[pt] Os rótulos são advertências visuais compostas por pictogramas, cores e palavras e objetivam comunicar uma mensagem de risco a todos os usuários da via. Esta mensagem diz respeito aos produtos perigosos. Os rótulos de risco compõem um padrão internacional e são normatizados no Brasil pela ABNT. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com os motoristas de carros de passeio com objetivo de avaliar a compreensibilidade dos rótulos de risco. Os métodos utilizados foram: grupo de foco, entrevistas, teste de produção, teste de associação entre cores e palavras, teste de eleição e teste de escala de avaliação. A partir dos resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que os motoristas escolheram representações diferentes, em sua maioria, dos rótulos existentes na norma vigente. Também foi possível avaliar as questões de cor e nomenclatura como inadequadas para diversos rótulos. / [en] Risk labels are warnings that show a pictogram, colors and words as their elements that intends to transmit a risk message to all the users involved with traffic. This message is about the dangerous goods. Those risk labels are a standard and normalized in Brazil by ABNT. This study was carried through with the car drivers with the goal to evaluate the comprehensibility of the risk labels. The used methods were: focus group, interviews, production test, association between colors and words test, election test and evaluation scale test. From the obtained results it was possible to affirm that the drivers mostly chose different representations from the proposed labels already established. It was also possible to evaluate the issues related to color and words, as inappropriate for several labels.

Cette thèse étudie respectivement les effets des lobbies, de l'information et de la mobilité des individus sur les biens publics. Tout d'abord, nous considérons un pays composé de deux régions dont les habitants ont des préférences différentes pour les biens publics, et nous comparons les systèmes centralisé, fédéral et décentralisé en termes de bien-être agrégé du pays et de bien-être de chaque région en l'absence de lobby, en présence d'un lobby exogène, et en présence de lobbies endogènes. Nous trouvons que par rapport au cas sans lobby, la présence d'un lobby exogène (ou endogène) réduit l'avantage d'un système centralisé par rapport à un système fédéral, et celui de ce dernier par rapport à un système décentralisé en termes de bien-être agrégé du pays. Mais la présence d'un lobby exogène ou de lobbies endogènes ne change pas forcément pour les régions le système pour lequel les résidents ont un bien-être net plus élevé entre un système fédéral et un système décentralisé. Cela est dû principalement au fait que l'effet de "free riding "dans un système décentralisé ou les économies d'échelle du bien global dans un système fédéral l'emporte sur l'effet de lobbying. Ensuite, nous considérons une union fédérale et un pays en dehors de l'union qui est composé de deux régions dont les habitants ont des préférences différentes pour le bien public. Nous étudions l'intérêt des régions composantes du pays à entrer dans l'union sous l'hypothèse que ce pays est autorisé à intégrer l'union. Cette étude est faite dans un contexte où l'union ne connaît pas exactement la préférence politique moyenne des habitants du pays candidat à l'entrée. Nous démontrons d'abord que la région qui a une préférence plus élevée soutient plus facilement l'entrée de son pays dans l'union puisque les individus ayant une préférence plus élevée préfèrent un bien public plus grand. Ensuite, nous concluons que grâce à un programme révélateur complet de dépenses du lobbying du pays entrant conçu par le gouvernement central de l'union et à la connaissance commune de la capacité à s'organiser du pays, une information antérieure plus précise du gouvernement central de l'union sur la préférence moyenne des habitants du pays candidat favorise son entrée. Nous constatons par ailleurs que le pays a intérêt à entrer dans l'union pour une préférence politique moyenne des habitants de l'union d'origine plus faible qu'un certain seuil car les résidents de l'union contribuent en faveur du pays entrant. Et si cette préférence est très élevée et dépasse un certain seuil qui dépend de la qualité de la croyance antérieure du décideur, les résidents du pays candidat deviennent purs contributeurs du bien public, alors ils peuvent être découragés d'y entrer. Enfin, nous analysons l'impact de la mobilité des individus sur les politiques régionales et le bien-être du groupe majoritaire de chaque région. Nous trouvons que la mobilité ne rend pas certainement les politiques plus arrangeantes, c'est-à-dire qu'en présence de mobilité, les politiques régionales ne sont pas toujours plus proches de celles préférées par les minorités à cause des externalités entre les biens régionaux et à une fonction quadratique du coût du bien public. Nous concluons également qu'il existe un équilibre stable et unique lorsque le coût de migration des individus est dispersé. Et dans ce cas la présence de mobilité augmente le bien-être du groupe majoritaire de chaque région si les externalités sont importantes. Cela est dû au fait que la redistribution des individus entre les régions par la migration entraîne des utilités Pareto-améliorantes. Mais cette amélioration des utilités des majorités des deux régions peut défavoriser l'intégration. / This thesis surveys the impacts of lobbies, information, individual mobility upon public goods respectively. We divide the materiel into three parts. First of all, we analyze the effects of lobbies on the comparative advantage of a centralized system, a federal system or a decentralized system in a model of public-goods provisions where two regions, components of a country, differ in terms of preference of their residents for public goods and externalities between local public goods exist. We thus find an exogenous lobby or endogenous lobbies shrink the advantage of a centralized system compared to a federal system and that of a federal system compared to a decentralized system in terms of social welfare of a country, but it does not necessarily change the system a region has a better net wellness in between a federal system and a decentralized system. Then, we examine the attitudes of jurisdictions facing up to the possibility of becoming a member of a federal union when the decision-maker of the union's public goods does not know exactly the preference of the individuals in the candidate jurisdiction for public goods. In this part, we show that a region of which residents have a higher preference for public goods holds up more easily the entry of its country into the union as the residents prefer a higher public good, and a weak preference of the residents of the union encourages the candidate's entry since the residents of the union contribute for those of the entrant country. Interestingly, a more precise belief of the union's policy decision-maker over the average preference of the candidate country's residents for public goods economizes the entrant country's lobbying expenses, so encourages its entry. Finally, we consider a model of police-induced migration between two independent regions with a heterogeneous population in terms of preference for public goods and migration costs. Then, we deal with a problem of equilibrium existence. We argue that there is a stable and single equilibrium when costs of migration are sufficiently dispersed among individuals or externalities are very important. In that case, mobility of individuals is Pareto-improving targeting the ethnic majority's utility of each region. In particular, mobility does not lead necessarily to more accommodate local policies in case of independence because of externalities and a quadratic function of public goods cost.

Au cours de leur activité professionnelle, les militaires français peuvent être exposés à des risques biologiques ou chimiques. Pour protéger leur santé, le Service de Veille Sanitaire du Centre d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées a développé un système d'information. Conçu pour être utilisé en situation normale ou de crise, le système fournit rapidement aux décideurs, experts, vétérinaires, pharmaciens et médecins militaires une information utile pour la prise de décision. L’objectif de notre étude est d’en proposer une évaluation globale, notamment afin de déterminer s’il correspond aux besoins et aux pratiques des usagers.Ces dernières années, une véritable révolution technologique s’est opérée, donnant ainsi naissance à de nombreux dispositifs informationnels destinés à aider les usagers. Des études scientifiques visant à analyser la façon dont ces derniers les utilisent ont alors été menées.En nous appuyant sur les fondements théoriques actuels en sciences de l’information et de la communication et sur une méthodologie de recherche mixte associant des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, nous avons analysé le dispositif existant et étudié dans quelle mesure il s’intègre aux pratiques info-communicationnelles des personnels rattachés au Service de Santé des Armées.Cette étude permet d’apporter des connaissances nouvelles sur les pratiques des militaires français, jusqu’alors méconnues, et de proposer une grille d’évaluation adaptable à différents systèmes d’information documentaires. / The french armed forces can be exposed to biological and chemical risks within their work. The Medical Intelligence unit of the French armed forces Center of Epidemiology and Public Health has developed an information system in order to protect their health. Created to be used in usual or crisis situation, the system provides quickly decision-makers, experts, veterinary, pharmacist and army medical officer with useful information for decision making. The aim of our study is to offer an overall assessment, in particular to determine if it corresponds to the needs and practices for the users.These last years, a real technological revolution has occured, giving birth to numerous informational devices intended to help the users. Scientific studies to analyze the way the latter use them were then carried out.Resting on current theoretical foundations in information and communication sciences and on a methodology of mixed research associating quantitative and qualitative methods, we have analyzed the existing device and studied to what extent it becomes integrated into the information and communication practices of the staffs connected in the Military Health Service.This study allows to bring new knowledge on the french military practices, still largely unknown, and to propose an adaptable assessment grid to various documentary information systems.

Background: In certain masking paradigms, the masker can have two components, energetic and informational. Energetic masking is the traditional peripheral masking, whereas informational masking involves confusions (uncertainty) between the signal and masker that originate more centrally in the auditory system. Sperry et al (1997) used Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) words in multitalker babble to study the differential effects of energetic and informational masking using babble played temporally forward (FB) and backward (BB). The FB and BB are the same except BB is void of the contextual and semantic content cues that are available in FB. It is these informational cues that are thought to fuel informational masking. Sperry et al found 15% better recognition performance (∼3 dB) on BB than on FB, which can be interpreted as the presence of informational masking in the FB condition and not in the BB condition (Dirks and Bower, 1969). The Words-in-Noise Test (WIN) (Wilson, 2003; Wilson and McArdle, 2007) uses NU-6 words as the signal and multitalker babble as the masker, which is a combination of stimuli that potentially could produce informational masking. The WIN presents 5 or 10 words at each of seven signal-to-noise ratios (S/N, SNR) from 24 to 0 dB in 4 dB decrements with the 50% correct point being the metric of interest. The same recordings of the NU-6 words and multitalker babble used by Sperry et al are used in the WIN. Purpose: To determine whether informational masking was involved with the WIN. Research Design: Descriptive, quasi-experimental designs were conducted in three experiments using FB and BB in various paradigms in which FB and BB varied from 4.3 sec concatenated segments to essentially continuous. Study Sample: Eighty young adults with normal hearing and 64 older adults with sensorineural hearing losses participated in a series of three experiments. Data Collection and Analysis: Experiment 1 compared performance on the normal WIN (FB) with performance on the WIN in which the babble segment with each word was reversed temporally (BB). Experiment 2 examined the effects of continuous FB and BB segments on WIN performance. Experiment 3 replicated the Sperry et al (1997) experiment at 4 and 0 dB S/N using NU-6 words in the FB and BB conditions. Results: Experiment 1-with the WIN paradigm, recognition performances on FB and BB were the same for listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss, except at the 0 dB S/N with the listeners with normal hearing at which performance was significantly better on BB than FB. Experiment 2-recognition performances on FB and BB were the same at all SNRs for listeners with normal hearing using a slightly modified WIN paradigm. Experiment 3-there was no difference in performances on the FB and BB conditions with either of the two SNRs. Conclusions: Informational masking was not involved in the WIN paradigm. The Sperry et al results were not replicated, which is thought to be related to the way in which the Sperry et al BB condition was produced.

The purpose of this study is to illustrate how norms of the human body appears in childrens informational books. To answer the purpose of the study a discourse analysis of text and pictures has been made. The analysis was conducted on eight different informational books which are directed for children. The informational books were borrowed from a major library in central Sweden. The informational books was analysed through four different steps where five different questions was used in each step. The result and conclusion indicates that the norm of the human body who appears in the analyzed childrens informational books are mostly the thinner one. The knowledge that this study may contribute with is the importance of presence of descriptions and portrayals of the human body in literature that children can identify themselfs with. Further knowledge that this study may contribute with is how childrens self-esteem can be affected if there do not occure human bodies they can identify themselfs with. / Syftet med studien är att belysa hur normer om människokroppen framträder i faktaböcker om kroppen riktade till barn.  För att besvara studiens syfte användes en diskursanalys av text och bild. Analysen genomfördes på åtta faktaböcker om människokroppen riktade till barn. Faktaböckerna som analyserades lånades på ett större bibliotek i Mellansverige. Faktaböckerna analyserades utifrån fyra olika steg där varje steg utgick ifrån fem olika frågor som besvarades. Resultatet och slutsatsen av studien visar på att det mestadels är en norm av en smalare eller tunnare kroppsform som framkommer i de faktaböckerna som analyserades. Den kunskap som studien kan bidra med är vikten av att det förekommer beskrivningar och gestaltningar av människokroppar i litteratur som barnen kan identifiera sig med. Ytterligare kunskap som studien kan bidra med är hur barns självkänsla kan påverkas om det inte förekommer människokroppar de kan identifiera sig med.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / We propose a secure in-network data aggregation protocol with internal verification, to gain increase in the lifespan of the network by preserving bandwidth. For doing secure internal distributed operations, we show an algorithm for securely computing the sum of sensor readings in the network. Our algorithm can be generalized to any random tree topology and can be applied to any combination of mathematical functions. In addition, we represent an efficient way of doing statistical analysis for the protocol. Furthermore, we propose a novel, distributed and interactive algorithm to trace down the adversary and remove it from the network. Finally, we do bandwidth analysis of the protocol and give the proof for the efficiency of the protocol.

Work motivation has been a topic of significance for a very long time, however, since there has been a recent shift towards remote work, traditional motivational theories might need to be reconsidered and applied to the new way of working. The self-determination theory (SDT) is one of many motivational theories, which says that once the three basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are reached, individuals will experience high amounts of motivation. In order to dive deeper into the topic of motivation in remote work, the purpose of our study is therefore to explore this area of research by examining how managerial support measures could be aimed at ensuring the feeling of autonomy, competence and relatedness, and in turn manage to possibly sustain motivation among remote workers.  With the aim of reaching and fulfilling the purpose of this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with five remote workers working in start-ups or SMEs within the IT sectors, or within companies with a digital focus. The data which we collected through interviews was then thematically analysed by careful coding and put into a variety of themes. Following the presentation of our findings was a meticulous analysis of the generated data, which was the base for our final conclusions drawn on the subject.  From the findings, we were able to conclude that autonomy achieved high scores in remote work, and was without exceptions fulfilled for all of our interview subjects. Within competence, the most challenges were detected, however the right supporting measures, like facilitating information sharing, would be able to work against these issues. Lastly, relatedness is oftentimes severely lacking within remote work due to the implied distance, however due to conscious choices to work remotely, individuals will be aware of decreasing relatedness when they start their journey of working remotely. Nonetheless, supporting measures like organising social gatherings or workshops, can limit the lack of feeling relatedness in the remote workplace.  This study can assist future researchers that are conducting studies within the growing remote work environment. Furthermore, it can help managers in the workplace to gain an updated view on motivation in remote working, and shift perspective to remotely adapted supporting measures.

The purpose of this action research study was to explore the use of informational text in kindergarten through sixth grade classrooms in one elementary school. The research was based on analyzing responses given by teachers on a self-report survey; which addressed various aspects of their use of informational texts. The survey included questions about the sources teachers used to find informational texts, the criteria used in selection of such texts, and the frequency and purposes for informational text use. These data were then compared according to teachers' years of teaching experience and grade level taught to see the influence of such groupings. Findings indicated that teachers tend to use the sources for informational texts that are most readily available within a school. Further, findings indicated that not all teachers use the same selection criteria for picking informational texts to use in their classrooms and teachers value different criteria for selection of such texts. Next, frequency of use of informational texts varied from teacher to teacher, with some teachers using informational texts often and some using informational texts very little. The use of such texts was almost always tied to specific content, but the purposes for use of informational texts varied from teacher to teacher, with some teachers being very specific in their purpose, to others being very vague about their purpose for the use of such texts. Finally, findings show that there were differences in the ways teachers in two grade-level groups selected and used informational texts.

[pt] Ao mergulhar na área dos estudos lúdicos, é possível notar que os jogos muitas vezes são estudados como ferramentas educativas ou fenômenos sócio-antropológicos. Até o momento, pouco foi discutido sobre os processo de aprendizado de jogos – e muito menos sobre os manuais de regras de jogos, que são constantemente negligenciados inclusive nos projetos e produção de jogos. Por este motivo, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo iniciar um diálogo sobre manuais de jogos, culminando na proposta de critérios de ordenação para as informações contidas nestes documentos, tendo como referência o ponto de vista da Ergonomia Informacional. Considerando a escassez de produção de bibliografia específica sobre o assunto, a fundamentação teórica foi construída a partir da revisão bibliográfica de literatura referente às áreas de estudo da Ergonomia Informacional, Estudos Lúdicos, Psicologia Cognitiva, Linguística e Educação – apresentados nos capítulos 2 a 4. Esses conteúdos foram, então, organizados no contexto da Hierarquia Informacional de Manuais de Jogos Analógicos, tendo como o foco o processo de aprendizado de regras em situações de primeiro uso. A fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade prática dos levantamentos realizados, foi conduzida uma rodada de entrevistas com game designers que possuem experiência com a redação de manuais de jogos – seja para jogos de autoria própria ou de terceiros. A partir das respostas das entrevistas, aliadas ao referencial teórico, foi então definida uma lista de diretrizes de ordenação das regras de manuais de jogos analógicos, além de critérios de utilização de imagens complementares ao texto. Por fim, estas diretrizes foram postas à prova por meio de um experimento de playtest , no qual usuários foram convidados a jogar dois jogos: No Thanks! e SET. Cada grupo de usuários – composto por grupos de 3 a 4 participantes – interagiu com um jogo com seu manual original e o outro com um manual revisado a partir das diretrizes definidas pela presente pesquisa. A fim de avaliar o desempenho de cada grupo, foram definidas as seguintes variáveis a serem analisadas: tempo de leitura do manual; tempo de jogo; quantidade de erros cometidos; quantidade de interrupções no jogo para revisar as regras; tempo total de interrupção do jogo para revisar as regras. Além disso, foi considerada a opinião de cada participante em relação à redação do texto, a fim de identificar se os pontos de atenção identificados em cada manual se tornaram aparentes durante a experiência de primeiro uso dos manuais e jogos em questão. Foi feita uma análise da aplicação do experimento, identificando os impactos que as alterações do manual proporcionaram no desempenho dos participantes. Como resultado, e devido às limitações de contato físico e presencial decorrentes da situação de pandemia e quarentena, em função Covid-19, o resultado final desta dissertação é a proposta revisada do experimento, a ser aplicado em momento mais propício à pesquisas presenciais. / [en] By dwelling on the area of Playful Studies, it becomes hugely noticeable that games are often regarded as educational tools of socio-anthropological phenomena. So far, very little has been discussed about the board game learning process, and even less about their rulebooks, which tend to be sidelined even during the development and production of tabletop games. For this reason, this dissertation aims to start a conversation about tabletop games rulebooks, culminating in a proposition of new criteria that can be used to better organize the information contained in rulebooks of tabletop games. Those criteria were determined from the standpoint of Informational Ergonomics and Human Factors. Considering the shortage of bibliography regarding this specific matter, the theoretical foundation has been built upon the literature review of works in the fields of Informational Ergonomics, Playful Studies, Cognitive Psychology, Linguistics and Education – presented in chapters 2 through 4. The relevant concepts and ideas found on these works were then adapted to the context of the Informational Hierarchy of Tabletop Games Rulebooks, specifically during the first time when players were interacting with the games and their rulebooks. In order to evaluate how useful those findings were in practice, a round of interviews was conducted with game designers who have previous experience with writing rulebooks – either for their games or as a consultant. Their answers, along with the theoretical foundation previously mentioned, served as the foundation to propose a list of guidelines, that aim to help organize the information contained in tabletop rulebooks and the usage of complementary images to better explain the game s rules. Those guidelines were then put to the test by means of an experiment, in which participants were invited to take part in a playtest of two well-known games: No Thanks! and SET. Each group of players interacted with the two games: the first, containing its original rulebook; the second, containing a revised version, based on the previously mentioned criteria or organization. To evaluate the group s performance, five variables were analyzed: Time elapsed while reading the rulebook; time elapsed during the game; the quantity of mistakes made; the quantity of pauses in order to revise the game s rules; and time elapsed while revising the game s rules. On top of that, the participants opinions and impressions were taken into consideration, in order to identify whether the points of concern previously mentioned became apparent to them as well, as a result of their interactions with the games and their rulebooks. Afterwards, the experiment results were analyzed, in order to identify the extent of the impact that the new criteria had on the player s performance. Due to the pandemic and quarantine – caused by Covid-19 –, this dissertation s final result is a revised proposal for the experiment – to be applied whenever the conditions once again favour the development of experimental and in-person research.

This study aims at discussing how students’ informational privacy in the learning management system (LMS) Canvas is perceived by staff at higher education institutions (HEIs), as well as identifying challenges arising from dataveillance and from perceptions of informational privacy themselves. The study of perceptions is based on a range of interviews at five HEIs in Sweden. While the LMS Canvas includes dataveillance of students especially through learning analytics (LA) functions that are novel and opaque at Swedish HEIs, consideration of respective flows of personal information and resulting challenges to students’ informational privacy is relatively scarce. Even though usage of dataveillance capabilities appears limited at HEIs, a discrepancy between processed data and respective perceptions among staff, in addition to rare institutional discussions, make Canvas a problematic case for HEIs. Canvas and its introduction were generally perceived as a success, but dataveillance is likely unknown to many students and thus potentially misaligned with their interests for informational privacy.