Thesis (MScPhysio(Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Physiotherapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Objectives: This study forms part of a baseline study conducted on patients admitted to an adult surgical ICU between June and October 2003. The survival rate and health related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients 12months following ICU discharge was determined. The correlation of selected demographic and ICU variables to survival and HRQoL was determined. Design: Prospective observational cohort study. Setting: Tenbed closed public tertiary adult surgical ICU. Patients: 180 subjects obtained from a previous baseline study. Measurements: The baseline study provided the demographic data and ICU variables. Survival rate was determined from a Kaplan Meier survival curve. A self-developed questionnaire was used to obtain other selected variables for comparison. A modified Short-Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2) was use to measure HRQoL perceptions of patients. Results: The survival rate was 62% at 12 months following ICU admission. None of the selected variables were significantly correlated to the long-term survival outcome except for APACHE II which was negatively correlated to this outcome (p<0.01). Forty-six subjects took part in the HRQoL study. The mean HRQoL scores ranged between 43% and 53% for each of the SF-36 HRQoL domains. The physical functioning (43.5%), role play (44.5%) and role emotion (43.1%) domains had the lowest scores. APACHE II had a significantly negative correlation to the physical functioning domain of HRQoL (p=0.02). Age was positively correlated to social functioning (p<0.01) and role emotion (p=0.03). Patients employed after ICU had significantly higher scores for general health (p<0.01) than those who were not. Patients unsure of their TB status and HIV status had significantly lower scores in general health (p=0.02) and role emotion (p=0.05) respectively. ICU length of stay was negatively correlated to role play (p=0.05) and role emotion (p<0.01). Intubation period was negatively correlated to general health (p=0.04). Conclusion: APACHE II was the only variable significantly correlated to both long-term survival and the physical functioning domain of HRQoL. Although the long-term survival was comparable to that of international ICU populations the HRQoL outcomes were slightly lower. Similar to international studies and a South African study evaluating the HRQoL of aids sufferers and police, the current ICU population presented more limitation in the physical functioning, role play and role emotion domains of HRQoL.

Bibliography / Thesis (PhD ( Interdisciplinary Health))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: It is increasingly being recognized that how intensive care services are delivered may have a greater impact on patient outcome than the individual therapies. Uncertainty regarding the optimal physiotherapy service provision model in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) exists. Methodology: The aims of this study were to 1) develop an evidence-based physiotherapy protocol; 2) validate the content of the protocol; and 3) conduct an explorative intervention trial to compare usual care to the estimated effects of providing a physiotherapy service guided by an evidence-based physiotherapy protocol by a dedicated physiotherapist. A systematic review process was used to synthesize the evidence in eight subject areas. The GRADE system was used to formulate best practice recommendations and algorithm statements. Forty-two experts from a variety of disciplines were invited to participate in a Delphi process. Finally, the evidence-based physiotherapy protocol was implemented in a surgical ICU over four three-week intervention periods by a group of research therapists. The outcomes measured included ventilator time, ventilation proportions, failed extubation proportions, length of ICU and hospital stay, mortality, functional capacity, functional ability and cost (using nursing workload as proxy). Results: Fifty-three research reports in eight subject areas were identified, 23 draft best-practice recommendations and 198 algorithm statements were formulated. The draft protocol consisted of five clinical management algorithms. Fifteen international research experts and twelve national academics in the field of critical care agreed to participate in the Delphi process. Consensus was reached on the formulation of 87% (20/23) recommendations and the rating of 66% (130/198) statements. The risk of an adverse event during the protocol care intervention period was 6:1000 treatment sessions (p=0.34). Patients admitted to the unit during the protocol care intervention period were less likely to be intubated (RR 0.16 95%CI 0.07 – 0.71; RRR 0.84 NNT 5.02; p=0.005) or fail extubation (RR 0.23 95%CI 0.05 – 0.98; RRR =0.77 NNT 6.95; p=0.04). The mean difference in the daily unit TISS-28 score between the two condition periods was 1.99 95%CI 0.65 – 3.35 (p=0.04). Patients managed by the protocol tended to remain in the hospital for a shorter time after unit discharge (p=0.05). There was no difference in the time spent on the ventilator (p=0.50), mortality (p=0.52) or in the six minute walk distance (p=0.65). In addition there was no difference in the proportion of patients who reached independence in any of the Barthel Index activities measured within 48 hours of discharge from the unit. Conclusions: The use of an evidence-based physiotherapy protocol for the comprehensive physiotherapeutic management of patients in a surgical ICU was feasible and safe. The preliminary results of this study suggest that a physiotherapy service, which is guided by an evidence-based protocol and offered by a dedicated unit therapist, has the potential to lower the cost of ICU care and facilitate the functional recovery of patients after unit discharge. This information can now be considered by administrators to optimize the physiotherapy service provided in ICU. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Daar word toenemend erken dat die wyse waarop dienste gelewer word, ‘n groter impak mag hê op die uitkoms van pasiënte as die spesifieke modaliteite in gebruik. Onsekerheid heers tans oor die optimale fisioterapie diens model om te volg in ‘n chirurgiese intensiewe sorg eenheid (ISE). Metodologie: The doel van hierdie projek was om 1) ‘n bewysgesteunde protokol te ontwikkel; 2) die geldigheid van die protokol te bevestig; en 3) om deur middel van ‘n eksploratiewe studie die uitkoms van pasiënte te vergelyk wanneer die fisioterapie diens gelewer word aan die hand van die bewysgesteunde protokol deur ‘n toegewyde fisioterapeut, teenoor wanneer die gewone fisioterapie diens gelewer word. Die empiriese bewyse in agt onderwerp areas is gesintetiseer na afloop van ‘n sistematiese literatuur oorsig proses. Die GRADE sisteem is gebruik om beste praktyk aanbevelings en algoritme stellings te formuleer. Twee en veertig kundige persone van verskeie disiplines is genooi om deel te neem aan die Delphi proses om die geldigheid van die protokol te bevestig. Uiteindelik is die geldige bewysgesteunde protokol oor ‘n tydperk van vier drie weke intervensie periodes deur ‘n groep navorsings terapeute in ‘n chirurgiese ISE geïmplementeer. Die tyd wat pasiënte geventileer is, die proporsie pasiënte wat geïntubeer en geherintubeer is in die tydperk, die lengte van ISE en hospitaal verblyf, mortaliteit, funksionele kapasiteit asook funksionele vaardigheid en koste (deur die verpleeg werkslading te gebruik as ‘n indikasie van koste) is gemeet. Resultate: Drie en vyftig navorsings verslae in agt onderwerp areas is geïdentifiseer, 23 konsep aanbevelings en 198 algoritme stellings is geformuleer. Die konsep protokol het uit vyf algoritmes bestaan. Vyftien internasionale en twaalf nasionale kundiges het die uitnodiging aanvaar om aan die delphi proses deel te neem. Konsensus is bereik vir die formulering van 87% (20/23) van die aanbevelings en die gradering van 66% (130/198) van die algoritme stellings. Die risiko vir ‘n ongunstige episode tydens die protokol intervensie periode was 6:1000 sessies (p=0.34). Pasiënte wat tydens die protokol intervensie periode tot die eenheid toegelaat is was minder geneig om geïntubeer te word (RR 0.16 95%CI 0.07 – 0.71; RRR 0.84 NNT 5.02; p=0.005) of om ‘n ekstubasie te faal (RR 0.23 95%CI 0.05 – 0.98; RRR =0.77 NNT 6.95; p=0.04). Die gemiddelde verskil in die daaglikse eenheid TISS-28 telling tussen die twee intervensie periodes was 1.99 95%CI 0.65 – 3.35 (p=0.04). Patiente wat tydens die protokol intervensie periode behandel is was geneig om vinniger uit die hospitaal ontslaan te word nadat hul uit die eenheid ontslaan is (p=0.05). Daar was geen verskil in die ventilasie tyd, (p=0.50) die mortaliteit (p=0.52) of die afstand wat pasiente in ses minute kon aflê binne 48 uur na ontslag uit die eenheid (p=0.65) nie. Daar was ook geen verskil in die proporsie pasiente wat onafhanklikheid bereik het in enige van die kategorieë van die Barthell Index instrument nie. Gevolgtrekking: Die gebruik van die protokol vir die omvattende hantering van pasiënte in ‘n chirurgiese eenheid is haalbaar en veilig. Die voorlopige resultate van hierdie studie dui daarop dat wanneer ‘n fisioterapie diens in ‘n chirurgiese ISE gelewer word aan die hand van ‘n bewysgesteunde protokol deur ‘n toegewyde fisioterapeut dit die potensiaal het om ISE koste te verminder en die funksionele herstel van pasiente na ontslag uit die eenheid te fasiliteer. Hierdie inligting kan nou deur administrateurs oorweeg word om ‘n optimale fisioterapie diens in ‘n chirurgiese ISE te verseker.

Background: Hospitals face an increasing pressure towards efficiency and cost reduction while ensuring patient safety. This warrants a closer examination of the trade-off between production and protection posited in the literature for a high-risk hospital setting (intensive care). Purposes: Based on extant literature and concepts on both safety management and organizational/safety culture, this study investigates to which extent production pressure (i.e., increased staff workload and capacity utilization) and safety culture (consisting of safety climate among staff and safety tools implemented by management) influence the occurrence of medical errors and if/how safety climate and safety tools interact. Methodology / Approach: A prospective, observational, 48-hour cross-sectional study was conducted in 57 intensive care units. The dependent variable is the incidence of errors affecting those 378 patients treated throughout the entire observation period. Capacity utilization and workload were measured by indicators such as unit occupancy, nurse-/physician-to-patient ratios, levels of care, or NEMS scores. The safety tools considered include Critical Incidence Reporting Systems, audits, training, mission statements, SOPs/checklists and the use of barcodes. Safety climate was assessed using a psychometrically validated four-dimensional questionnaire. Linear regression was employed to identify the effects of the predictor variables on error rate, as well as interaction effects between safety tools and safety climate. Findings: Higher workload has a detrimental effect on safety while safety climate - unlike the examined safety tools - has a virtually equal opposite effect. Correlations between safety tools and safety climate as well as their interaction effects on error rate are mostly nonsignificant. Practice Implications: Increased workload and capacity utilization increase the occurrence of medical error; an effect that can be offset by a positive safety climate but not by formally implemented safety procedures and policies. (authors' abstract)

Introducción: La escala de PRISM es un predictor de mortalidad pediátrico que considera el riesgo de morir a partir del grado de afectación de 14 parámetros fisiológicos. Éste ha sido aplicado en diferentes partes del mundo, mostrando algunas discrepancias en su poder predictivo. Objetivos: Evaluar el rendimiento del escore PRISM como predictor de mortalidad de los pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN) en Lima, Perú. Material y Método: Se analizó la base de datos de pacientes ingresados a la UCIP-INSN durante el año 2012. Se calculó la curva ROC como medida de capacidad discriminativa. La calibración fue evaluada con la prueba de Hosmer y Lemeshow. También se calculó la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada (TME). Resultados: De un total de 388 casos el 17,3% fallecieron. Según escore de PRISM, el 91,1% tuvo un “bajo riesgo”, el 7,1% un “moderado riesgo” y el 1,8% “alto riesgo”. Se encontró asociación entre las categorías del PRISM y mortalidad (p<0,001). La curva ROC para PRISM fue 0,73 (IC95%: 0,66-0,80), la TME fue 1,01 y la calibración fue buena (p=0,65). Conclusiones: El escore PRISM muestra un rendimiento adecuado como predictor de mortalidad.

Introdução: A internação em unidade neonatal está intimamente ligada à mortalidade neonatal e compartilham muitas causas e determinantes. Apesar de inúmeros estudos sobre os fatores de risco para mortalidade neonatal, pesquisas sobre os determinantes da internação dos recém-nascidos em unidade neonatal logo após o nascimento são iniciativas recentes. Objetivos: Analisar os fatores determinantes da internação de neonatos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida em uma unidade neonatal da região Oeste do município de São Paulo. Método: Tratou-se de um estudo retrospectivo, do tipo caso-controle não pareado, realizado em uma maternidade municipal. A amostra foi composta por 205 casos e 205 controles, no período de 01 de janeiro de 2016 a 31 de dezembro de 2017. Para verificar a associação entre a variável dependente internação na unidade neonatal nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e as variáveis independentes, foram realizadas análises bivariadas com cálculo de Odds Ratio (OR), com nível de significância de 5%, e intervalo de confiança 95%, por meio de testes qui-quadrado ou testes exatos (teste da razão de verossimilhanças ou teste exato de Fisher). As variáveis com valor de p<0,20 foram analisadas pelo modelo de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada. No entanto, fizeram parte do modelo final apenas as variáveis com significância estatística. Resultados: as variáveis que permaneceram no modelo final associadas à internação nas primeiras 24 horas de vida em unidade neonatal de uma maternidade da região Oeste do município de São Paulo, por ordem decrescente de associação ao desfecho foram: índice de apgar no 1º <7 (OR=227,56; IC95% 35,49 - 1458,66), idade gestacional < 37 semanas (OR= 31,66; IC95% 7,47-134,121), não ter realizado consulta de pré-natal (OR=21,224; IC95% 1,65 - 271,91), peso ao nascer <2500g (OR=9,88; IC95% 2,01 - 48,57), uso de drogas ilícitas durante a gestação (OR= 5,31; IC95% 1,18 - 23,87), presença de líquido amniótico com mecônio (OR= 2,69; IC95% 1,25 - 7,54), tempo decorrido entre admissão e parto > 24 horas (OR= 2,68; IC95% 1,08 - 6,63),. A variável raça/cor da pele da mãe não branca apresentou-se como um fator protetor, com uma chance de internação de recém-nascidos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida em unidade neonatal 69% menor que os recém-nascidos de mães brancas.(OR=0,314; IC95% 0,157 -0,627; p=0,001).Conclusão: Comportamentos maternos de risco e problemas no acompanhamento pré-natal, e de assistência ao trabalho de parto e parto podem desencadear situações que aumentam a demanda por internação em unidade neonatal nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Os achados deste estudo corroboram a importância de se investigar fatores associados à internação em unidade neonatal logo após o nascimento, pois possibilita identificar grupos expostos a diferentes conjuntos de fatores e detectar distintas necessidades de saúde, fornecendo subsídios para ações direcionadas aos recém-nascidos graves ou potencialmente graves, e a consequente redução dos óbitos neonatais. / Introduction: Neonatal unit hospitalization is closely linked to neonatal mortality and shares many causes and determinants. Despite numerous studies on risk factors for neonatal mortality, researches on the determinants in neonatal hospital admission to the neonatal unit right after birth are recent. Studying those aspects makes it possible to identify groups exposed to different sets of circumstances and to detect different health needs, providing resources for actions directed towards the serious or potentially serious ill newborns, and therefore reducing neonatal deaths. Objectives: To assess the determinants of neonatal hospitalization in the first 24 hours of life in a neonatal unit in the Western region of the city of São Paulo. Method: This was a retrospective, unpaired case-control study carried out in a municipal maternity hospital in the western region of the city of São Paulo (SP). The sample consisted of 205 cases and 205 controls. The criteria to be considered as a case was to be born alive by hospital delivery and admitted in a Neonatal Unit (Neonatal ICU or Regular Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit) during the first 24 hours of life, from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. The controls are the babies that were born alive in the same period of cases and who were referred together with their mothers to the joint maternal accommodation unit. Twin neonates, anencephalic, home-delivered babies who were later admitted in the hospital, and newborns whose medical records were in external file, being unavailable for analysis. In order to assess the association between the dependent variable \"hospitalization in the neonatal unit in the first 24 hours of life\" and the independent variables, bivariate analyzes were performed as Odds Ratio (OR), with significance level of 5%, and a confidence interval of 95%, by Chi-square tests or exact tests (likelihood ratio test or Fisher\'s exact test). The variables that presented a p value <0.20 were analyzed by the hierarchical multiple logistic regression model. However, only the statistically significant variables were part of the final model. Results: Independently of the other characteristics evaluated, the variables that remained in the final model associated to the hospitalization in the first 24 hours of life in a neonatal unit of a maternity hospital in the western region of the city of São Paulo, in decreasing order of association to the outcome were: first minute Apgar Score < 7 (OR=227,56; IC95% 35,49 - 1458,66), gestational age <37 weeks (OR= 31,66; IC95% 7,47-134,121), absence of a prenatal visit appointment (OR=21,224; IC95% 1,65 - 271,91), birth weight <2500g (OR=9,88; IC95% 2,01 - 48,57), use of illicit drugs during the pregnancy (OR= 5,31; IC95% 1,18 - 23,87), presence of amniotic fluid with meconium(OR= 2,69; IC95% 1,25 - 7,54), time elapsed between admission and delivery > 24 hours (OR= 2,68; IC95% 1,08 - 6,63). The race / color variable of the non-white mother presented as a protective factor, with a chance of hospitalization of newborns in the first 24 hours of life in a neonatal unit 69% lower than the newborns of white mothers. Conclusion: Maternal risk behaviors and problems in prenatal care, assistance to labor and delivery may trigger situations that increase the demand for hospitalization in neonatal unit in the first 24 hours of life. The findings of this study corroborate the importance of investigating factors associated with hospitalization in a neonatal unit shortly after birth, as it allows the identification of groups exposed to different sets of factors and the detection of different health needs, providing resources for actions aiming the serious ill newborns or potentially seriously ill newborns, and consequent reduction of neonatal deaths.

A mortalidade decorrente de processos infecciosos em pacientes oncológicos, livres ou não de doença, ainda é alta. Teve-se como objetivo além da avaliação da mortalidade e das características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes pediátricos oncológicos infectados, admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) do Hospital A.C. Camargo no período de 1º de janeiro de 2004 a 31 de dezembro de 2008, avaliar a associação dessas características à mortalidade. Estudou-se 148 internações de 97 pacientes, sendo que 31 indivíduos foram internados mais de uma vez (1-6 internações por indivíduo). 52,6% da população era do sexo feminino, a idade média foi de aproximadamente 8 anos, 67% dos pacientes encontravam-se eutróficos na primeira internação e 50,5% das neoplasias eram leucemias (34/97) e linfomas (15/97). Dos pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas, 40,8% internaram mais de uma vez, enquanto 29,9% daqueles portadores de tumores sólidos tiveram internações repetidas. Foi utilizado teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para analisar a associação entre duas variáveis categóricas, teste t de Student para as variáveis contínuas e teste t de Student pareado para as associações dependentes. Empregou-se a regressão logística para calcular a Razão de Chances (Odds Ratio - OR) para as medidas de associação. Dos 97 pacientes, 17 morreram durante a internação na UTIP, ou seja, 11,5% das 148 internações evoluiram para óbito. Observou-se uma mortalidade maior no grupo de pacientes que tiveram mais de uma internação 32,3% (p=0,012), com chance de óbito de 4 em relação a quem internou apenas 1 vez (OR=4,01[IC95%:1,35 -11,90]). Também foi encontrada associação significativa entre estado hemodinâmico (choque séptico, sepse grave e sepse) à admissão na UTIP com evolução para alta e óbito (p=0,001). Quando o paciente apresentava choque na admissão o risco de óbito foi de 11 vezes em relação a quando não apresentava (OR=11,4[IC95%:2,5-51,9]). A variação na dosagem da proteína C reativa 24 horas pré-admissão e à admissão na UTI, também demonstrou associação estatisticamente significativa com a evolução para óbito (p= 0,029). Não houve associação entre sexo, doença de base, estado nutricional, intervalo de quimioterapia, contagem de neutrófilos, sítio de infecção, variação de frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial média e óbito. Esse trabalho demonstrou que existe uma associação entre estado hemodinâmico à admissão na UTIP e óbito, o que incita a realização de novos estudos para descoberta de fatores que possam prever a evolução de um quadro infeccioso para choque séptico e selecionar os pacientes que devam ser transferidos mais precocemente para UTIP a fim de aumentar a chance de sobrevida. / The mortality due to infectious processes in oncologic patients, with or not active disease, is still high. The objective of this study is evaluation of mortality and clinical and laboratory characteristics of pediatric oncology infected admitted to the Hospital AC Camargo\'s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in the period from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2008, and association of these characteristics with mortality. One hundred and forty eight admissions in 97 patients were analyzed. Thirty one patients were hospitalized more than once (2-6 admissions per individual). 52.6% of the population was female, the average age was approximately 8 years, 67% of patients were eutrophic during the first hospitalization and 50.5% were leukemias (34/97) and lymphomas (15/97). Among patients with hematologic disease, 40.8% were hospitalized more than once, while 29.9% of those patients with solid tumors had repeated hospitalizations for infection during the study period. It was used the Pearson chi-square test to analyze the association between two categorical variables, Student t test for continuous variables, a variant of Student t test to measure the variation between two paired measurements from the same individual. Logistic regression was used to calculate Odds Ratio (OR) for measures of association. Among 97 patients, 17 died during hospitalization in PICU, ie 11.5% (17/148) of the admissions lead to death. A higher mortality in patients who had more than one hospitalization 32.3% (p = .012), with OR = 4.01 [95% CI: 1.35 -11.90] was observed. It was also found a significant association between hemodynamic status (septic shock, severe sepsis and septic) for admission to the PICU with evolution to discharge and death (p = 0.001). Septic shock and death were observed with a OR 11.4 [95%CI: 2 0.5 to 51, 9]. The variation of C-reactive protein dosage 24 hours pre-admission and admission to the ICU, also showed a significant association with progression to death (p = 0.029). There was no significant association between sex, underlying disease, nutritional status, interval of chemotherapy, neutrophil count, site of infection, changes in heart rate, respiratory rate variation, variation in medium blood pressure and death. This data demonstrates that there is an association between hemodynamic status on admission to the PICU and death, which encourages new studies to discover factors that might predict the course of an infection to septic shock and select patients who should be transferred earlier PICU in order to increase the chance of survival.

Introdução: A dor neonatal merece atenção diferenciada pelos profissionais de saúde, uma vez que os recém-nascidos (RNs) não se expressam verbalmente. A grande dificuldade existente para avaliar e tratar a dor em RNs internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) continua sendo uma preocupação para profissionais e pesquisadores da área. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa tem como pergunta: Como se dão as práticas de avaliação e tratamento da dor em RNs internados em UTINs de Curitiba (PR) e Região Metropolitana? Objetivo geral: Descrever o conhecimento e as práticas de manejo da dor do RN, empregadas por enfermeiros que atuam em UTINs. Objetivos específicos: Verificar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre o manejo da dor de RNs internados; caracterizar as estratégias não farmacológicas e farmacológicas adotadas pelos enfermeiros para o controle da dor de RNs internados; verificar a forma de registro da avaliação e do tratamento da dor realizada pelos enfermeiros. Metodologia: Estudo transversal realizado em seis hospitais de Curitiba (PR) e Região Metropolitana que possuem UTIN com atendimento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a amostra do estudo foi constituída por 51 enfermeiros. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de questionários contendo informações a respeito da caracterização das unidades, um questionário referente ao perfil dos enfermeiros, formação, atuação e qualificação profissional e outro sobre conhecimentos e práticas do manejo da dor neonatal. A análise dos dados ocorreu pelo Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS versão 21.0) e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: A maioria dos enfermeiros era mulheres com idade entre 20 e 30 anos e tempo de formação de 1 a 5 anos. Os profissionais responsáveis pela avaliação da dor do RN eram em sua maioria enfermeiros (84,3%), seguidos por técnicos (62,7%) e auxiliares de enfermagem (11,8%). A maioria dos enfermeiros concordou que os RNs são capazes de sentir dor, porém 34,7% afirmaram nunca utilizar escalas para avaliar a dor do RN. 98% dos enfermeiros concordaram que é importante registrar a dor no prontuário do RN, sendo a evolução e anotação de enfermagem os locais mais mencionados em que ocorre o registro. As medidas não farmacológicas para alívio da dor neonatal assinaladas pelos enfermeiros foram: glicose oral, sucção não nutritiva, posicionamento, ninho, diminuição de estímulos auditivos, método canguru, toque, diminuição de estímulos visuais, contenção, aleitamento materno, massagem e musicoterapia. O Paracetamol e o Fentanil foram as medidas farmacológicas mais assinaladas pelos enfermeiros, seguidos pela Morfina, Codeína, Midazolam, Hidrato de Cloral e Lidocaína. Conclusões: Os enfermeiros conhecem as medidas farmacológicas e não farmacológicas para alivio da dor neonatal, porém a prática difere dos conhecimentos apresentados por não utilizarem estas medidas para alívio da dor em RNs. / Introduction: The neonatal pain needs special attention by health professionals, because newborns dont verbalize. The large difficulty to assess and treat pain in newborns admitted in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) is a big concern for professionals and researchers. For this reason, this research has the question: What are the evaluation practices and treatment of pain in newborns admitted to NICUs in Curitiba (PR) and metropolitan area? General aim: To describe the knowledge and practices about newborns pain relief employed by nurses that work in NICUs. Specifics aims: To verify the knowledge of nurses on the management of hospitalized newborns pain, to characterize the pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies used by nurses to control hospitalized newborns pain and identify the ways of registration of the evaluation and treatment of pain held by nurses. Methodology: Cross-sectional study that occurred in six hospitals in Curitiba, Paraná State and metropolitan area that have NICU with care by the Unified Health System. The study sample consisted of 51 nurses. The data collection was through questionnaires containing information about the characterization of the units, a questionnaire relating to the profile of nurses, education, experience and professional qualifications and another questionnaire about knowledge and practices of management of neonatal pain. Analysis of the data was the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS - version 21.0) and the significance level was 5%. Results: The majority of nurses are women, the ages are between 20 and 30 years and 1-5 years of graduation. The professionals responsible for newborns pain assessment are mostly nurses (84.3%), followed by technicians (62.7%) and nursing assistant (11.8%). Most of the nurses agree that newborns are capable of feeling pain, but 34.7% reported never using scales to assess newborns pain. 98% of the nurses agree that is important to register the pain on newborn s chart record, being the evolution and nursing note the most mentioned places where the registration takes place. The non-pharmacological measures to relieve neonatal pain marked by nurses were: oral glucose, non-nutritive sucking, positioning, nest, decreased auditory stimuli, kangaroo method, touch, decreased visual stimuli, containment, breastfeeding, massage and music therapy. Paracetamol and Fentanyl were the pharmacological measures more marked by nurses, followed by Morphine, Codeine, Midazolam, Chloral Hydrate and Lidocaine. Conclusions: The nurses know the pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures to relief neonatal pain, but the practice differs from the knowledge shown because they do not use these measures to relief pain in newborns.

Introdução: O processo de doação de órgãos envolve assistência aos potenciais doadores e aos seus familiares. A humanização nesse contexto requer o envolvimento dos profissionais que participam das diversas atividades desenvolvidas e, dentre eles, os enfermeiros de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de enfermeiros de unidades de terapia intensiva sobre a humanização no processo de doação de órgãos para transplante. Método: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e de abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, após a autorização da instituição e aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, foram entrevistados 32 enfermeiros atuantes em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e que possuíam experiência profissional com potenciais doadores de órgãos. Para a realização das entrevistas foram utilizadas as seguintes questões norteadoras: 1.O que você entende por humanização no processo de doação de órgãos?; 2.Como acontece a humanização no processo de doação de órgãos? e 3.O que você sugere para o aprimoramento da humanização no processo? Os discursos foram analisados segundo a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Resultados: Emergiram cinco categorias: 1) Significado da humanização no processo de doação de órgãos; 2) Percepção do processo de doação de órgãos; 3) Sentimento de não inserção no processo de doação de órgãos; 4) Fatores dificultadores para humanizar o processo de doação de órgãos e 5) Sugestões para aprimorar a humanização no processo de doação de órgãos. Foi evidenciado que os participantes percebem a humanização no processo de doação de órgãos como respeito ao doador e à família, referindo que a assistência deve ser sempre humanizada, independente do paciente estar em morte encefálica ou não, e de ser um potencial doador de órgãos ou não. Os enfermeiros evidenciam, também, um sentimento de não inserção no processo, referindo uma participação rápida e pontual, o que faz com que atribuam aos profissionais da Organização de Procura de Órgãos a responsabilidade de atuar mais ativamente com as famílias dos potenciais doadores. Relatam, como fatores que dificultam a humanização no processo de doação, a inadequação do espaço físico, a falta de tempo para darem atenção à família, a dinâmica de internação do paciente e a dinâmica da unidade. Apresentam sugestões para aprimorar a humanização no processo, como: informar as pessoas sobre a temática da doação de órgãos para melhorar a compreensão e clareza do conceito de morte encefálica, estimular a discussão sobre o assunto entre as famílias e proporcionar a elas um acompanhamento psicológico. Conclusões: A humanização no processo de doação de órgãos é percebida como sendo de muita importância, mas apresenta dificuldades e contradições e requer aprimoramento, tanto no que tange à humanização da assistência ao potencial doador, quanto na inserção do enfermeiro nesse processo. / Introduction: The process of organ donation involves assisting the potential donors and their families. Humanization in this context requires the involvement of professionals who participate in the various activities that are developed and, among them, the nurses of the Intensive Care Units. Objective: To get to know the perception of nurses in intensive care units on the humanization in the donation of organs for a transplantation process. Method: This was an exploratory descriptive study of qualitative approach. The data was collected after an authorization of the institution and approved by the Research Ethics Committee. 32 respondents were nurses working in intensive care units and with professional experience with potential organ donors. For the interviews the following guiding questions were used: 1.What do you understand about the humanization of the organ donation process? 2.How does the humanization in the organ donation process happen? 3.What would you suggest to improve the humanization in the process? The reports were analyzed according to content analysis proposed by Bardin. Results: Five categories emerged: 1) Meaning of humanization in the organ donation process 2) Perception of the organ donation process 3) Feeling of non-inclusion in the organ donation process 4) Difficulty factors to humanize the process of organ donation and 5) Suggestions to improve the humanization of the organ donation process. It was shown that participants realize the importance of the humanization of organ donation in respect of the donor and family proceedings stating that the assistance must always be humane, to be independent of patient brain death or not, and being or not a potential organ donor. Nurses show a feeling of participation in the process, referring to a quick and timely participation which makes the professionals assign to the Organization of Organ Procurement the responsibility to act more actively with families of potential donors. Difficulty factors on humanization in the donation process were reported as the inadequacy of physical space, the lack of time to pay attention to the family, the dynamics of patient hospitalization and of the unit. Suggestions were made to improve the humanization of the process such as informing people about the issue of organ donation to improve understanding and clarity of the concept of brain death, stimulating discussion on the subject between families and providing psychological counseling. Conclusions: The humanization of the organ donation process is perceived as being of great importance but presents difficulties and contradictions. It requires improvement regarding the humanization of the potential donor as well as the inclusion of nurses in this process.

O presente estudo propõe um levantamento do nível de estresse e dos principais estressores presentes entre enfermeiros de unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) das regiões geográficas do Brasil. A população estudada foi constituída por 263 enfermeiros atuantes nas UTIs dos diversos hospitais de alta complexidade das capitais dos Estados brasileiros. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se a Escala Bianchi de Stress, constituída por caracterização sociodemográfica e 51 itens que versam sobre as atividades desempenhadas pelos enfermeiros. A análise estatística foi descritiva e inferencial, foi utilizado o alfa de Cronbach para avaliar a confiabilidade dos dados, os testes não-paramétricos de Man-Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis para testar a diferença nas classificações de grupos independentes, e a análise de variância ANOVA, quando o valor do teste foi significativo. Com a finalidade de promover a comparação e estudo dos dados, foi realizado o escore de estresse em 6 domínios, englobando o relacionamento (A), funcionamento da unidade (B), administração de pessoal (C), assistência de enfermagem (D), coordenação da unidade (E) e condições de trabalho (F). Os níveis obtidos foram classificados em baixo (até 3,0), médio (de 3,1 a 4,0), alerta (de 4,1 a 5,9) e alto (acima de 6,0). A amostra foi eminentemente feminina (91,6%), jovem (80,2% com menos de 40 anos), sendo a maioria da população com 2 a 5 anos de formado (34,6%), atuantes na UTI há aproximadamente 5 anos, sendo 87,8% enfermeiros assistenciais, 71,5% atuantes de UTI geral, 74,5% com pós-graduação Latu-Sensu, 38,8% atuantes na Região Nordeste. Os enfermeiros obtiveram escore individual de estresse entre 2,41 e 5,21, porém a maioria ficou entre médio e alerta. Considerando-se o escore de estresse por Região, obteve-se que SE>CO>N>NE>S para a análise dos 6 domínios, obteve-se C>F>E>D>B>A, independentemente da região geográfica a que pertencia o enfermeiro. A presença de uma pós-graduação para os domínios C e D apresentaram relação estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05), na qual foi encontrada diferença para os enfermeiros da Região Sudeste que apresentaram níveis mais elevados comparados aos da Região Nordeste. Fica patente que a resposta aos estressores da UTI depende da avaliação individual e que a administração de pessoal é um estressor presente em todas as Regiões Brasileiras / This study suggests a lift of stressors among Brazilian nurses who work at Intensive Care Units (ICU) of Brazilian´s area. The sample was constituted by 263 nurses who work at high complexity hospitals in the capitals of Brazilian States. Data was obtained using a Bianchi Stress Inventory´ that enclosed socio-demographic data and 51 items which turn on the activities developed by nurses. Statistical analysis was described and inferential, using Cronbach alpha to evaluate the reliability of data, the Man-Whiney and Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric tests in order to check the difference in the classifications of independent groups, and the analysis of variance by ANOVA, when the value was significant. In order to promote the comparison and the study of data, it was used a score of stress and classified into 6 areas: relationship (A), unit functioning (B), staff administration (C), nursing assistance (D), unit coordination (E) and work conditions (F). The stress level was classified in low (under 3,0), medium (from 3,1 to 4,0), alert (from 4,1 to 5,9) and high (above 6,0). The sample was eminently feminine (91,6%); young (80,2% under 40 years old); from 2 to 5 years after finishing a graduation course (34,6%); has worked at ICU for 5 years as assistant nurses (87,8%), has worked in general ICU (71,5%), Latu-Sensu post-graduated (74,5%), and 38,8% has worked in Northeast States. The individual score stress of nurses varied from 2,41 to 5,21 considered from medium to alert. The stress score among Regions in decrescent order was: Southeast > Center-West > North > Northeast > South. After analyzing the six areas, the classification was: C > F > E > D > B > A, and it was independent of geographical localization. Having an after-graduation to areas C and D was statically significant (p<0,05) in which was found difference to nurses of Southeast with high level of stress comparing to the ones in Northeast. Then the answer to stressors in ICU depends on the individual evaluation and staff administration is a stressor in all Brazilian Regions

A proposta deste estudo é compreender a experiência vivida pelo educando do curso profissionalizante de enfermagem no aprendizado do cuidado no cenário da terapia intensiva, refletindo sobre essa formação, tendo em vista as perspectivas atuais para a educação de trabalhadores para a saúde e a necessidade de construir o atendimento integral, no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Fundamenta-se em algumas idéias da abordagem fenomenológica de pesquisa. Foram realizadas observação das experiências no cenário de aprendizagem e entrevistas com onze estudantes de uma Escola Profissionalizante em Enfermagem do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, que participavam do estágio em terapia intensiva em um hospital público no período de 31 de julho a 11 de outubro de 2006. A entrevista aberta foi conduzida a partir da questão norteadora: \"Como tem sido para você cuidar de pacientes críticos nesse momento de sua formação?\". A compreensão da experiência enfatiza o estágio de caráter essencialmente técnico, valorizando a realização de procedimentos mediante a inserção do estudante na rotina do setor, caracterizada pelo modelo biologicista predominante. Apesar disso, em algumas situações, o educando começa a perceber a pessoa internada para além da doença e da técnica, porém, elas são pouco consideradas como integrantes do processo ensinoaprendizagem, bem como a sensibilidade explicitada pelo educando pouco valorizada como dimensão essencial para a construção do compromisso ético-social. Do mesmo modo que o cuidar cotidiano é limitado no sentido de considerar a integralidade da pessoa gravemente doente, o processo ensino aprendizagem não contempla a integralidade do sujeito aprendiz que pensa, sente e age de maneira singular e inserido em um contexto social. Assim, se faz necessário rever o processo formativo, incorporando conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes voltados à compreensão do cuidado do doente crítico no contexto de saúde atual, do mundo subjetivo e social incluindo familiares e nas questões existenciais como o cerceamento de liberdade e a possibilidade do morrer. Para tal, torna-se fundamental transcender ao treinamento técnico e construir prática educativa, condizente com a formação humanizada para o cuidado de enfermagem / This study proposes understanding the student\'s experience in the nursing professionalizing course in learning the cares for critical patients within the intensive care environment, reflecting over this information, considering the present perspectives for the education of health professionals and the need to build an integral service within the context of the Public Health System (SUS). It is based on a few ideas of the phenomenological approach of the research. The experiences were observed within the learning environment with eleven interviews with students from the Professionalizing Nursing School in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP, who participated in the intensive care internship at a public hospital between July 31 and October 30 2006. The open interview was conducted with the following guidance question: \"How has it been for you to take care of critical patients in this moment of your education?\". The comprehension of the interviews focuses on the internship as essentially technical, valuing the execution of procedures that enable the student\'s insertion in the sector routine, which relates to the predominant biologic model. Despite this, in some situations, the student begins perceiving the person staying in the hospital beyond the disease and the technique, nevertheless, these situations are little considered as integrating the teaching-learning process, with the student\'s initial sensitivity not being valued as an essential dimension for the construction of the ethical-social commitment. In the same manner as the day-to-day care is limited in the sense of considering the integrality of the severely sick person, the teaching-learning process does not contemplate the student integrally as a subject that thinks, feels and acts in a unique manner and that is inserted in a social context. Thus, there is the need to review the education process, incorporating knowledge, abilities and attitudes directed to the understanding of the ICU within the present health context, the subjective and social world of the critical patients and their family members, and the existential issues, such as the restriction of liberty and the possibility of dieing. For such, it becomes fundamental to transcend the technical training and build an educational practice, in agreement with the education of the human being.