Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-31 / Com o intuito de obter informações sobre a expressão de lipídeos de formas promastigotas de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, parasitas foram analisados durante o crescimento logarítmico e estacionário quanto à composição de glicolipídeos e fosfolipídeos. Em paralelo, dois anticorpos monoclonais (mAbs), denominados LST-1 e LST-2, foram produzidos, caracterizados e utilizados neste estudo. A expressão de fosfolipídeos em promastigotas durante o crescimento logarítmico e estacionário foi analisada por cromatografia em camada delgada de alta resolução (HPTLC). O extrato lipídico total de promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis apresenta fosfatidilinositol (PI), fosfatidilserina (PS), fosfatidilcolina (PC), fosfatidiletanolamina (PE), Liso-PI e inositol fosforilceramida (IPC), este último caracterizado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa, contendo esfingosina (d18:1) e ácidos graxos, principalmente ácido esteárico (C18:0) e ácido palmítico (C16:0). Enquanto as proporções molares de IPC, PS, PE, Liso-PI aumentaram com o decorrer do tempo de cultura, as proporções molares de PI e PC diminuíram. O perfil cromatográfico dos glicolipídeos se manteve constante durante o crescimento logarítmico e estacionário. Os mAbs LST-1 e LST-2 foram produzidos contra a fração enriquecida em glicolipídeos e IPC de formas promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis. Os dois anticorpos pertencem a classe IgM. O mAb LST-1, por imunocoloração de placas de HPTLC, reconhece um componente lipídico acídico, eluído da coluna de DEAE-Sephadex com acetato de sódio 0,2 M, que apresenta migração cromatográfica característica de IPC, o qual é resistente à hidrólise alcalina e é corado com reagente de Dittmer-Lester. Já, o mAb LST-2 foi reativo com a fração de glicolipídeos não retida na coluna de DEAE-Sephadex, e visibilizada nas placas de HPTLC com orcinol/H2SO4. Por IFI, os dois mAbs mostraram alta reatividade com formas promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis. O tratamento dos parasitas com isopropranol:hexano:água (IPA:Hex:água) (55:20:25; v/v/v) aboliu a reatividade, indicando que os antígenos reconhecidos pelos mAbs estão presentes somente na fração lipídica. LST-1 não foi reativo com parasitas vivos, sugerindo que o IPC está críptico na membrana, sendo talvez expresso somente no folheto interno da membrana plasmática. Já, o mAb LST-2 apresentou forte reatividade com promastigotas vivos, aglutinando-os, indicando que os glicolipídeos reconhecidos por LST-2 encontram-se na superfície do parasita. Por imunofluorescência indireta com LST-1 e LST-2 verificou-se que amastigotas isoladas de lesão não são reconhecidos pelos mAbs, e por outro lado, forte fluorescência foi detectada com amastigotas axênicos. Por cromatografia em placas de HPTLC, de extratos lipídicos purificados de amastigotas, verificou-se que os amastigotas isolados de lesão de animais infectados por L. (L.) amazonensis, apresentam diferentes perfis cromatográficos de glicolipídeos e fosfolipídeos em relação aos promastigotas e aos amastigotas axênicos. Enquanto os amastigotas isolados de lesão são ricos em glicoesfingolipídeos, os amastigotas axênicos e promastigotas apresentam glicoinositolfosfolipídeos (GIPLs) reconhecidos pelo mAb LST- 2 e IPC reconhecido pelo mAb LST-1. O mAb LST-1 apresentou reatividade com formas promastigotas de todas as espécies de Leishmania analisadas, e também com formas epimastigotas de T. cruzi. Nestes parasitas, foi observado que LST-1 reconhece especificamente IPC, sendo o resíduo de inositol e a ceramida essenciais para a reatividade do mAb LST-1. Já, o mAb LST-2, por imunofluorescência indireta, apresentou forte marcação somente com formas promastigotas ou amastigotas axênicos de L. (L.) amazonenis, reconhecendo 4 componentes glicolipídicos denominados bandas a, b, c, e d, que correspondem a GIPLs. A porção carboidrato é fundamental para a reatividade do mAb LST-2. Analisando-se macrófagos infectados com promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis, verificou-se por imunofluorescência indireta com o mAb LST-2, que os promastigotas durante a adesão/infecção de macrófagos, secretam ou transferem para os macrófagos os antígenos glicolipídicos, reconhecidos pelo mAb LST-2. Forte fluorescência na superfície de macrófagos infectados é observada já na primeira hora de infecção, e com o decorrer da infecção (até 4 horas) observa-se, somente nos macrófagos infectados, pequenas vesículas fluorescentes, que não correspondem a fagossomos contendo os parasitas. Assim, nesta tese, foi demonstrado que amastigotas isolados de lesão em relação a amastigotas axênicas e promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis apresentam padrões distintos de glico(fosfolipídeos). Enquanto amastigotas isoladas de lesão expressam GSLs, amastigotas axênicas e promastigotas expressam IPC e GIPLs, sendo que estes últimos sendo liberados pelo promastigota durante a infecção de macrófagos. / In order to obtain information about the lipid expression of promastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, the parasites lipid composition profile was analyzed during log and stationary phase. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) termed LST-1 and LST-2 were produced, characterized and used in this study. Promastigote phospholipid expression on log and stationary growth phases were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). At either phase the total lipid extract of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes presents phosphatidylinostol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Lyso- PI and inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC). IPC was characterized by GC/MS, and it was detected sphingosine (d18:1) and fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0). It was noted that the molar proportions of IPC, PS, PE and Lyso-PI increased during the culture time, while the percentage of PI and PC decreased. Unlikely, the glycolipid chromatographic profile did not change during the promastigotes growth at log and stationary phases. The mAbs LST-1 and LST-2 were produced against a glycolipid and IPC enriched fraction purified from promastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis. Both antibodies are IgM. By HPTLC immunostaining it was demonstrated that mAb LST-1 recognized an acidic lipid component, eluted with 0.2 M of sodium acetate from DEAE-Sephadex column. The LST-1 reactive component presents: i) chromatographic migration characteristic of IPC, ii) is resistant to alkaline hydrolysis; iii) is stained with Dittmer-Lester reagent. On the other hand, the mAb LST-2 was reactive with the glycolipid fraction not retained in DEAE-Sephadex column, and this fraction was visualized on HPTLC by primuline and orcinol/H2SO4 staining. By indirect immunofluorescence, both antibodies showed high reactivity with L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes. Parasites delipidation with isopropanol:hexane:water (55:20:25; v/v/v), abolished the mAbs reactivity, indicating that the antigens recognized by LST-1 and LST-2 are present exclusively in the lipid fraction. MAb LST-1 did not react with non-fixed parasites, suggesting that IPC is cryptic in the membrane, and maybe localized only in the inner leaf of plasma membrane. Contrasting, mAb LST-2, showed a strong reactivity with live L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes, also parasite agglutination was observed, indicating that the glycolipids recognized by LST-2 are in parasite surface. By indirect immunofluorescence with LST-1 and LST-2 no reactivity was observed with amastigotes isolated from L. (L.) amazonensis infected hamsters, conversely axenic amastigotes showed a strong fluorescence with both mAbs. By HPTLC it was verified that the lipid fractions of promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and amastigotes isolated from footpad lesions, presented distinct glycolipids and phospholipids profiles. Amastigotes isolated from lesions are rich in glycosphingolipids, whereas axenic amastigotes and promastigotes present glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) recognized by LST-2, and IPC recognized by mAb LST-1. The LST-1 antibody recognized promastigotes from all species of analyzed, and also T. cruzi epimastigotes. It was determined that LST-1 recognizes specifically IPC in these parasites, and it was established that the inositol residue and the ceramide are essential for LST-1 reactivity. By indirect immunofluorescence with mAb LST-2 a strong labeling of only L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes was observed. LST-2 recognizes 4 glycolipid components termed a, b, c and d, which correspond to GIPLs. It was demonstrated that the carbohydrate moiety is fundamental for LST-2 reactivity. L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes infected macrophages showed by indirect immunofluorescence, that promastigotes during the macrophage adhesion/infection, secrete or transfer GIPLs recognized by mAb LST-2 to the macrophage. Strong fluorescence in infected macrophage was observed in the first hours of infection. During the next hours of infection (up to 4 hours) also small fluorescent vesicles were observed in the infected macrophages, which did not correspond to phagossomes containing parasites. Thus, these studies describe distinct (glyco)phospholipid profile in lesion amastigotes, axenic amastigotes and promastigotes, and GIPLs vesicles formation during macrophage infection by promastigotes. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Myo-[3H]-inositol accumulation in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLECs) occurred by both high- and low affinity, Nat-dependent transport sites. High ambient glucose significantly inhibited myo-[ 3 H]-inositol uptake; the co-administration of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, prevented the inhibitory effect on the low affinity transport site. A glucose-sensitive process for myo-[3 H]-inositol uptake on the high-affinity transport site was uncovered by Lineweaver-Burk analysis. Dixon plot analysis confirmed that the effect of glucose was due to competitive inhibition of the high-affinity myo-inositol transport site while the effect of sorbitol was due to competitive inhibition of the low-affinity myo-inositol transport site.

Doctor en Bioquímica / Herp es una proteína residente de la membrana del retículo endoplásmico que regula la degradación de proteínas a través del proteosoma. Este efecto lo ejerce principalmente regulando la formación del complejo de degradación de proteínas asociado al retículo endoplásmico (ERAD). Además, Herp se ha vinculado con la regulación del Ca2+ intracelular y citoprotección frente al estrés de retículo. Se desconoce si Herp tiene un efecto citoprotector frente al estrés oxidativo y los mecanismos por los cuales podría ejercer esta función. En esta tesis se planteó como hipótesis de trabajo que “Herp es una proteína inducida por H2O2 que regula la sobrevida celular, modulando la degradación del receptor de IP3 y la transferencia de Ca2+ a la mitocondria”. Para probar esta hipótesis se establecieron los siguientes objetivos específicos: -Establecer si el H2O2 estimula la expresión de Herp en células Hela. -Determinar si Herp regula los niveles intracelulares de Ca2+ dependientes de H2O2 -Determinar si Herp regula el traspaso de Ca+2 del retículo endoplásmico a la mitocondria por modulación del IP3R, en células Hela expuestas a H2O2. -Establecer si Herp tiene un papel citoprotector frente al H2O2 por regulación del Ca2+ intracelular. Los resultados mostraron que Herp aumenta sus niveles frente a el tratamiento con H2O2 en forma rápida, antes de los 30 min post estimulo, por un mecanismo transcripcional y traduccional. Esta respuesta es importante para la sobrevida celular frente a agentes que producen estrés oxidativo. Las células que poseen bajos niveles de la proteína Herp son más sensibles a la muerte producida por H2O2 que las células controles. También las células con menores niveles de Herp presentaron cinéticas de Ca2+ intracelular y mitocondrial diferentes en respuesta al H2O2, comparado con los controles. Estos cambios se debieron a una desregulación en los niveles del IP3R dado que Herp reguló su degradación a través de la vía proteosomal. Nuestros resultados sugieren que Herp mantiene los niveles normales de IP3R, regulando así la entrada de Ca2+ a la mitocondria. De este modo, Herp evita la sobrecarga de Ca2+ mitocondrial, apertura del poro de transición mitocondrial y posterior apoptosis en respuesta a estímulos nocivos como el H2O2. Junto con lo anterior, nuestros estudios mostraron que Herp regula el metabolismo mitocondrial, lo cual tienen repercusiones en la proliferación celular y la sensibilidad de las células a antineoplásicos. Las células HeLa con bajos niveles de Herp mostraron un metabolismo mitocondrial aumentado por un mayor influjo de Ca2+ mitocondrial vía IP3R. Estas células basalmente presentaron mayores niveles del IP3R. Tanto células Hela como células U2OS con bajos niveles de la proteína Herp presentaron una mayor sensibilidad a la muerte frente a una batería de antineoplásicos, probablemente producto de los cambios metabólicos anteriormente mencionados. Estos resultados sugieren que la proteína Herp podría ser un posible blanco terapéutico contra el cáncer. En resumen, Herp regula los niveles del IP3R de forma basal en las células Hela, de esta manera mantiene la homeostasis del Ca2+ mitocondrial, regulando la apertura del poro de transición mitocondrial y la función mitocondrial. En ausencia de la proteína ocurre una desregulación en la homeostasis del Ca2+ intracelular y mitocondrial, lo que produce aumentos de la actividad mitocondrial y mayor sensibilidad de las células a agentes nocivos como el H2O2 y quimioterapéuticos / Herp is a resident membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that regulates protein degradation via proteasome. This effect is primarily done by regulating the formation of the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) complex. In addition, Herp regulates intracellular Ca2+ levels and stimulates cytoprotection against ER stress. It is unknown whether Herp protects against oxidative stress and the molecular mechanisms involved in this action. Our working hypothesis was "Herp is a H2O2-inducible protein that regulates cell survival by modulating IP3 receptor degradation and transfer of Ca2+ into mitochondria". To test this, the following specific objectives were established: -To assess whether H2O2 stimulates Herp expression in Hela cells. -To determine if Herp regulates H2O2-dependent intracellular Ca2+ levels. -To evaluate whether Herp regulates Ca2+ transfer from the ER to mitochondria by modulating IP3R in Hela cells exposed to H2O2. -To assess if Herp has a cytoprotective role against H2O2 by regulating intracellular Ca2+ levels. The results showed that the Herp levels rapidly increase in response to exogenous H2O2 by a mechanism involving transcriptional and translational regulation. This response was important for cell survival against agents producing oxidative stress. Cells with low levels of protein Herp exposed to H2O2 were more sensitive to die than controls, showing a different intracellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ kinetics and desregulation of IP3 receptor levels. Our results suggest that Herp maintains normal levels of IP3R, thus regulating Ca2+ entry to the mitochondria. Thus Herp seems to prevent mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial transition pore opening and apoptosis in response to H2O2. HeLa cells with low mitochondrial metabolism Herp depicted increased mitochondrial Ca2+ influx via IP3 receptors. These cells had higher baseline levels of IP3R. Both Hela and U2OS cells with low Herp levels depicted a higher sensitivity to antineoplasic drugs due to the aforementioned metabolic changes. These results suggest that the Herp protein could be a potential therapeutic target for cancer. In summary, Herp regulates IP3 receptor basal levels in HeLa cells maintaining mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and thereby regulating mitochondrial transition pore opening and cell survival / Conicyt; Fondap

The role of dietary phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) in the regulation of intestinal mucosa phytase was investigated in chicks. Seven-day-old chicks were grouped by weight into six blocks of three cages with six birds per cage. Three purified diets [a chemically defined casein diet, a chemically defined casein diet plus sodium phytate (20 g/kg diet) and a chemically defined casein diet plus sodium phytate (20 g/kg diet) and microbial phytase (1000 units/kg diet)] were randomly assigned to cages within each block. Chicks were fed experimental diets from 8 to 22 days of age then killed, and duodenal mucosa and left tibia removed. Phytase activity in duodenal mucosa, growth performance and bone ash content were determined. Addition of phytate to the chemically defined casein diet reduced (p < 0.05) the Vmax of the duodenal brush border phytase, but the Km of the enzyme was not affected. Addition of phytate also reduced (p < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and percentage ash. Addition of microbial phytase fully restored the feed efficiency (p < 0.05), but Vmax and body weight gain were only partially restored (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it would seem that dietary phytates non-competitively inhibit intestinal mucosa phytase.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20943号 / 理博第4395号 / 新制||理||1631(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 三木 邦夫, 教授 杉山 弘, 教授 秋山 芳展 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

The phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway utilizes inositol-containing second messengers to mediate signaling events. The enzymes that metabolize phosphoinositides can in some cases serve to terminate the signaling actions of phosphoinositides. The inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) comprise a large protein family that hydrolyzes 5-phosphates from a variety of inositol phosphate and phosphoinositide substrates. I have examined the substrate specificity of the At5PTase11 protein from the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The At5PTase11 gene (At1g47510) encodes an active 5PTase enzyme that can dephosphorylate the phosphoinositide substrates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P2], and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. In addition, the At5PTase11 gene is regulated by abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and auxin, suggesting a role for phosphoinositide action in these signal transduction pathways. To further delineate the function of At5PTase11 in Arabidopsis thaliana, two independent T-DNA insertion mutant lines were isolated (At5ptase11-1 and At5ptase11-2). Analysis of At5ptase11 mutant lines revealed that At5ptase11 mutant seeds germinate slower compared to wild-type seeds. Moreover, At5ptase11 mutant seedlings demonstrated less hypocotyl growth when grown in the dark. These results indicate that At5PTase11 is required for the early stages of seed germination and seedling growth. Since there are 15 predicted 5PTases in Arabidopsis thaliana, a group of 5PTases have been analyzed to identify the 5PTases with similar substrate selectivity. At5PTase1 (At1g34120), At5PTase2 (At4g18010) and At5PTase3 (At1g71710) have been found to hydrolyze all four potential substrates, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3], inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P4], PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. At5PTase7 (At2g32010) hydrolyzed PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which is similar to the substrate selectivity of At5PTase11. In addition, At5PTase4 (At3g63240), and At5PTase9 (At2g01900) hydrolyzed only PtdIns(4,5)P2. These results indicate that there are different groups of Arabidopsis thaliana 5PTases based on the substrate selectivity. These results suggest that Arabidopsis thaliana 5PTases with similar substrate selectivity may have overlapping functions. In summary, the findings that At5PTase11 is a phospholipid-specific 5PTase and At5PTase11 functions in the early stages of seed germination and seedling growth indicate that 5PTases play important roles in plant growth and development. / Ph. D.

Phytic acid, also known as myo-inositol hexakisphosphate or Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6, is the major storage form of phosphorus in plant seeds. Phytic acid is poorly digested by non-ruminant animals such as swine and poultry, and it chelates mineral cations including calcium, iron, zinc, and potassium, classifying it as an anti-nutrient. The excretion of unutilized phytic acid in manure translates to an excess amount of phosphorus runoff that can lead to eutrophication of lakes and ponds. Understanding the phytic acid biosynthetic pathway will allow for the development of low phytic acid (lpa) soybeans by the down-regulation of specific genes. The goal of this research was to elucidate the pathway(s) for phytic acid biosynthesis in soybean (Glycine max). We have isolated several myo-inositol phosphate kinase genes in soybean as possible candidates for steps in the biosynthetic pathway. We have characterized the genes for four myo-inositol(1,3,4)P3 5/6-kinases (GmItpk1-4), one myo-inositol(1,4,5)P3 6/3/5-kinase (GmIpk2), and one myo-inositol(1,3,4,5,6)P5 2-kinase (GmIpk1). We have examined expression in developing seeds and other tissues by Northern blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. We have expressed all six genes as tagged fusion proteins in E. coli, and verified enzyme activity on the proposed substrates. For each enzyme, we have conducted biochemical characterization to determine enzyme kinetics and substrate specificities. We have verified in vivo activity of GmIpk2 and GmIpk1 by complementing yeast mutants in the respective genes. Our studies indicate the likelihood that three of the genes may be involved in phytic acid biosynthesis: GmItpk3, GmIpk2 and GmIpk1. For future work, to more fully understand the contribution of each kinase gene to phytic acid biosynthesis, an RNA interference approach will be employed. The gene sequences identified in this study will be used to construct silencing vectors for use in future transformation of soybean embryogenic cultures to determine the effects of down-regulation on myo-inositol phosphate profiles. / Ph. D.

À l’heure actuelle, il est estimé qu’une personne sur quatre souffrira personnellement d’un trouble de santé mentale au cours de sa vie. Les traitements existants agissent sur les voies de signalisation des monoamines telles que la dopamine et la sérotonine et ce, à différents niveaux. Les voies de signalisation ainsi ciblées détiennent comme point commun leur capacité à moduler la glycogène synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). Cette kinase est aussi bien associée au mode d’action des composés pharmacologiques qu’à l’étiologie même des maladies mentales. Cependant, même si des mécanismes régulateurs de cette kinase et des cibles sont connus, de nombreuses zones de méconnaissance persistent. Parmi les points nécessitant un aprofondissement des connaissances, nous avons ciblés trois pistes d'étude. Dans un premier temps, nous avons voulu investiguer plus en détail la modulation de GSK3 dépendante de la voie des inositols phosphates. Nous avons alors cherché à répondre a deux questions ; Est-ce qu'une modulation directe de GSK3 est observée? Est ce que cette modulation reproduit les paradigmes comportementaux de l'inhibition de GSK3? Cette étude nous a alors permis de mettre en évidence une interaction directe entre GSK3 et l'IP6K1 dans des modèles cellulaires et animaux. De plus, dans le contexte d'animaux IP6K1-KO, la modulation de GSK3 dépendante de la voie des inositols semble reproduire des effets comportementaux associés classiquement à l'inhibition de GSK3, à savoir une diminution de la locomotion et de la sociabilité. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons cherché à entrevoir si une dépendance régionale de l'inhibition de GSK3β était associable avec des modulations de comportements spécifiques. Nous avons donc utilisé un modèle murin FloxGSK3β /CamKIIcre caractérisé comme modèle de délétion totale postnatale de cette isoforme dans le cerveau antérieur (cortex et CA1). L'analyse histologique des cerveaux de ces animaux nous a permis dans un premier de valider le modèle choisi. Par la suite, l'analyse comportementale de ces animaux nous a révélée que la modulation des comportements locomoteurs et pseudo-dépressifs étaient indépendants de l'expression de GSK3β au niveau du cerveau antérieur, par opposition à la modulation des comportements anxieux et sociaux. De plus, la modulation de la résilience dépendante de GSK3β pourraient détenir une composante corticale mais des travaux supplémentaires sont nécessaires avant de confirmer cette hypothèse. Enfin, la troisième étude nous a révélée l'existence d'une nouvelle cible de GSK3β impliquée dans la réponse aux traitements pharmacologiques et la modulation du comportement GSK3β-dépendante. Cette protéine, FXR1P, est montrée comme une cible phosphorylable de GSK3β. Ses niveaux d'expression sont corrélés avec l'activité de cette kinase, que ce soit dans des modèles cellulaires ou murins. De plus, les traitements pharmacologiques modulant GSK3, comme la surexpression directe de FXR1P, reproduisent des paradigmes comportementaux GSK3β-dépendants. De plus, des polymorphismes dans les promoteurs de FXR1P et GSK3β ont montré une association avec la stabilité émotionnelle d'individus humains . Ces données sont autant de faits appuyant le rôle potentiel de cette protéine nouvellement identifiée dans la signalisation de GSK3 modulant le comportement. / Nowadays, it is estimated that one out of four people will suffer from mental illness issues at some point during their life. The existing therapeutic strategies act at different levels on monoaminergic signaling, especially on those pathways engaging dopamine and serotonin. These signaling pathways share the ability to modulate a kinase called Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, or GSK3. This protein is implicated in the action of therapeutic agents as well as in the aetiology of the disease itself. However, even if some targets and molecular mechanisms regulating GSK3 are characterized, many aspects still remain unclear. Among points necessitating clarification, we have set three research aims. First of all, we have studied more deeply the interaction between the inositol phosphate pathway and GSK3 signaling. Thus, we have posed two main questions; is there a direct modulation of the GSK3 pathway depending on inositol phosphates? And if so, does this modulation reproduce behavioral consequences of GSK3 inhibition? This study allowed us to show a direct interaction between IP6K1 and GSK3 in cellular and animal models. Moreover, using IP6K1-KO animals, we showed that IP6K1-mediated modulation of GSK3 reproduces behavioral outcomes classically associated with GSK3 inhibition: a reduction of locomotion and sociability. In the second study, we have looked if a link between regional GSK3 inhibition and modulation of specific behaviors exists. We employed the FloxGSK3β/CamKIIcre mice model, considered as a total and postnatal deletion of this isoform in the forebrain (cortex and CA1). Histological analysis of brains first allowed us to validate the model. Then, behavioral characterization of this line revealed that, in contrast to anxiety and sociability, locomotion and depressive-like behavior are independent of forebrain GSK3β expression. Furthermore, the implication of cortical GSK3β in the modulation of resilience was not yet fully established and further investigation is warranted. Finally, the third study revealed FXR1P as a new target of GSK3β signaling implicated in behavior and response to pharmacological treatments. Interestingly, FXR1 protein is phosphorylated by GSK3 and its relative expression levels are correlated with GSK3 activity in both cellular and animal models. Moreover, treatments modulating GSK3 and overexpression of FXR1P reproduce behavioral outcomes known as GSK3β-dependant. Finally, polymorphisms in GSK3β and FXR1 promoters are associated with emotional stability in humans. These findings highly suggest the potential role of FXR1P in GSK3 pathways affecting mood and behavior.

Well-regulated Ca2+ signalling is essential for every living organism, and disruption of this signalling can lead to diseases including heart failure, neurological disorders and diabetes. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are regulated by influx of extracellular Ca2+ through channels located in the cell membrane. In addition, release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores also plays an important role in controlling intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Of the three types of intracellular Ca2+ stores that have been characterised those with D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) showed a close relationship with cell proliferation. Hence, selective blockage of InsP3Rs will allow better understanding of Ca2+ signalling and might also unveil novel treatment for cancers, in the long term. There were no selective InsP3Rs antagonists known at the start of these studies. Based on the crystal structure of InsP3Rs bound to InsP3 and SAR studies of InsP3, we designed and tested several InsP3 analogues.1 Compound 15, 16 and 23 acted as InsP3R antagonists, though their selectivity for InsP3Rs was not completely determined. Furthermore, we also attempted to improve the potency of 16 via substitution at the 1-postion phosphate. By considering the interaction formed between adenophosphostins and InsP3Rs compounds (53-55) were designed and synthesised. In addition, analogues of compound 92, selected from an in silico screen, have led to the discovery of another novel scaffold that acts as an InsP3R antagonist.