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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

A model for enhancing presence handling in instant messaging

Victor, Rudi January 2009 (has links)
Instant Messaging (IM) is becoming increasingly popular in social as well as workplace environments. In fact, many employees use the same IM client to communicate with both colleagues and social contacts. Thus, there are valid concerns about the impact of IM on employee productivity. One of the major advantages of IM over other workplace communication tools such as e-mail and the telephone is the implementation of presence information. In particular, presence awareness is used to determine the avail- ability and willingness of a contact to engage in communication. A current problem with IM is the one-for-all approach to presence: all contacts receive the same set of presence information. However, presence is rooted in social psychology where it is known that the awareness of another person changes the behavior of oneself. Therefore the identity of a contact affects the availability and willingness directed towards that contact. In order for presence information to be provided to contacts, it must be represented in some type of data format. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has done much work in standardizing IM and presence systems. In particular their data format for presence describes a rich set of presence information including, but not limited to, location, activity, awareness, and mood information. Such information may be sensitive and access to it needs to be controlled to ensure privacy. As with access control policies, managing the information as the number of contacts increases becomes cumbersome and complex. This dissertation draws on the theoretical foundations of presence, current standards in the domain of IM, and lessons from access control to present an enhanced presence handling model for IM. The model is developed in stages, with each stage providing a specific improvement. The first stage of the model is grounded on the current work of the IETF. As such it distributes presence on a per-watcher basis. In the second stage of the model watchers fulfill a specific role and based on this role they receive only the entrusted presence information. In practice, it implies that a "friend" may get more (or less) information than a "colleague". The third stage of the model introduces the concept of availability profiles by drawing on social awareness principles. Availability profiles add the ability to transform presence and change the presentity's behavior to incoming messages according to the provided presence information. Finally the dissertation reports on the development of the RoBIM (Role- Based Instant Messenger) prototype. RoBIM is a standards-based IM system that conforms to the IETF SIMPLE protocol and provides various standard IM features. Here, RoBIM serves as a proof-of-concept for the proposed model. This study contributed to the domain of IM and presence by addressing some of the current presence handling issues. Most importantly, the proposed model takes into account the interpersonal effects of individualizing presence information for different contacts. Thus, the model challenges conventional thought and implementation of presence in IM.
42

Transformation of Telco business strategy driven by over-the-top services such as WhatsApp, Skype and Netflix: The case of the Czech Republic. / Transformation of Telco business strategy driven by over-the-top services such as WhatsApp, Skype and Netflix: The case of the Czech Republic

Kabusheva, Sabina January 2015 (has links)
The following thesis aims to describe the transformation of telco operators' business strategy evoked by the growing popularity and usage of Internet services like WhatsApp, Skype and Netflix, also known as over-the-top services. The thesis provides comprehensive overview of transformations in the telecom industry that have been taking place globally, explaining the drivers that led to inception of free or cheaper Internet-based services, their business models. It then narrows down to the thorough analysis of the Czech market, capturing the implications that over-the-top services have on business strategy of the major Czech telco players. The analysis is strongly supported by industry reports, statistics and quantitative research. The primary research adds in telco customers' perspectives, usage and value perception of over-the-top services, as well as their satisfaction with respective telco services and their pricing. Derived findings identify major developments and trends in the Czech telco market; they also suggest compelling observations for related businesses.
43

Mobilní aplikace typu klient-server / Mobile Client Server Application

Manďák, Roman January 2017 (has links)
This master thesis is focused on designing the client and the server part of an application for text and multimedia communication between its users. The design takes into account reusing of the components and making them easily embeddable into another application. The project consists of a detailed analysis of communication protocols used for this type of applications, a description of possibilities of the iOS platform and development on this platform. Finally, the implementation and its possible extensions are described.
44

Identifying Cross-Cultural Differences of Emoticons In Computer-Mediated Communication: A Comparison of North American (U.S.) and South Korean Emotional Responses to Emoticons

Cha, Young-Joo 11 January 2011 (has links)
The lack of physical communication cues, such as facial expressions, in text-only communication has prompted the creation of emoticons to represent feelings. Moreover, the emoticon has become a new “cultural” language adopted by a community of users who find emoticons useful for expressing an emotional state during their online communication. Using emoticons in computer-mediated communication (CMC), which includes any means of communication on the Internet, especially instant messaging (IM) programs, helps users convey and enhance the underlying emotional aspects of their communication facilitating user communication by providing non-verbal cues and clues to clarify a message. Although many researchers have studied the differences in the use of emoticons between males and females and different age groups and some even report cross-cultural differences and similarities between CMC and face-to-face (FTF) communication such research is not sufficient to understand the effective use of emoticons. The current research explores three categories of emoticons - textual, pictorial, and animated emoticons – to ask the broad question: Do North Americans and South Koreans use emoticons differently? The research examines the cross-cultural differences involved in using emoticons, focusing on the visual aspect of online communication that provides emotional cues to understand the differences in their use. Textual emoticons and pictorial emoticons of MSN messenger are used in this study's questionnaires. The results indicate the cross-cultural differences of emoticon use and recognition between North Americans and South Koreans.
45

Designing Emotional Connections In Instant Messaging Tools

Hu, Xuanyi 21 September 2018 (has links)
No description available.
46

INSTANT MESSAGING TOOL FOR COLLABORATION IN A PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK: MYBOOK INSTANT MESSENGER

KLAVINS, AINARS 26 May 2005 (has links)
No description available.
47

Instant Messaging Usage and Academic and Social Integration

Wood, Kia Jannelle 16 January 2008 (has links)
Research suggests that college students persist in college when they feel connected to something or someone at their institution. These connections are often established through academic and social engagement. Tinto (1987) described these concepts as academic integration and social integration. Much research has been done regarding the importance of academic and social integration. Some have looked at technology's impact on the ways in which students achieve social and academic integration. However, there has been little research regarding how the current student population uses Instant Messaging to supplement traditional behaviors associated with academic and social engagement. The present study was designed to address these gaps in the present literature on social and academic integration. The purpose of this study was to examine how college students use Instant Messenger (IM). Specifically, the present study explored if college students use IM to supplement traditional behaviors associated with academic and social integration. Data were collected from emailed IM conversations, logsheets submitted by the participants, and answers to IM survey questions. The results of the analysis of these data were compared to Gatz's (1998) lists of traditional behaviors associated with academic and social integration. Results seem to suggest that college students use Instant Messaging for primarily social purposes. When students engage socially through IM, it is most often used to connect or stay connected with friends. Interestingly, the majority of the friends college students are Instant Messaging are fellow students from their home institution. When students do use IM for academic purposes, it is most often used to set up project meeting times or ask questions about a class. / Master of Arts
48

The Smartphone as a Product of the Cognitive Niche — An Evolutionary Perspective on Sex Differences in Mobile Instant Messaging Use / Das Smartphone als Produkt der Kognitiven Nische — Eine evolutionäre Perspektive auf Geschlechterunterschiede in der Nutzung von Mobilem Instant Messaging

Adler, Dorothea Cosima January 2024 (has links) (PDF)
This book explores sex differences in Mobile Instant Messaging through an evolutionary psychological lens, with a particular focus on the use and perception of text and voice messages in same-sex friendships. Not only are these differences examined from an evolutionary standpoint but also smartphones are considered as a product of evolution. By further integrating media psychological theories, Dorothea C. Adler provides an innovative perspective on sex differences in voice and text message use and perception within same-sex friendships. A total of five studies address these aspects both from the sender's as well as receiver's perspective. Altogether, this work not only presents an evolutionary theoretical foundation for understanding sex differences in Mobile Instant Messenger communication among same-sex friends, but also offers an innovative approach for further evolutionary media psychological research. / Hochentwickelte medizinische Versorgung, reichlich nahrhaftes Essen, vernetzte, globale Systeme und Medienangebote jeglicher Art; wir leben in einer vielseitigen, hochmodernen Gesellschaft – eine Innovation jagt die nächste. Eine zentrale, schon alltägliche Errungenschaft stellt dabei das Smartphone dar, das die Vernetzung aller Menschen auf neue Level hob – “anytime, anywhere” (Do et al., 2011, p. 353). Nutzerzahlen legen nahe, dass gerade Mobile Instant Messenger (MIM) beliebt sind (Iqbal, 2020; WhatsApp, 2017). Auch wenn MIM als moderne Form von Short Message Services (SMS) angesehen werden können (Rosenfeld et al., 2018, p. 655), bieten diese weit mehr Kommunikationswege; unter anderem Sprachnachrichten (SN; z.B. Montag et al., 2015; Omar et al., 2018). Zweifellos hat es der Mensch mit all diesen Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten weit gebracht. Eines gilt es dennoch nicht zu vergessen: Die zugrundeliegende Geschichte. Damit ist nicht Geschichtsunterricht aus der Schule gemeint, sondern vielmehr unsere Evolutionsgeschichte. Dieser widmet sich diese Doktorarbeit mit einer evolutionspsychologischen Sicht auf MIM. Diese Sicht geht davon aus, dass – wie jedes menschliche Organ – auch das Gehirn ein Produkt der Evolution ist, geformt durch Prozesse der natürlichen und sexuellen Selektion (Buss, 2016; Cosmides & Tooby, 1997). Folglich sollten auch heute noch evolutionäre Einflüsse im menschlichen Erleben und Verhalten sichtbar werden; darunter menschliche Sprache. Diese ist ein hochkomplexes Phänomen, von dem angenommen wird, dass sie mit der hohen Intelligenz des Menschen sowie dessen ausgefeilter Gesellschaft und Kooperationsfähigkeit co-evolvierte (Pinker, 2010, 2013; Tooby & DeVore, 1987). Ohne das eine, nicht das andere (Pinker, 2010, 2013). Weiterführend legen evolutionäre Annahmen nahe, dass Männer und Frauen ihre gleichgeschlechtlichen Kontakte und Freundschaften in der Evolution des Menschen anders pflegen mussten (z.B. Colarelli et al., 2006; Geary et al., 2003; Hrdy, 2009; Vigil, 2007) – mit potentiellen Folgen für Geschlechterunterschiede im modernen Menschen. Dies wird unter anderem in der Intimität – darunter Aspekten der Selbstoffenbarung und Nähe – deutlich. Gerade in Frauenfreundschaften hat diese scheinbar eine höhere Bedeutung. Wissenschaftliche Befunde scheinen diese Annahme zu stützen (z. B. Dindia & Allen, 1992; Hall, 2011; Vigil, 2007). Evolutionäre Medienpsychologie legt nahe, dass evolutionäre Einflüsse auch in der Mediennutzung auftreten sollten (Hennighausen & Schwab, 2015); folglich auch bei der Smartphonenutzung. Diese Doktorarbeit gibt Impulse, auch das Smartphone als ein Produkt der Evolution zu verstehen. Neben der bereits oben angeführten evolutionären Sichtweise, wurde ein medienpsychologischer Vergleich von SN und Textnachrichten (TN) angestrebt. Auf Grundlage verschiedener medienpsychologischer Theorien (z.B. Daft & Lengel, 1986; Kock, 2001, 2005, 2009; Short et al., 1976; Sproull & Kiesler, 1986; Trevino et al., 1987; Walther, 1996) wurden TN und SN miteinander verglichen und geschlussfolgert, dass SN bestimmte Nutzen bieten, die für die intime Kommunikation von Vorteil sein könnten. Indem Geschlechterunterschiede auch in der modernen Mediennutzung zu finden sind (z. B. in MIM, Rosenfeld et al., 2018; Waterloo et al., 2018) könnten evolutionäre Einflüsse auch hierin sichtbar werden indem SN gerade für Frauen einen Kommunikationskanal für den Austausch mit anderen Frauen darstellen könnten. Evolutionspsychologische Unterschiede in der gleichgeschlechtlichen MIM-Kommunikation wurden in insgesamt 5 Studien beleuchtet. Dabei wurde der Fokus auf TN und SN gelegt, um auch die gefällten Annahmen zu den intimitätsförderlichen Aspekten in SN zu prüfen. Studie 1 und 2 fokussierte auf die Perspektive des Senders. Die zentralen Fragestellungen inkludierten, ob die Kanalwahl (TN/SN) mit der Intimität des Kommunikationsthemas zusammenhängt und ob Geschlechterunterschiede in der TN- und SN-Nutzung bestehen. Teilnehmende des Laborexperiments sollten sich in Studie 1 in niedrig- oder hoch-intime Situationen hineinversetzen, die sie selbst erlebt haben. In Studie 2 wurde dies um eine mittel-intime Situation erweitert. Zudem war die erlebte Situation in Studie 2 nicht die eigene, sondern die eines/r engen/r Freund/in ihres Geschlechts. Das weitere Prozedere war in beiden Studien relativ ähnlich: Probanden/innen sollten angeben, über welche Kanäle (TN/SN) sie mit ihrem/ihrer engem/n gleichgeschlechtlichen Freund/in über das jeweilige Thema reden würden und die entsprechende Nachricht auf einem Smartphone hinterlassen. Diese Nachricht wurde transkribiert und mittels Textanalyse auf Worte, die potentiell Selbstoffenbarung anzeigen, untersucht (z. B. Anzahl der Worte; positive und negative Emotionsworte; Callaghan et al., 2013; Kreiner & Levi-Belz, 2019). Die Ergebnisse beider Studien legen nahe, dass SN a) häufiger im Kontext (mittel- bis) hoch-intimer Kommunikation verwendet werden, b) dabei häufiger von Frauen und c) länger sind als TN. Weitere Indikatoren auf Textebene zeigten geringere Unterschiede auf – beispielsweise im verbalen Ausdruck von Männern und Frauen in SN und TN. Studie 3 und 4a/b beleuchteten die Perspektive des Empfängers mit den Fragestellungen, ob SN als intimer wahrgenommen werden als TN und ob die Geschlechter den/die Sender/in in Abhängigkeit des von ihm/ihr gewählten Kanals (TN/SN) anders einschätzen. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragestellungen wurden inhaltsgleiche TN und SN generiert. In Studie 3 waren Probanden/innen indirekte Empfänger/innen manipulierter MIM Nachrichten von einer Person ihres Geschlechts. Diese wurden in ihrem Intimitätsgrad (mittel/hoch) und in ihrer Kanalwahl (TN/SN) manipuliert. Probanden/innen betrachteten diese und bewerteten nicht nur die Nachrichten, sondern auch den/die Sender/in bezüglich beziehungsrelevanter Konstrukte (z. B. wahrgenommene Intimität, Lin & Utz, 2017; [emotionale] Nähe; Aron et al., 1992; Roberts & Dunbar, 2011; Sprecher & Treger, 2015; Strauss et al., 2020; Attraktivität als Freund/in; Sprecher & Duck, 1994; etc.). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass SN weder die wahrgenommene Nachrichten-Intimität noch die wahrgenommene Selbstoffenbarung des/r SN-Senders/in erhöhten. Gar schätzten Probanden/innen die persönliche Tendenz des/r Senders/in zur Selbstoffenbarung unter TN-Nutzung höher ein. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigten weitere Ergebnisse teils einen Vorteil der SN-Nutzung; manchmal jedoch nur in Tendenzen. SN wurden allgemein als angemessener eingestuft. Zudem nahmen Frauen zu der SN-Senderin mehr (emotionale) Nähe wahr, während Männer nicht zwischen den Kanälen unterschieden. Dabei wurden vereinzelte Geschlechterunterschiede in den Kanälen gefunden. Eine weitere Skala wies zudem im Kontext hoch-intimer Kommunikation eine allgemein höhere emotionale Nähe zu SN-Nutzer/innen nach. Auch mochten Frauen die SN-Senderin in hoch-intimen Nachrichten mehr, während dies bei Männern für den TN-Sender in der hoch-intimen Bedingung (marginal signifikant) galt. Hierbei unterschieden sich Männer und Frauen in den Symphatie-Bewertungen hoch-intimer TN-Sender/innen sowie hoch-intimer SN-Sender/innen. Weitere Indikatoren sprechen für SN. So wurde die soziale Attraktivität zu dem/der SN-Sender/in von beiden Geschlechtern höher geschätzt; dessen/deren Attraktivität als potentielle/r Freund/in jedoch nur marginal höher. Indem Frauen auch die SN-Senderin im Vergleich zur TN-Senderin als dominanter wahrnahmen und Männer und Frauen sich darin nur in SN unterschieden, wird eine gemischte Befundlage deutlich. Darüber hinaus wurden Effekte der Intimitätsmanipulation in vielen der oben genannten Analysen gefunden. Trotz des teils scheinbaren Vorteils der SN, in manchen Fällen nur auffindbar in Frauen, fiel die Rate bestätigter Hypothesen gering aus. In den Studien 4a/b waren Probanden/innen externe Begutacher/innen einer mittel-intimen inhaltsgleichen TN- oder SN-Dyade zwischen Personen ihres eigenen Geschlechts. Nach Betrachtung der Dyade erfolgte eine Bewertung dieser sowie der Beziehung zwischen den Sendern/innen (z. B. wahrgenommene Intimität, Lin & Utz, 2017; [emotionale] Nähe; Aron et al., 1992; Roberts & Dunbar, 2011; soziale Attraktivität, Lin & Utz, 2017; etc.). Erneut zeigte sich in Studie 4a kein Vorteil in der SN-Nutzung auf die wahrgenommene Intimität der Nachricht sowie die Selbstoffenbarung. Allerdings schätzten Frauen die Beziehung unter den Kommunizierenden als emotional näher ein, wenn diese SN statt TN nutzten. Dabei unterschieden sich Männer und Frauen nur in den TN-Ratings. Andere Messungen zu (emotionaler) Nähe fielen nicht signifikant aus. Jedoch wurde die Freundschaft zwischen den SN-Nutzern/innen als näher zu einer besten Freundschaft geschätzt. Ergebnisse zu sozialer Attraktivität oder psychologischer Nähe fielen marginal aus – jedoch auch in Richtung SN. Allerdings hatte die Kanalwahl keinen Effekt auf die wahrgenommene Sympathie. Effekte des Geschlechts oder des Kanals auf die wahrgenommene Angemessenheit sowie die Dominanz zwischen den Kommunikationspartnern/innen blieben aus. Da in den Diskussionen zu den Studien 3 und 4a Verbesserungspotentiale deutlich wurden, wurde Studie 4a unter anteiliger Bereinigung dieser erneut aufgegriffen, u.a. unter Ergänzung um weitere Konstrukte (z. B. Beziehungsintimität, Lin & Utz, 2017, etc.). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Männer die Nachrichten-Intimität höher schätzten, wenn SN genutzt wurden. Hierbei unterschieden sich die Geschlechter nur in ihren Intimitätsbewertungen von SN. Höhere Intimitätsbewertungen wurden auch für die gesamte Beziehung festgestellt; hier sowohl für Männer als auch Frauen. Bezüglich Selbstoffenbarung waren es erneut die Männer, die diese in den SN als höher schätzten als in den TN. Auf der Ebene der Selbstoffenbarung innerhalb der Freundschaft zeigte sich kein Effekt. Bezüglich der wahrgenommenen (emotionalen und psychologischen) Nähe zeigten vereinzelte (marginal) signifikante Befunde in Richtung eines SN-Vorteils. Darüber hinaus wurde die soziale Attraktivität sowie die Freundschaft der SN-Nutzer/innen als besser eingeschätzt als die der TN-Nutzer/innen. Ein Effekt auf die Sympathie blieb aus, jedoch lässt eine marginal signifikante Interaktion vermuten, dass unter weiter verbesserten Bedingungen klarere Ergebnisse zustande kommen könnten. Erneut wurden keine Effekte auf die wahrgenommene Angemessenheit sowie Dominanz unter den Kommunikatoren/innen gefunden. Auch wenn diese Ergebnisse teils in Richtung SN wiesen, wurden erneut nur wenige Hypothesen bestätigt. Diverse Gründe hierfür wurden diskutiert – auch methodische – hierbei primär den Realitätsgrad der Nachrichten sowohl in Studie 3 als auch Studie 4a/b betreffend. So wurde deutlich, dass die SN meist als weniger realistisch eingestuft wurden als TN. Nichtsdestotrotz konnte auf Basis der vorliegenden Befunde geschlussfolgert werden, dass unter natürlicheren Bedingungen deutlichere Ergebnisse auftreten könnten; möglicherweise sogar in die prognostizierte Richtung. Darüber hinaus sollte die Komplexität des Themas nicht unterschätzt werden. Final bleibt festzuhalten, dass die Kanalwahl in MIM sowie das Geschlecht der Nutzer/innen durchaus einen Effekt zu machen scheint. Dies war insbesondere auf Senderseite sichtbar. Gerade auf Empfängerseite bedarf es jedoch weiterführender Forschung. Nichtsdestotrotz schuf diese Doktorarbeit einen vollumfänglichen evolutionär-medienpsychologischen Blick auf die gleichgeschlechtliche MIM-Kommunikation. Darüber hinaus wurde das spärlich bearbeitete Forschungsgebiet der SN-Forschung aufgegriffen und fundiert beleuchtet. Alles in allem wurde ein Rahmen geschaffen, der weiterführende (evolutionspsychologische) Forschung sowie Anknüpfungspunkte für weitere, zukünftige Kommunikationskanäle ermöglicht. / Highly developed medical care, plenty nutritious food, networked, global systems, and media of any kind; we sure are living in a versatile, modern society–one innovation chases the other. A central, yet already common achievement is the smartphone which enabled new levels of networking–“anytime, anywhere” (Do et al., 2011, p. 353). User numbers indicate that particular Mobile Instant Messenger (MIM) experience great popularity (Iqbal, 2020; WhatsApp, 2017). Though MIM can be seen as modern form of Short Message Services (SMS; Rosenfeld et al., 2018, p. 655), they offer way more communication channels, among other things, voice messages (VMs, e.g., Montag et al., 2015; Omar et al., 2018). Without doubt humankind achieved a lot with all these communication channels. Yet, one thing should not be forgotten: The underyling history. Not meaning history as a school subject, but our evolutionary history. This thesis aimed at an evolutionarypsychological view on MIM. Hereby, evolutionary psychology assumes that the human brain–like any other organ–is a product of evolutionary processes by natural and sexual selection (Buss, 2016; Cosmides & Tooby, 1997). Evolutionary influences should thus be evident in modern man’s perception and behavior; including human language. As language is a highly complex phenomenom, it was assumed that it co-evolved with high human intelligence as well as sophisticated sociality and cooperation (Pinker, 2010, 2013; Tooby & DeVore, 1987). Without one not the other (Pinker, 2010, 2013). Further, evolutionary assumptions suggested that sex differences in the maintenance of same-sex contacts and friendships resulted from evolutionary influences (e.g., Colarelli et al., 2006; Geary et al., 2003; Hrdy, 2009; Vigil, 2007)–with potential consequences on sex differences in modern man. Such is shown in intimacy–including dimensions self-disclosure and closeness. Intimacy seems to be particularly important in female same-sex friendships. Substantiated by scientific research (e.g., Dindia & Allen, 1992; Hall, 2011; Vigil, 2007). Evolutionary media psychology assumes that evolutionary influences should be evident in media use (Hennighausen & Schwab, 2015); thus also in smartphone use. This thesis provided the idea for understanding the smartphone as a product of evolution as well. Next to the abovementioned evolutionary psychological perspective it was aimed at a media psychological comparison of VMs and text messages (TMs). Based on several media psychological theories (e.g., Daft & Lengel, 1986; Kock, 2001, 2005, 2009; Short et al., 1976; Sproull & Kiesler, 1986; Trevino et al., 1987; Walther, 1996) TMs and VMs were compared. It was concluded that VMs might have some benefits for intimate communication. With evident sex differences in modern media use (e.g., in MIM, Rosenfeld et al., 2018; Waterloo et al., 2018) evolutionary influences might also be reflected in VMs presumably being particularly interesting for same-sex communication in females. Evolutionarypsychological differences in same-sex MIM communication were observed in overall 5 studies. Focus was on TMs and VMs; by further observing potential intimacy enhancing aspects in VMs. Study 1 and 2 focused on the sender’s perspective. The main research questions included whether channel choice (TM/VM) might be related to the intimacy of the communication content and whether evolutionary based sex differences in same-sex communication might be reflected in TM and VM use. Participants of the laboratory experiment in Study 1 had to imagine low- and high-intimate situations that they themselves experienced. In Study 2 a medium-intimate situation was added. Further not the own experience had to be imagined but that of a close same-sex friend. The further procedures were very similar: Participants had to indicate which channel they would choose (TM/VM) to talk with a close same-sex friend about the given topics. Additionally they had to send the respective messages on a given smartphone. These were transcribed and explored on potential self-disclosure indicators via quantitative text analyses (e.g., word count; positive and negative emotion words; Callaghan et al., 2013; Kreiner & Levi-Belz, 2019). The results of the studies suggested that VMs a) are more often used in the context of (medium- to) high-intimate communication, b) thereby more often by females and c) were longer than TMs. Further indicators of text analyis showed only a few differences–for example in the verbal expression of men and women in VMs and TMs. Study 3 and 4a/b highlighted the receiver’s perspective with the research questions whether VMs are perceived as more intimate than TMs and whether the sexes differ in their perception of the sender in dependence of the selected channel (TM/VM). For answering this, content identical TMs and VMs were generated. In Study 3 participants were indirect receiver’s of manipulated MIM messages of a same-sex person. These were manipulated in their intimacy (medium/high) and in channel (TM/VM). Participants rated not only the messages but also the sender on relationship relevant constructs (e.g., perceived intimacy, Lin & Utz, 2017; [emotional] closeness; Aron et al., 1992; Roberts & Dunbar, 2011; Sprecher & Treger, 2015; Strauss et al., 2020; attraction as a friend; Sprecher & Duck, 1994; etc.). The results showed that VMs were neither perceived as more intimate nor the VM sender as more self-disclosing. Even more, participants rated the self-disclosure tendency of the sender in the TM-condition higher. Nevertheless further results showed partly a benefit in VM use; sometimes only in tendencies. VMs were generally seen as more appropriate. Further women perceived more (emotional) closeness to the VM sender whereas men did not seem to differentiate between channels. Further, a few sex differences were found for the channels. In the context of high-intimate communication another scale showed a higher emotional closeness to the VM sender in general. Further, women liked the sender of high-intimate VMs more, whereas men liked the TM sender of high-intimate content (marginally) more with men and women differing in their liking ratings in high-intimate TMs and high-intimate VMs. Further indicators spoke for VMs. Social attraction was rated higher to the VM sender in general, yet, his/her potential as a friend only marginally higher. Yet, in that women judged the VM sender as more dominant compared to the TM sender and men and women only differing in VM, mixed results became evident. Lastly, further findings regarding the intimacy manipulation were found in several of the abovementioned analyses. Despite the seemingly VM benefit, sometimes only found in women, only a few hypotheses were supported. In Studies 4a/b participants were external raters of a medium-intimate content identical TM or VM same-sex dyad. After the dyad was displayed they had to rate the conversation as well as the relationship of the communicators (e.g., perceived intimacy, Lin & Utz, 2017; [emotional] closeness; Aron et al., 1992; Roberts & Dunbar, 2011; social attraction, Lin & Utz, 2017; etc.). Again, no benefit in VM use was found for perceived intimacy as well as self-disclosure. However, women rated the relationship of those using VMs instead of TMs as emotionally closer; with sex differences being evident in TM ratings. Other measures of (emotional) closeness were nonsignificant. Yet, the friendship of VM users was perceived as closer to a best friendship. Results on social attraction as well as psychological closeness were marginal significant–yet into VM direction. Channel choice had no effect on liking. Also, sex or channel effects were missing on perceived appropriateness as well as dominance between the communicators. As the discussions of Study 3 and Study 4a showed several potentials for improvement, such were partly considered in a rerun of Study 4a; also by adding further constructs (e.g., relationship intimacy, Lin & Utz, 2017; etc.). Results showed that men perceived message intimacy as higher when VMs were used. The sexes differed only in VM ratings. Higher intimacy ratings were also found for relationship intimacy, yet, here both for men and women. Regarding self-disclosure, again, men rated self-disclosure higher if VMs were used instead of TMs. For self-disclosure occurring in the relationship no effects were shown. For perceived (emotional and psychological) closeness some findings showed (marginal) significant results indicating a VM benefit. Even more, social attraction as well as the friendship was rated better among VM users instead of TM users. An effect on liking was missing, yet, a marginal significant interaction gives reason to assume that better results might be achievable under even better conditions. Again, effects of sex and channel were missing on perceived appropriateness as well as dominance between the communicators. Despite these results showing into a VM direction, again, only a few hypotheses were supported. Several reasons were discussed–also methodological–yet primarily regarding the degree of realism in the stimulus material both in Study 3 and Study 4a/b. It became evident that particularly the VM material was rated as less realistic. Yet, based on the results, it was concluded that under more natural conditions more evident results might appear; potentially into the predicted directions. Further, the complexity of the issue should not be underestimated. Altogether, channel choice in MIM as well as sex seem to make an effect. Such was particularly shown on the sender’s side. For the receiver’s side more research is needed in particular. Nevertheless this thesis offered a fully integrated evolutionary mediapsychological view on same-sex MIM communication. Further the sparse research on VMs was considered and highlighted. Overall this thesis established a framework for further (evolutionarypsychological) research–also for future, upcoming communication channels.
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”Ibland blir det för mycket” : En studie om hur anställda nyttjar Instant Messaging i multikommunikation / ”Ibland blir det för mycket” : A study of how employees utilize Instant Messaging in multicommunication

Nathanson, Adrienne January 2016 (has links)
Instant Messaging är en digital kommunikationskanal i ett användarvänligt format för kommunikation i nära realtid. Som en växande trend på arbetsplatsen väljer allt fler företag att integrera kommunikationskanalen i sina kommunikationslösningar. Samtidigt följer användningen av Instant Messaging med en omedveten andrahands-effekt, något som lämnat synliga avtryck på företagens kommunikationsmönster. Kommunikationsteoretikerna Turner och Reinsch (2007) förklarar förekommandet genom att introducera termen multikommunikation, hur anställda identifieras gå från att ha sekventiella till simultana interaktioner. En användning som formats efter Instant Messagings avsaknad av icke-verbala indikationer i att kräva mindre koordinering och möjliggöra för anställda att fördela sin uppmärksamhet över flera interaktioner. Turner och Reinsch (2007) föreslår därför att multikommunikation är att föredra när företag värderar inre effektivitet eftersom anställda som deltar i simultana interaktioner kan överprestera övriga. Andra insatta teoretiker har istället identifierat hur avsaknaden av icke-verbala indikationer ger kommunikationssvårigheter i form av funktionsbegränsningar och intensiva kommunikationsflöden. Något som ger implikationer för anställdas arbetsproduktivitet i att Instant Messaging kan vara avbrytande, försvåra en samordnad turtagning och göra det ansträngande att förmedla känslor. Uppsatsen syftar därför till att undersöka hur anställda hanterar den multikommunikation och de kommunikativa svårigheter som uppstår i samband med användandet av Instant Messaging. Genom deltagande observationer och semi-strukturerade intervjuer, på en avdelning inom ett multinationellt industriföretag, utförs en fallstudie. Resultat visar att sättet anställda hanterar Instant Messaging är starkt bundet till den kontext kommunikationskanalen nyttjas i. I en sammansättning av erfarenheter och sociala regler identifieras överenskomna strategier vilka balanserar och kontrollerar kommunikationsflödet, samt får funktionsbegränsningar att ge en minskad negativ effekt. Genom att prioritera kommunicerat innehåll efter tidskänslighet minskar antalet interaktioner, får kollegor att inte avbrytas i onödan och underlättar till en korrekt fördelning av uppmärksamhet. Samtidigt skickas främst skärmbilder tagna i affärssystemet SAP vilka inrymmer information i ett formaliserat gränssnitt. Något som gör kommunikationsflödet mindre intensivt i att kunna ersätta otroligt många meddelanden. Det underlättar till en samordnad turtagning, snabbare responstid och mindre ansträngning i att anställda inte skriftligt formulerar information med tillhörande känslor. / Instant Messaging is a digital communication channel with a user-friendly design for near realtime communication. As a growing trend in the workplace, more and more companies decide to integrate the communication channel into their communication solutions. The use of Instant Messaging follows with a secondary effect revealed in visible marks on corporate communication patterns. Communication theorists Turner and Reinsch (2007) explains the occurrence by introducing the term Multicommunication, how employees are going from having sequential to simultaneous interactions. A use shaped by Instant Messaging's lack of non-verbal indications in allowing for less coordination and an allocation of attention across multiple interactions. Turner and Reinsch (2007) therefore propose that multicommunication is preferable to companies seeking efficiency seeing that employees participating in simultaneous interactions outperform others. Other relevant theorists have identified how the lack of non-verbal indications provide communication difficulties sprung from functional limitations and intensive communication flows. This is creating implications for work productivity as Instant Messaging interrupt ongoing tasks, disrupt the turn-taking and complicates the conveyance of emotions. This thesis therefore aim to study how employees manage multicommunication and the communication difficulties that emerge in use of Instant Messaging.  A case study is conducted, by participant observations and semi-structured interviews, at a department of a multinational industrial company. The results show that the way employees manage multicommunication and communication difficulties is strongly bound to the context of use. In a mix of experiences and social rules a set of agreed strategies is used to help balance and control the communication flow and also reduce negative effects of functional limitations. To primarily communicate time-sensitive content the number of active interactions is reduced, unnecessary interruptions is avoided and a proper allocation of attention is facilitated. Mostly send messages also consists of print screens captured in the ERP-system which holds information in a formalized interface. The use of print screens is appreciated in favor of making the communication flow less intense by replacing an incredible number of messages. This usage facilitate the coordination of turn-taking, the possibility of instant feedback and the creation of content in not having to phrase in writing to convey emotions.
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Utvecklingen av en Instant Messaging klient som en språkwrapper / The development of an Instant Messaging client as a language wrapper

Jansson, Daniel, Jansson, Mikael January 2007 (has links)
<p>Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingen av en Instant Messaging klient som implementerats som en språkwrapper. Klienten använder ett känt öppen källkods-bibliotek vid namn libGaim för att få tillgång till Instant Messaging tjänster. Klienten fungerar som en språkwrapper till detta bibliotek, och låter andra applikationer nyttja biblioteket genom ett databasgränssnitt. Arbetet har utförts åt och hos Evolve i Karlstad. Systemet som utvecklats klarar att hantera vanliga Instant Messaging-funktioner så som uppkoppling av konto, nedkoppling, ändring av status, visa kompisikoner, och hämtning av information angående kompisar.</p><p>I beskrivandet av arbetet med detta system ges bakgrundsinformation angående wrappers och Instant Messaging, och dessutom angående de verktyg och metoder som använts likt byggverktyget SCons och utvecklingsmetoden eXtreme Programming. Valet av lösning och design presenteras.</p><p>Som en del av arbetet undersöks språkwrappers med hjälp av av ett antal tester. Dessa tester visade på vilka skillnader som kan väntas beroende på valet av språkwrapper. En språkgenerisk språkwrapper (som skapar ett gränssnitt mot flera språk) behöver inte utgöra någon större prestandaoverhead jämfört med en språkstatisk språkwrapper (som skapar ett gränssnitt mot ett språk).</p><p>Resultatet av arbetet blev ett system som Evolve blev nöjda med och som uppfyllde alla krav som ställdes, antingen fullständigt eller delvis.</p> / <p>This report describes the development of an Instant Messaging client that is implemented as a language wrapper. The client uses a well known open source library, known as libGaim, to access Instant Messaging services. The client works as a language wrapper for this library, and allows other applications to use the library by means of a database interface. The work has been carried out at and for Evolve in Karlstad. The system that has been developed can handle common Instant Messaging operations such as connecting a user account, disconnecting, changing an accounts status, showing buddy icons, and</p><p>collecting information regarding buddies.</p><p>In the description of the work with this system, background information is given regarding wrappers and Instant Messaging, and also regarding the tools and methods used, such as the build tool SCons and the development method eXtreme Programming. The choice of solution and design is presented.</p><p>As a part of the work, language wrappers are evaluated using a number of tests. These tests show the differences that can be expected depending on the choice of language wrapper. A language generic language wrapper (which creates an interface for several languages) need not imply any significant performance overhead compared to a language static language wrapper (which creates an interface towards one language).</p><p>The result of the work we have done was a system that Evolve was pleased with and that satisfies all the requirements, either completely or partially.</p>

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