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Background: In Sweden about 19000 people fall victims of sudden death every year. This covers around 20% of all deaths. Relatives are those who are closest to the patient, regardless of the type of relationship. When a patient suddenly dies this affects the relatives and they can suffer from high risk of complicated grief reactions or crises. Being the nearest professional contact in these situations, the nurse has an important role in supporting and guiding the relatives. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to nominate the relatives' needs of support from the nurse when a loved person suddenly dies. Method: The literature review was based on seven articles with a quality approach. Results:The analysis resulted in four themes; "to be seen and confirmed", "information", "take farewell" and "follow-up ". To be able to give support both mentally and physically, it is important for the nurse to give proper attention to the relatives. The nurse supports according to individual circumstances, giving clear and concise information. With privacy, peace and quiet the nurse may create the conditions for a dignified farewell. Afterwards, when the shock phase subsides, many questions need to be answered and a follow-up meeting is important. Conclusion: As nurses we will meet with relatives of patients who have suddenly died. Our results are, however, useful in all types of care, not only in cases of sudden death. The nurse´s attention to the relatives is an important factor in health care. Knowledge about the benefits of taking care of relatives in a situation of sudden death is, currently insufficient. Knowledge of the reactions of relatives who are confronted with sudden death needs to be further explored and existing research needs to be conducted / implemented in health care.

Parents are best able to identify their own support needs, and professionals can assist parents in receiving supports to assist with these needs. There has been an increase of children diagnosed with autism, which has resulted in a major concern for education professionals. Teachers, therapists, and medical personnel are better able to assist families of children with autism in obtaining supports because they are able to view the family and child objectively and are not emotionally tied to the situation. The focus of this study was to identify the forms of social support that mothers and fathers of children recently diagnosed with autism perceive as being important. Twenty couples (father-mother dyads) of children between the ages of three to five and diagnosed no more than a year and a half with autism participated in this study. Before the study began a social validation process with professionals and parents of children with autism was used to validate the usefulness of the 16 support items. Once the validation was complete, twenty families completed a Q-sort with the items, which allowed for a ranking from "most" to "least" important. Results indicated that both fathers and mothers ranked "information on how I can help my child" as the most important support and "help with transportation" as the least important support. Overall, fathers' preferred instrumental (goods, services, financial assistance, and information) types of supports, such as, "financial help for expenses." Mothers' preferred emotional (someone to talk to about problems, feelings, and attitudes) types of supports, such as, "contact with other parent(s) who experienced the same situation." T-tests, correlations, and a factor analysis were performed to analyze the data. Significant correlations were from on five support items. "Involvement with a church or strong religious beliefs", "special equipment to help meet my child's needs", "financial help for expenses", "participation in an organized parent support group", and "information on how I can help my child" were significant at the.05 level. From the findings, implications for professionals who work with families of children with autism and recommendations for future research are discussed.

abstract: As scholars continue to generate research on social support, so has the realization that our understanding of this theoretical concept is not so clear. Originally introduced by Francis Cullen in 1994, social support has traditionally been examined as a single measure. Cullen, however, posits that there are numerous forms of social support that can be provided by different actors. Little research has sought to examine these different forms of social support and their relationship with recidivating. Further, the extant literature generally places social support in the positive light, hypothesized to have an inverse relationship with crime. Studies have shown, however, that not all social support provides an inverse relationship with recidivism, and instead, some forms of support may actually increase an individual’s likelihood of recidivating. Using data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative, this dissertation examines both positive and negative emotional family support and the effects they have on the likelihood that formerly incarcerated individuals will recidivate. Utilizing discrete time hazard modeling, and controlling for instrumental family and instrumental peer support, results reveal that while positive emotional family support does indeed have an inverse relationship with recidivating, negative emotional family support has a more salient and direct relationship with recidivating. Additionally, other findings are explored, along with implications for criminological theory, correctional programming, and criminal justice policy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2019

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disabling, chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease that occurs in women of childbearing years (15-40) and spans a lifetime. Little is known about the relevance that social support has in the context of mental health wellbeing for patients with SLE. Physicians may be an adequate source of support when it comes to SLE. Since there are arrays of triggers for depression, there is a need to understand the SLE experience to help with disease management. Objective: To examine the association of social support from a physician and the mental health wellbeing of SLE patients. Methods: We examined 652 SLE patients from the Georgians Organized Against Lupus (GOAL) cohort. Descriptive analysis was performed. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the associations of the main dependent variables (Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)) and each independent variable. Both, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between selected characteristics and main independent variables (emotional or social support and social support from a physician) with the categorized mental component score and PHQ9 depression score, individually and together. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were used to determine statistical significance. Results: SLE patients who perceived having enough emotional/social support were found to have an overall better mental health status than the average American, and 64% less likely to be depressed compared to patients who did not have enough emotional/social support. Patients who were categorized as having social support from a physician were found to be in poorer mental health statuses, as measured by the MCS SF-12 and PHQ9 depression score. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that emotional or social support is associated with a better mental health well-being for SLE patients. SLE patients who have enough emotional or social support were found to have above normal general mental health and less depression. This study did not show any direct associations between physician social support and mental health wellbeing.

Anhöriga hamnar ofta i bakgrunden av närståendes sjukdomar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur anhöriga upplever emotionellt stöd, skuld samt hantering av att leva nära någon som överlevt en potentiellt livshotande fysisk sjukdom. Den hermeneutiskt upplagda studien baserades på semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta kvinnliga deltagare med differentierad sysselsättning och ålder kunde återfinnas genom snöbollsurval samt sociala medier. Analysen utfördes genom en meningskoncentrering, där fyra teman kunde återfinnas: de fanns där för mig, självanklagelser för känslor och tankar, lärdomar om det sårbara livet, samt att sysselsätta sig eller fly undan. Studien visade att det emotionella stödet upplevdes som konstant, skuld yttrades i form av tankar och känslor, deltagarna rapporterade nya lärdomar samt hanteringsprocessen var övergripande lik hos deltagarna. Studien kan ligga till grund för fördjupning inom området att vara anhörig. Dels för att främja förståelse men också för att låta anhöriga kliva ur skuggan och göra sin röst hörd.

abstract: Emotional support messages can benefit recipients; however, verbal and nonverbal aspects of these messages can vary in effectiveness, and the process of communicating support can be stressful to some supporters. One potential behavior that may yield more effective support messages for recipients while reducing anxiety and stress for supporters is message planning. Thus, planning theory is used to test whether planning influences message effectiveness, nonverbal delivery of messages, self-reported anxiety, and physiological stress markers. Additionally, an individual’s trait-level reticence and prior support experiences are predicted to moderate the effects of message planning. One hundred laboratory participants were assigned to either a planning condition or writing distraction task and completed a series of self-report and physiological measures before, during, and after recording an emotional support message to a friend who had hypothetically been diagnosed with a serious form of cancer. Subsequently, a sample of one hundred cancer patients viewed the laboratory participants’ videos to provide message effectiveness ratings and four trained coders provided data on nonverbal behaviors from these recorded messages. Findings showed planning leads to more effective messages; however, it also leads to supporters engaging in success bias and inflation bias. Planning also increased vocal fluency, but not other nonverbal behaviors. Likewise, planning attenuated heart rate reactivity, but not other physiological markers. In general, experience and reticence did not moderate these main effects. Theoretical, practical, clinical, pedagogical, and methodological implications are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication 2018

« .Les émotions sont une partie intégrante et inséparable de la vie organisationnelle de tous les jours. Depuis les moments d’anéantissement ou de joie, de peine ou de peur, jusqu’à la sensation permanente d’insatisfaction ou d’emprisonnement, l’expérience au travail est saturée de sentiments. » (Ashforth & Humphrey, 1995, p.97). Certaines professions sont particulièrement exigeantes sur le plan émotionnel, par exemple les professions d’aide (Mann, 2005). Notre recherche a pour objectif d’analyser les exigences émotionnelles de la profession d’infirmières. En particulier, il s’agit de considérer la relation émotionnelle avec les patients comme un aspect essentiel de la charge de travail :devoir gérer et personnaliser les interactions et les communications, en vue de mettre en œuvre la compréhension interpersonnelle nécessaire. De manière à explorer cette fonction professionnelle, nous utiliserons le concept de « travail émotionnel », proposé par Hochschild en 1983. L’hypothèse centrale de son étude considère que le travail émotionnel consiste en l’effort, la planification et le contrôle exigé pour exprimer les émotions désirées par l’organisation durant les transactions (Morris & Feldman, 1996). Il demande au travailleur de supprimer l’expression de certaines émotions ou au contraire d’exprimer des émotions non ressenties afin que les émotions exprimées soient en accord avec les règles émotionnelles propres à l’institution. Les émotions au travail ont un caractère ambivalent. Ces résultats mixtes suggèrent de ne pas se focaliser sur les émotions négatives ou positives, mais plutôt de se concentrer sur le comment les infirmiers peuvent réguler leurs émotions pendant les interactions avec les patients. On a choisi comme indicateurs du travail émotionnel deux états personnels différents: l’empathie (Eisenberg, 2002, 2004 – Bonino et al. 2003) et la dissonance émotionnelle (Zapf, 2002), qui peuvent être utilisées par les infirmiers dans la relation avec leurs patients. Le concept d'empathie désigne la capacité à comprendre les états affectifs d'autrui et la capacité à partager les émotions avec autrui. L’empathie présente un attribut plutôt cognitif. Cette précision est importante pour différencier l’empathie de la sympathie :quand les infirmiers montrent de l’empathie, ils sont capables de se dégager des émotions du patient, préservant leur propre espace personnel sans perdre de vue leur rôle et leurs responsabilités professionnelles. Utiliser l’empathie dans les relations avec les patients va s’avérer avantageux pour les infirmiers parce que l’empathie permet d’instaurer un rapport authentique, établissant un juste milieu entre compassion et retrait (Hojat, 2007). La dissonance émotionnelle surgit quand un employé doit montrer une émotion qu’il ne ressent pas sincèrement dans une situation particulière :soit le sujet ne ressent rien quand on attend de lui qu’il ressente un sentiment précis, soit au contraire la règle émotionnelle lui impose de supprimer une émotion non désirée (par ex la colère). La dissonance émotionnelle a été considérée depuis le début des recherches comme le cœur du problème du travail émotionnel. Elle peut amener le travailleur à se sentir hypocrite, menteur, et à long terme elle peut entraîner une aliénation de ses propres émotions, une perte d’estime de soi et de la dépression (Zapf, 2002). Cette contribution vise à vérifier le rôle de l’empathie et de la dissonance émotionnelle sur la qualité de vie au travail (satisfaction au travail, l’engagement et les comportements de citoyenneté) dans le nursing. Un questionnaire a été complété par 222 infirmier(e)s, travaillant dans différents hôpitaux d’une région du Nord de l’Italie. L’échelle d’empathie a été soumise à une analyse factorielle confirmatoire, en utilisant le logiciel EQS. Les résultats montrent que la solution à deux facteurs présente des indices d’ajustement corrects. (RMSEA = 0.108 CFI = 0.829 GFI = 0.874 AGFI = 0.821). Cette analyse factorielle confirme les deux composantes de l’empathie telle que définie par Hojat (2007). La composante cognitive consiste en la prise de perspective et donc en la capacité de comprendre le point de vue de l’autre. La composante affective définit la compassion. Les résultats de l’étude 1 (modèle 1) confirment que :l’empathie a une forte composante cognitive. L’analyse factorielle souligne que le facteur dominant est la prise de perspective (perspective taking; Hojat, 2009) et donc la capacité de comprendre le point de vue de l’autre. De plus les analyses montrent que la prise de perspective explique le work engagement, les comportements de citoyenneté et la satisfaction professionnelle. On peut penser que la compréhension empathique génère un feedback dynamique où tant l’infirmier que le patient jouent un rôle actif et satisfaisant. Ces résultats confirment que l’empathie peut être une ressource émotionnelle utile tant pour les infirmiers que pour les structures de santé. La plupart des études se sont concentrées sur les effets nuisibles de la dissonance sur la santé des employés. Actuellement, les études tendent à considérer la dissonance émotionnelle comme un état psychologique (Pugh, 2011), qui a des liens avec la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1973). Ces études soulignent que la dissonance n’est pas négative en soi, mais l’est seulement dans certaines conditions. La plupart des études se sont concentrées sur les effets nuisibles de la dissonance sur la santé des employés. Actuellement, les études tendent à considérer la dissonance émotionnelle comme un état psychologique (Pugh, 2011), qui a des liens avec la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1973). Ces études soulignent que la dissonance n’est pas négative en soi, mais l’est seulement dans certaines conditions.Le cadre théorique du paradigme de l’Effort-Justification (Harman-Jones & Mills, 1999), a suscité l’hypothèse que la dissonance émotionnelle peut être modérée à différents niveaux. Les résultats confirment que les effets nuisibles de la dissonance peuvent être réduits. On pose l’hypothèse que l’engagement affectif protège de la sensation d’aliénation, causée de la dissonance émotionnnelle, en fournissant un sens d’appartenance et d’affiliation.On pose l’hypothèse que la signification accordée au travail réduit les effets nuisibles de la dissonance émotionnelle, parce que l’individu peut mieux accepter se sentir menteur et hypocrite s’il y a une motivation et une raison. L’absence d’effet de modération entre empathie et dissonance émotionnelle a des implications pour les études futures: par exemple de vérifier si empathie et dissonance émotionnelle sont des stratégies de régulation des émotions totalement différentes. / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study investigates the connection between self-enhancement and self-verification and confirmation and emotional support. The hypotheses predicted that there is a positive relationship between confirmation and self-enhancement and self-verification; people feel good about themselves when confirmed by friends, people feel that friends know them well when they are confirmed. The hypotheses also predicted that there would be a positive relationship between emotional support and self-enhancement and self-verification; people feel good when friends provide emotional support, and people feel that friends know them well when provided emotional support. A research question was also posed: Does family functioning have an effect on perceptions of self-enhancement and self-verification messages? To find the answers, a questionnaire was completed by 279 individuals. The results indicate two types of enhancement messages; a more specific and positive form of enhancement and more global (and negative) self perception of rejection. The findings are interesting and unique to self-enhancement in communication research which provides many avenues for continued research. Results also suggest that different elements of confirming communication influences perceptions of enhancement in different ways, emotional support predicts verification.