe lavoura em 11.008,00 ha entre os períodos de 2000 a 2006, ou seja, acréscimo em mais de 100%. Conseqüentemente, houve a diminuição da área florestal( 6.825,32 ha) e a de campo (21.291,32 ha) no período de 2006, em decorrência da expansão do setor primário, neste caso lavoura. Os resultados obtidos permitiram conhecer, monitorar e explorar a cobertura e uso da terra por meio das técnicas de geoprocessamento, fornecendo subsídios para as diferentes áreas. Salienta-se que neste estudo, as atividades agrícolas são responsáveis pelas mudanças na cobertura e uso da terra atreladas a política socioeconômica do setor primário.

A exploração excessiva dos recursos naturais e o uso desordenado do espaço buscando uma rentabilidade máxima dos sistemas, originou uma intensa preocupação com as implicações ambientais resultantes da falta de gestão do espaço natural. Para o estudo dos processos de degradação ambiental é necessário analisar os elementos do meio físico e antrópico que participam desse processo, onde a espacialização das informações requer a utilização de sistemas e modelos nos quais seja possível integrar os dados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e espacializar os graus de suscetibilidade à erosão na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Camaquã com base em geotecnologias, em especial o sensoriamento remoto e o Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Foram avaliados os aspectos físicos e antrópicos da bacia hidrográfica de acordo com o grau de suscetibilidade à erosão. Os resultados da suscetibilidade à erosão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Camaquã tenderam à “estabilidade/ suscetibilidade mediana” com 3.111,5 km² (60,7%) e menor representação das classes “Estável” com 138,4 km² (2,7%), Moderadamente Estável” com 1358,4 km² (26,5%), “Moderadamente Suscetível” com 389,5 km² (7,6%) e “Suscetível” com 128,2 km² (2,5%), contudo, a avaliação dos parâmetros físicos e antrópicos analisados separadamente resultaram em duas regiões distintas. (1) Na região oeste os aspectos físicos tendem à estabilidade e os aspectos antrópicos à suscetibilidade, caracterizados pela mecanização agrícola sobre relevo plano à suave ondulado. (2) Na região leste, o meio físico tende à suscetibilidade e o uso da terra à estabilidade, cujo relevo apresenta, em grande parte, alta declividade e presença de morros com afloramento rochoso, condições inaptas às atividades agrícolas intensivas. / The excessive exploration of natural resources and the uncontrolled use of the territory, seeking a maximum profitability of the systems, has caused an intense concern about the environmental implications arising from lack of management of the natural areas. The environmental degradation processes are analyzed by the physical environment elements and the land covers and land uses included in the process, when data are integrated by geographical information systems and spatial models. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to erosion in the watershed of the Upper Camaquã river based on geotechnology, with emphasis in remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems. We evaluated the physical and anthropic aspects of the watershed according to the degree of susceptibility to erosion The Upper Camaquã watershed showed "stability/median susceptibility" with 3.111,5 square kilometers (60,7%) and lower representation of classes "Stable" with 138.4 km² ( 2.7%) “Moderately Stable " with 1358.4 square kilometers (26.5%) , " Moderately Susceptible" with 389.5 km² (7.6%) and "Susceptible" with 128.2 square kilometers (2.5%), however, two regions occurred when the physical and anthropogenic components were considered separately: (1) The western region with stable physical aspects, susceptible anthropogenic aspects and agricultural mechanization on flat to gently rolling terrains; (2) the eastern region with susceptible physical environment, stable land use, where terrain has largely, steep slopes and hilly terrains with rocky outcrop, unfit conditions to intensive agricultural activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLS.pdf: 7958498 bytes, checksum: 72fd51dc4f0a7e88e90a7ab3929a73b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The traffic accidents have reached high records, registering a great amount of wounded and material damages. One of the largest concerns of the responsible organs for the planning of the traffic and transport is to find solutions that can come to reduce the numbers of traffic accidents. In this context, this work had as main objective to accomplish a spatial analysis of the accidents of traffic on the municipal district of São Carlos - SP, using a of Geographic Information System (GIS) associated to tools of Spatial Statistics, with the intention of identifying the points and areas of larger occurrence of accidents, as well as the spatial tendencies of growth. The work has been developed in two stages: a) determination of punctual patterns; and b) determination of critical zones. For the accomplishment of this work was necessary to make a geographic reference of the traffic accidents, happened between 2001 and 2003. The Spatial Statistics tools used in this work were the Index of Moran, Average Space Piece of furniture, among others; they were used for the accomplishment of groupings of traffic accidents, determination of the critical zones of accidents and the tendencies of displacement of the accidents. The work showed that the traffic accidents happen in all the mesh of urban way, with a larger incidence of accidents with material damages in the central areas of the city and accidents with victims in the outlying areas. It was possible to observe that a displacement of the accidents of traffic exists for almost all the areas of the São Carlos city, it being a spatial phenomenon of difficult treatment. The largest difficulty founded for the accomplishment of this work were linked to the analysis of the consistence of the information, it mean that the analyses of the traffic accidents will be each time more satisfactory, if we pay a larger attention in the collection process and storage of those information. / Os acidentes de trânsito têm assumido números elevados, registrando uma grande quantidade de feridos e danos materiais. Uma das maiores preocupações dos órgãos responsáveis pelo planejamento do trânsito e transporte é encontrar soluções que possam vir a reduzir os números de acidentes de trânsito. Neste contexto, esse trabalho teve como principal objetivo o de realizar uma análise espacial dos acidentes de trânsito do município de São Carlos - SP, fazendo-se uso de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas SIG, associados a ferramentas de Estatística Espacial, com a intenção de identificar os pontos e áreas de maior ocorrência de acidentes, bem como as tendências espaciais de crescimento. O trabalho divide-se em duas etapas: a)identificação de padrões pontuais; e b)identificação de zonas críticas. Para a realização deste trabalho foi necessário efetuar o georreferenciamento dos acidentes de trânsito, ocorridos entre 2001 e 2003. As ferramentas de Estatística Espacial utilizadas, tais como Índice de Moran, Média Espacial Móvel, dentre outras, serviram para a realização de agrupamentos de acidentes de trânsito, identificação das zonas críticas de acidentes e identificação de tendências de deslocamento dos acidentes. A pesquisa mostrou que os acidentes de trânsito ocorrem por toda malha viária, de maneira geral, com uma maior incidência de acidentes com danos materiais nas áreas centrais da cidade e acidentes com vítimas mais nas regiões periféricas. Foi possível observar que existe um deslocamento dos acidentes de trânsito para quase todas as regiões da cidade de São Carlos, tornando um fenômeno espacial de difícil tratamento. As maiores dificuldades encontradas para a realização deste trabalho estão ligadas à análise da consistência das informações. Concluiu-se que, para que as análises dos acidentes de trânsito obtenham resultados cada vez mais satisfatórios, é necessária uma maior atenção no processo de coleta e armazenamento dessas informações, tornando-as cada vez melhores.

A exploração excessiva dos recursos naturais e o uso desordenado do espaço buscando uma rentabilidade máxima dos sistemas, originou uma intensa preocupação com as implicações ambientais resultantes da falta de gestão do espaço natural. Para o estudo dos processos de degradação ambiental é necessário analisar os elementos do meio físico e antrópico que participam desse processo, onde a espacialização das informações requer a utilização de sistemas e modelos nos quais seja possível integrar os dados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e espacializar os graus de suscetibilidade à erosão na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Camaquã com base em geotecnologias, em especial o sensoriamento remoto e o Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Foram avaliados os aspectos físicos e antrópicos da bacia hidrográfica de acordo com o grau de suscetibilidade à erosão. Os resultados da suscetibilidade à erosão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Camaquã tenderam à “estabilidade/ suscetibilidade mediana” com 3.111,5 km² (60,7%) e menor representação das classes “Estável” com 138,4 km² (2,7%), Moderadamente Estável” com 1358,4 km² (26,5%), “Moderadamente Suscetível” com 389,5 km² (7,6%) e “Suscetível” com 128,2 km² (2,5%), contudo, a avaliação dos parâmetros físicos e antrópicos analisados separadamente resultaram em duas regiões distintas. (1) Na região oeste os aspectos físicos tendem à estabilidade e os aspectos antrópicos à suscetibilidade, caracterizados pela mecanização agrícola sobre relevo plano à suave ondulado. (2) Na região leste, o meio físico tende à suscetibilidade e o uso da terra à estabilidade, cujo relevo apresenta, em grande parte, alta declividade e presença de morros com afloramento rochoso, condições inaptas às atividades agrícolas intensivas. / The excessive exploration of natural resources and the uncontrolled use of the territory, seeking a maximum profitability of the systems, has caused an intense concern about the environmental implications arising from lack of management of the natural areas. The environmental degradation processes are analyzed by the physical environment elements and the land covers and land uses included in the process, when data are integrated by geographical information systems and spatial models. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to erosion in the watershed of the Upper Camaquã river based on geotechnology, with emphasis in remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems. We evaluated the physical and anthropic aspects of the watershed according to the degree of susceptibility to erosion The Upper Camaquã watershed showed "stability/median susceptibility" with 3.111,5 square kilometers (60,7%) and lower representation of classes "Stable" with 138.4 km² ( 2.7%) “Moderately Stable " with 1358.4 square kilometers (26.5%) , " Moderately Susceptible" with 389.5 km² (7.6%) and "Susceptible" with 128.2 square kilometers (2.5%), however, two regions occurred when the physical and anthropogenic components were considered separately: (1) The western region with stable physical aspects, susceptible anthropogenic aspects and agricultural mechanization on flat to gently rolling terrains; (2) the eastern region with susceptible physical environment, stable land use, where terrain has largely, steep slopes and hilly terrains with rocky outcrop, unfit conditions to intensive agricultural activities.

Effects of functioning transportation infrastructure are receiving more and more environmental and social concern nowadays. Nevertheless, preliminary corridor plans are usually developed on the basis of technical and economic criteria exclusively. By the time of environmental impact assessment (EIA), which succeeds, relocation is practically impossible and only preventative measures can be applied. This paper proposes a GIS-based method of delimiting motorway corridor and integrating social, environmental and economic factors into the early stages of planning. Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques are used to assess all possible alternatives. GIS-held weighted shortest path algorithm enables to locate the corridor. The evaluation criteria are exemplary. They include nature conservation, buildings, forests and agricultural resources, and soils. Resulting evaluation surface is divided into a grid of cells, which are assigned suitability scores derived from all evaluation criteria. Subsequently, a set of adjacent cells connecting two pre-specified points is traced by the least-cost path algorithm. The best alternative has a lowest total value of suitability scores. As a result, the proposed motorway corridor is routed from origin to destination. It is afterwards compared with an alternative derived by traditional planning procedures. Concluding remarks are that the location criteria need to be adjusted to meet construction requirements as well as analysis process to be automated. Nevertheless, the geographic information system and the embedded shortest path algorithm proved to be well suited for preliminary corridor location analysis. Future research directions are sketched.