Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Nascimento dos Santos.pdf: 1764954 bytes, checksum: 0ba027335965b69790ab7f8a36c8d10b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Digital culture - forged by the information revolution of the 60s by the advent of new information technologies and communication, especially the computer and the Internet - has constituted this century a social process of long unplanned duration, inaugurating a new social and cultural space: cyberspace. The world has become culture, a culture-world, where power flows is more important than the power flows in an informational and global society. In this society in transformation, tecnichian process, whose technique is an anthropological constant, the notions of individual, species, society and culture, need to be (re) connected to understand the new ways of thinking, acting and feeling this new social context. Among the diverse cultural practices daily reading, it is one of the most important and is constituted as a reality shared meanings intersubjectively and expressed in language, constituent elements of social reality. Therefore, we sought to understand the impact of digital culture in the contemporary world, in everyday life and reading as a cultural practice, by knowing the contexts of social relations in social reality. The daily was considered as leverage the knowledge and theoretical and methodological route. We conducted a case study on a project developed in cyberspace, in a distance learning platform: the "Literary Virtual Itineraries: Guimarães Rosa". Through a virtual ethnography and a phenomenological approach, analyzed the social interactions of the participants understood as subjective meanings of social action and a relevant reference of the sociology of everyday life. As a universal manifestation of all men, literature is much closer to the sociological and analyzed experiment constituted a powerful source of cultural repertoire expansion. It proved to be an important gathering of information and communication technologies, in cyberspace, with the changes of reading as a cultural practice, and literature, enabling an understanding of the social context of digital culture and innovate in sociological do, as an intellectual craft / A cultura digital - forjada pela revolução informacional dos anos 60 pelo advento das novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, principalmente do computador e da internet - vem se constituindo neste século num processo social de longa duração não planejado, inaugurando um novo espaço social e cultural: o ciberespaço. O mundo se tornou cultura, uma cultura-mundo, em que poder dos fluxos é mais importante que os fluxos de poder, numa sociedade informacional e global. Nesta sociedade em transformação, o processo de tecnização, cuja técnica é uma constante antropológica, as noções de indivíduo, espécie, sociedade e cultura, precisam ser (re)conectadas para se compreender as novas maneiras de pensar, agir e sentir neste novo contexto social. Dentre as diversas práticas culturais cotidianas a leitura, é umas das mais importantes e se constitui como uma realidade com significados compartilhados intersubjetivamente e expressos na linguagem, elementos constitutivos da realidade social. Por isso, buscou-se, entender as consequências da cultura digital no mundo contemporâneo, no cotidiano e na leitura como prática cultural, conhecendo-se os contextos das relações sociais no real social. O cotidiano foi considerado como uma alavanca do conhecimento e um percurso teórico-metodológico. Realizou-se um estudo de caso, em um projeto desenvolvido no ciberespaço, em uma plataforma de ensino a distância: os Itinerários Literários Virtuais: Guimarães Rosa . Por meio de uma etnografia virtual e de uma abordagem fenomenológica, analisaram-se as interações sociais dos participantes, compreendidas como significados subjetivos da ação social e um referencial relevante da Sociologia da vida cotidiana. Como uma manifestação universal de todos os homens, a literatura se aproxima muito mais do fazer sociológico e o experimento analisado se constituiu numa fonte potente de ampliação de repertório cultural. Revelou-se um importante encontro das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, no ciberespaço, com as mudanças da leitura, como prática cultural, e da literatura, possibilitando uma compreensão do contexto social da cultura digital e um inovar no fazer sociológico, como artesanato intelectual

A sumarização multidocumento consiste na produção de um sumário/resumo a partir de uma coleção de textos sobre um mesmo assunto. Devido à grande quantidade de informação disponível na Web, esta tarefa é de grande relevância já que pode facilitar a leitura dos usuários. Os aspectos informativos representam as unidades básicas de informação presentes nos textos. Por exemplo, em textos jornalísticos em que se relata um fato/acontecimento, os aspectos podem representar a seguintes informações: o que aconteceu, onde aconteceu, quando aconteceu, como aconteceu, e por que aconteceu. Conhecendo-se esses aspectos e as estratégias de produção e organização de sumários, é possível automatizar a tarefa de sumarização. No entanto, para o Português do Brasil, não há pesquisa feita sobre sumarização com base em aspectos. Portanto, neste trabalho de mestrado, investigaram-se métodos de sumarização multidocumento com base em aspectos informativos, pertencente à abordagem profunda para a sumarização, em que se busca interpretar o texto para se produzir sumários mais informativos. Em particular, implementaram-se duas etapas relacionadas: (i) identificação automática de aspectos os aspectos informativos e (ii) desenvolvimento e avaliação de dois métodos de sumarização com base em padrões de aspectos (ou templates) em sumários. Na etapa (i), criaram-se classificadores de aspectos com base em anotador de papéis semânticos, reconhecedor de entidades mencionadas, regras manuais e técnicas de aprendizado de máquina. Avaliaram-se os classificadores sobre o córpus CSTNews (Rassi et al., 2013; Felippo et al., 2014). Os resultados foram satisfatórios, demostrando que alguns aspectos podem ser identificados automaticamente em textos jornalísticos com um desempenho razoável. Já na etapa (ii), elaboraram-se dois métodos inéditos de sumarização multidocumento com base em aspectos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os métodos propostos neste trabalho são competitivos com os métodos da literatura. Salienta-se que esta abordagem para sumarização tem recebido grande destaque ultimamente. Além disso, é inédita nos trabalhos desenvolvidos no Brasil, podendo trazer contribuições importantes para a área. / Multi-document summarization is the task of automatically producing a unique summary from a group of texts on the same topic. With the huge amount of available information in the web, this task is very relevant because it can facilitate the reading of the users. Informative aspects, in particular, represent the basic information units in texts and summaries, e.g., in news texts there should be the following information: what happened, when it happened, where it happened, how it happened and why it happened. Knowing these aspects and the strategies to produce and organize summaries, it is possible to automate the aspect-based summarization. However, there is no research about aspect-based multi-document summarization for Brazilian Portuguese. This research work investigates multi-document summarization methods based on informative aspects, which follows the deep approach for summarization, in which it aims at interpreting the texts to produce more informative summaries. In particular, two main stages are developed: (i) the automatic identification of informative aspects and (ii) and the development and evaluation of two summarization methods based on aspects patterns (or templates). In the step (i) classifiers were created based on semantic role labeling, named entity recognition, handcrafted rules and machine learning techniques. Classifiers were evaluated on the CSTNews annotated corpus (Rassi et al., 2013; Felippo et al., 2014). The results were satisfactory, demonstrating that some aspects can be automatically identified in the news with a reasonable performance. In the step (ii) two novels aspect-based multi-document summarization methods are elaborated. The results show that the proposed methods in this work are competitive with the classical methods. It should be noted that this approach has lately received a lot of attention. Furthermore, it is unprecedented in the summarization task developed in Brazil, with the potential to bring important contributions to the area.

The author highlights the important role of logistics and its application to international trade. To succeed in business it is crucial to reveal new logistics trends in order to adapt to the changes as soon as possible. The main objective of the thesis is therefore providing the analysis of current logistics trends and pointing out the factors that will have a major impact on the future direction of logistics. At the end there are case studies on companies Škoda Auto and Wal-Mart to familiarize with new logistics approaches in practice.

O período técnico-científico-informacional, que é a cara geográfica da globalização, requer crescentemente a participação de conteúdos técnicos e científicos necessários a realização de novas ações, praticada em escala mundial e reconhecida em poucos lugares. Para o presente trabalho de pesquisa, se fez importante observar o papel da ciência na conformação dos territórios, uma vez que a ciência, a partir de seus métodos, tem antecipado as ações no território, dominando a técnica e exige uma nova leitura do mundo para sua realização e produção. Richta in Santos (1988) vai afirmar que trata-se, no atual período, uma verdadeira interdependência entre a ciência e a técnica; a ciência precede a técnica, embora sua realização lhe seja cada vez mais subordinada. O território brasileiro revela o conjunto de ações pretéritas que marcaram o ensino superior em sua breve trajetória pelo país. O que será visto no atual período tende a reforçar a seletividade espacial quanto a promoção de conhecimentos técnicos e científicos, mormente atrelados a presença de uma densidade técnica que ora vai exigir conhecimentos para a promoção e reprodução da vida material. A racionalidade acadêmica tende a promover novos circuitos espaciais produtivos, em uma clara tendência em reforçar os usos corporativos do território em função da escassez tanto da produção quanto do alcance de conhecimentos iniciados pela educação superior. Diante do tropel de eventos recentes reconhecidos no território de acordo com as novas práticas do ensino superior, foi possível reconhecer as ações do planejamento do ensino reforçando as densidades técnicas por ora constituídas, no intento de acentuar a geografia das desigualdades. / The technical-scientific-informational period, which is the geographical face of globalization, increasingly requires the participation of technical and scientific content necessary to perform new actions, practiced worldwide and recognized in a few places. For the present research, it did note the important role of science in shaping the territories, since science from its methods, has anticipated actions in the territory, mastering the technique and requires a new understanding of the world its completion and production. Richta in Santos (1988) will say that it is, in the current period, a real interdependence between science and technology; science precedes the technique, although its realization will be increasingly subordinated. The Brazilian territory reveals the set of actions that marked preterit higher education in his brief career in the country. What will be seen in the current period tends to reinforce the spatial selectivity in the promotion of scientific and technical knowledge, mainly linked to the presence of a density technique that will now require expertise for the promotion and reproduction of material life. The academic rationality tends to promote new productive space circuits in a clear trend to strengthen corporate uses of the territory due to the scarcity of both production of the reach of knowledge initiated by higher education. Recognized before the clatter of recent events in the territory according to the new practices of higher education, it was possible to recognize the actions of planning education enhancing techniques densities for now constituted, in an attempt to accentuate the geography of inequality.

A noção de pirataria, pertencente ao vocabulário humano desde a Antiguidade, ganha novos sentidos no atual período histórico. Neste período da globalização, o modo de produção capitalista e o meio técnico-científico-informacional se tornaram planetários. Consolida-se, portanto, uma mesma base técnica do funcionamento das sociedades nos distintos territórios, acompanhada da globalização de normas de controle cada vez mais rígidas, como se procura mostrar, neste trabalho, a partir da expansão do sistema de patentes e de proteção de direitos intelectuais. Entretanto, as novas tecnologias informacionais e comunicacionais são progressivamente mais flexíveis e possibilitam, nos lugares onde se instalam, usos não previstos e, por isso mesmo, classificados como ilegais. Nesta pesquisa, defende-se que a expansão do meio técnico-científico-informacional no Brasil engendra novas formas de piratarias, sejam aquelas praticadas pelos agentes do circuito superior da economia urbana, sejam aquelas características do circuito inferior, de acordo com a proposição de Santos (1971; 2004 [1975]). A pirataria não pode, portanto, ser analisada como uma aberração ao processo de globalização em curso, mas, ao contrário, uma de suas manifestações mais notáveis. Assim, análises econômicas e jurídicas sobre o fenômeno, mesmo predominantes, não permitem a compreensão da totalidade dos agentes e situações envolvidos. O processo de urbanização do território combina a seletividade de objetos e informações, a desigualdade de renda e a manutenção de baixos salários, associados à ampla difusão de novas mercadorias cujo consumo é incentivado pela propaganda. Nesta situação brasileira, a pirataria, contraposta ao elevado preço das mercadorias ditas originais, tem uma função central no processo recente de modernização do território. Finalmente, almejando revelar a pirataria como um uso das técnicas e informações contemporâneas a partir dos lugares, são analisadas situações geográficas reveladoras de formas de vida e de produção baseadas na desapropriação como fonte de criação de novas economias urbanas, especialmente em São Paulo, Belém do Pará e Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este. / The notion of piracy, which has been used by human vocabulary since old times, acquires a new sense during the historic period. At this globalization period, the way of capitalist production and the informational scientific technical environment have become worldwide. It consolidates, therefore, on the same technical basis of the society functioning in distinct territories, followed for the more and more rigid world rules of control, as it is presented, on this essay, on the expansion of legal right system and the protection of the intellectual rights. However, the new informational and communicational technologies are progressively more flexible and they allow, where they are set on, non-predict uses and, for that, classified as illegals. This research takes into consideration the expansion of the informational scientific technical environment in Brazil cause new ways of piracy, those that are practiced by the agent of higher circuit of the urban economy, or those whose features of the lower circuit, according Santos proposition(1971; 2004 [1975]). The piracy cannot, therefore, be analyzed as nonstandard to the globalization process in course, but, on the contrary, one of the most remarkable manifestations. So, economic and juridical analysis on the phenomenon, predominant or not, do not allow the comprehension of the totality of the involving agents and situations. The process of urbanizing of the territory combines the selectivity of objects and information, the social inequalities and the maintenance of low incomes, combined to the enormous diffusion of the new goods whose consumption is stimulated by propaganda. In this Brazilian situation, the piracy, contrasting to the higher price of goods so called originals, has a central function on the recent process of modernization of the territory. Finally, getting into the point to reveal piracy as a use of the up-to-date technics and information from the places, they are analyzed as revealed geographical situations of life style and of the production based on embezzlement as source of creation of an urban economy, especially in São Paulo, Belém do Pará and Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este.

Dans le champ de la recherche en génomique, comme dans d'autres domaines très informatisés, les bases de données et les biobanques sont organisées en infrastructures. Ce nouveau modèle organisationnel doit permettre de soutenir l'effort technique et collaboratif requis pour traiter des Big Data, c'est-à-dire des jeux de données trop volumineux et complexes pour être traités en utilisant les méthodes classiques. L'établissement de ces nouveaux environnements constitue un véritable défi technique et philosophique. Il requiert, pour être opérationnel, des cadres réglementaires adaptés, ouverts à la fois à l'internationalisation et à des perspectives de long terme, mais certains de ces changements ne sont pas compatibles avec les procédures éthiques courantes, notamment la procédure de consentement éclairé. L'éthique de la recherche en génomique doit donc être repensée. Faut-il puiser dans la technique les nouvelles solutions de gouvernance de la recherche ? Ou bien est-il plus juste de répondre à ces évolutions en analysant les situations de tension morale suscitées par de nouveaux développements et en décidant de les traiter en fonction de ce à quoi nous tenons collectivement ? L'enjeu de ce travail, qui relève d'une approche pragmatiste, consiste à cultiver une attitude réflexive à propos des changements en cours dans la recherche en génomique. Cette tâche suppose d'expliciter le rôle des biobanques et des bases de données dans la production, la validation et la publication de la recherche génomique. Il est également nécessaire de rendre compte des tensions auxquelles le développement de ces dispositifs donne lieu lorsqu'ils sont incompatibles avec les procédures actuelles. On peut alors examiner si les dispositifs tels qu'ils sont conçus sont désirables dans les contextes où ils sont développés, soulignant ainsi la dimension politique de l'éthique de la recherche. Cette thèse repose sur l'analyse de situations concrètes issues de projets de recherche dans lesquels nous avons été impliquée. Nous utilisons aussi plusieurs disciplines étudiant la science telle qu'elle se fait (philosophie, anthropologie, sociologie et histoire). Au cours de cet examen, l'idée régulatrice de personne-membre est proposée, pour favoriser la prise en compte des appartenances sociales et politiques du sujet de l'éthique de la recherche en génomique. / In genomic research, as in other highly computerised scientific fields, databases and biobanks are today (re-)organised into infrastructures. This new organisational model should support the technical and collaborative effort needed to deal with Big Data, that is, data sets that are too large and too complex to be treated with conventional methods. Establishing these new environments is an actual technical challenge that requires, in order to be operational, appropriate regulatory frameworks that are both open to internationalisation and long-term prospects. But some of these changes are not consistent with current ethics procedures, including the informed consent process. The ethics of genomics research must therefore be reconsidered by asking whether it is in technology that we must draw new solutions for the governance of research or whether we must respond to these evolutions by proposing a political treatment to clarify what we value collectively. This work, which is based on a pragmatist approach, intends to cultivate a reflexive attitude on the changes being made in genomic research by describing situations of moral tension. This requires elucidating the role of biobanks and databases in the production, validation and publication of genomic research; accounting for the conflicts of values to which the development of these devices can give rise when they are incompatible with the current procedures and thus to examine whether the devices as conceived are desirable in the contexts where they are developed. This thesis is based on the analysis of concrete situations, resulting from research projects in which we have been involved or from studies of science in practices (philosophy, anthropology, sociology and history). During this examination, the regulatory idea of a person-member is proposed, in order to favor the consideration of the social and political affiliations of the subject of ethics to research in genomics.

Nearly two-thirds of organizational change initiatives are unsuccessful due to a lack of high levels of change readiness prior to implementation of the change. A review of the literature supported the importance of establishing organizational readiness for change (ORC), but a gap remained in the empirical data and extant literature about whether presumed antecedents identified in ORC theory contribute to increased levels of ORC. The purpose of this study was to gather empirical data to address this question of whether change valence and informational assessment scores are associated with increased levels of organizational readiness for implementing change. The research design was quantitative and nonexperimental. Data were collected via online Likert-type survey from employees (n = 70) in an organization undergoing significant change. An analysis was performed using OLS regression and principal components analysis. The results showed that change valence and informational assessment were positively and significantly associated with increased organizational readiness for change score (β = 1.778, p < .001, and β = 1.392, p < .001, respectively), and that change commitment and efficacy loaded favorably in a principal components analysis of ORC score. The findings are significant to the field of management as they show how establishing increased levels of change valence and informational assessment may help positively influence employee participation and organizational change outcomes. The study is socially significant because it may illuminate differences in perception between employees and leadership regarding change and may contribute to greater inclusion of a broader array of employee perspectives, opinions, and experiences in the organizational change process.

En dépit de quinze années de travaux, le normalisateur comptable international, l'International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), n'a pas abouti dans sa tentative de définir une norme spécifique aux activités d'extraction. Cet échec partiel soulève la question suivante : existe-t-il un contenu informationnel propre aux actifs spécifiques et s'il existe, quelle forme communicationnelle doit-il revêtir ? L'IASB s'adressant en priorité à l'actionnaire, notre travail devait naturellement débuter par l'évaluation de ses perceptions, tout en admettant le caractère restrictif d'une telle focalisation. Mobilisant la théorie positive, en cohérence avec l'orientation marché du IASB, notre étude longitudinale est conduite sur onze ans, comprenant le prix bas du baril en 1996/1997 et sa hausse soudaine en 2004, afin de mesurer la manière dont le(s) marché(s) perçoi(ven)t les éléments comptables relatifs à l'activité d'extraction pétrolière et gazière, caractérisée par la présence d'actifs spécifiques à haute teneur stratégique, et réputés très incertains. Une revue de littérature propose une double rétrospective, d'une part, des travaux interrogeant la pertinence des divulgations de valeurs ou volumes, et d'autre part, du raisonnement par les options réelles, mis à l'épreuve dans notre dernier travail empirique. Réalisé sur une population internationale, et mesurant le lien entre les divulgations comptables spécifiques à l'activité pétrolière et gazière et la valeur de marché, notre travail examine la pertinence de ces divulgations par le prisme du modèle de Ohlson tout en proposant une solution aux problèmes de colinéarités que génèrent des variables spécifiques. / Despite a fifteen years work, the international standard setter, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) hasn't succeeded in its attempt to define a specific standard relative to extractive activities. This semi-failure raises the following - maybe unresolved - question : does an informational content proper to specific activities exist, and if it does, which would be its appropriate communication form ? Despite the restrictive aspect of a scope admitting that IASB's primary target is the shareholder, our work subsequently started with the evaluation of his/her perceptions. Consistent with the IASB's point of view, we mobilized the positivist theory in an eleven years longitudinal study, covering a period of low barrel prices - in 1996/1997- and the sudden raise of 2004, to study the way in which the market(s) perceive(s) the disclosures of specific items relative to oil and gas activities. The latter are characterized by the presence of specific assets, sometimes strategic, described by the standard setter as highly uncertain. A literature review offers a retrospective on previous researches questioning the value-relevance of either the volume or the value of oil and gas reserves, and on the Real Options Reasoning that is tested in our empirical work. Our examination, on a international sample, of the link between specific accounting disclosures and the market value relies on the Ohlson's model and provides us with some insights on the identification of multicollinearity as likely present when dealing with specific variables.

The overall aims of this thesis were to investigate psychological and behavioral effects of receiving cancer genetic counseling for breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer and/or with a family history of these cancer types and to determine whether counselees’ informational needs were met. Study I was performed 3-7 years post-counseling. Participants (n=214) reported a relatively high level of anxiety but a low level of depression compared to cancer patients in general. However, there was no indication that the distress experienced was due to the counseling. Moderate changes in life and family relations, high level of adherence to recommended controls and satisfaction was reported. Study II was a randomized control trial (RCT) intervention study which involved 147 counselees. An increase in the level of knowledge and correct estimation of personal risk was reported in both the intervention and control groups, although this increase declined at later follow-up. Enhanced information led to significantly greater satisfaction with the given information, and the way of informing relatives. Most counselees had shared information with their at-risk relatives. Study III focused on sharing information with at-risk relatives among participants in study II and their relatives (n=81). Counselees were interviewed and answered a questionnaire, whilst their relatives only answered the questionnaire. Counselees reported positive/neutral feelings about communicating genetic information and mostly interpreted their relatives’ reactions as positive/ neutral. Also, approximately 50% of relatives reported positive/neutral reactions and were generally satisfied with the received information. Study IV was conducted in Sweden and Norway based on 235 counselees. Counselees expected counselors to be skillful and thoughtful, take them seriously and provide risk estimations and medical information. Most important issues to counselees were satisfactorily addressed by the counselors. Analyzing importance rankings resulted in five categories of needs: a need for facts, caring communication and medical information, need for understanding and support in sharing genetic information, practical care and medical/practical information. In conclusion, no adverse psychological or behavioral effect on counselees was observed. Apparently, genetic counseling is managed properly and counselors successfully address counselees’ needs. Providing extended information does not seem necessary, however, tailoring information to individual counselees needs may create a more effective counseling.

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