This thesis presents the characterization process of an imaging device for a satellite. The camera system was built by the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) and will be used in the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument for National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Ionospheric Con- nection Explorer (ICON) satellite. This mission will further scientists' understanding of the connection between the Earth's weather and ionospheric conditions. The ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere, interferes with satellite communications, causing disturbances and disruptions. By learning more about the ionosphere through the data collected by this instrument, scientists will better understand its effects on our communications.

I describe the construction of a calcium matter-wave interferometer. The interferometer is based on a Ramsey-Borde scheme, and uses a thermal beam of atoms excited by an optical-frequency transition in calcium. In our experiment four pi/2 pulses of light are delivered to the atoms, which split and recombine the wave functions of the atoms. Our experimental design minimizes first-order Doppler shifts, and allows for the cancellation of systematic errors including phase shifts due to rotation and acceleration. I describe the individual components of the interferometer and its assembly. The requirements for the electronics used in the experiment as well as their design and performance are described in great detail. I also give an overview of the techniques used to passively stabilize the laser and optical components. Finally, I report on the current status of the experiment as well as detail future work to be done on the apparatus.

Modern smartphone technology has created a myriad of opportunities in the field of RF and Microwave. Specifically, Chipless RFID sensor, compact microwave filter, antenna based on a microstrip structure, and many more. In this thesis, innovative ideas for the industrial and biomedical device has been explored. The work presents the reconfigurable filter design, Switch-beam antenna, Microwave interferometer, X-band Rotman Lens antenna, Ultra-wideband antenna based on SIW resonator, L-band Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave antenna, development of a wireless sensor system for environmental monitoring, Indoor Air Quality monitoring, and Wildfire Monitoring based on the modulated scattering technique (MST). The MST sensor probes are based on the scattering properties of small passive antennas and radiate part of the impinging electromagnetic field generated by an interrogating antenna, which also acquires the backscattered signal as information. The MST probes are able to deliver data without a radio frequency front end. They use a simple circuit that alternatively terminates the antenna probe on suitable loads to generate a low modulation signal on the backscattered electromagnetic wave. The antenna presented in this work has been designed in ADS Software by Keysight Technologies. The designed antenna has been assessed numerically and experimentally. The experimental measurement data demonstrate the effectiveness of the individual system. Simultaneously, the MST sensor system has been proposed to obtain the best performance in communication range, load efficiency, and power harvesting. The MST sensor has been fabricated and assessed in practical scenarios. The proposed prototype, able to provide a communication range of about 15 m, serves as a proof-of-concept. The acquired measurements of MST demonstrate the accuracy of the data without radio frequency front end or bulky wired connection with the same efficiency of standard wireless sensors such as radio frequency identifier (RFID) or wireless sensor networks (WSN).

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Herstellung von Fabry-Pérot Interferometern (FPI) für die spektrale Analyse von Gasen und Flüssigkeiten. Die FPI werden miniaturisiert mittels Siliziumtechnologie hergestellt und ermöglichen kleine Mikrospektrometer mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht Technologie- und Herstellungskonzepte für den sichtbaren (VIS) und infraroten (IR) Spektralbereich mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Reflektorkonzepten. Im VIS-Spektralbereich erfolgt neben der Entwicklung von Bragg-Reflektoren auch die Betrachtung von strukturierten, dielektrischen Membrangittern und strukturierten Metallgittern auf dielektrischen Membranen für eine Einsatzmöglichkeit im FPI. Dabei wird ebenfalls die Entwicklung einer Herstellungs- und Strukturierungstechnologie für hochbrechendes Titandioxid durchgeführt, um einen Bragg-Reflektor mit höheren Brechzahlkontrast zu realisieren. Im IR-Spektralbereich stellen drei Bragg-Reflektorvarianten aus polykristallinem Silizium und Luft den Inhalt dieser Dissertation dar. Die hergestellten Reflektoren werden hinsichtlich ihrer Funktion messtechnisch charakterisiert und die Strukturintegration in einem FPI und Etalon anhand von ausgewählten Reflektoren vorgestellt.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / White Sands Missile Range is supporting Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) target firings from Ft. Wingate, NM. This two Off-Range Corridor allows BMDO to conduct long range testing within the continental U.S. The Transportable Range Augmentation and Control System (TRACS), consisting of a control van and one of two Mobile Telemetry Systems (MTS), provide the necessary on-site telemetry support. The Dual Remote Interferometer System (DRDAS) that tracks the telemetry RF carrier in support of Missile Flight Safety (MFS) is also included in this paper. This paper describes the telemetry support scenario in terms of preliminary simulations followed by real-time support. Real-time support consists of data distribution from the MTS to the Telemetry Distribution Center, TRACS Control van, Missile Flight Safety display van, Project Support vans, on-site data processing, as well as relaying raw data to the main WSMR Telemetry Data Center (TDC) for real-time analysis. As soon as telemetry data arrives at the TDC, it is converted into information. This information is used by MFS during real-time monitoring of vehicle performance. This paper includes the methods used for the conversion of data into information on-site and at TDC. Real-time data processing involves multiple independent systems performing their respective tasks on a particular segment of data.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Flight Safety concerns increase proportionally with increasing missile performance. These concerns are greatest in the near launch arena where a missile has the greatest potential energy. Systems such as radar, GPS tracking systems, and optics are normally of limited use in this arena for a number of reasons. A system was required that would provide useful tracking data in the first few seconds of a missile launch. This system has met that requirement providing nominal path deviation data from the launcher out to as much as 120 seconds. The tracking system described herein uses the principle of radio interferometry to derive phase difference measurements between carefully spaced antennas. These measurements are transmitted to the Operational Display Facility and converted to a usable angular deviation plot for use by Flight Safety Personnel. This paper provides an elementary radio interferometer system background and discusses this particular system setup and use. Some detail is provided on the premission simulation and setup of the system as well as the real-time display setup and output of the final data product.

This thesis presents an experimental study of the superconducting proximity effect in sub-micrometer sized ferromagnetic discs. Such discs belong to a class of mesoscopic ferromagnets intermediate between microscopic magnets with dimensions below about 10nm that behave as single giant spins and macroscopic structures that are larger than approximately 1 micrometer where domains are formed to minimise stray fields. The magnetic structure of mesoscopic magnets is strongly dependent on their geometric shape, allowing for purposeful engineering of magnetic structures using modern lithographic techniques. The ground magnetic state of mesoscopic ferromagnetic discs is the magnetic vortex where unusual time-asymmetric triplet superconductivity is predicted to exist and survive up to the non-magnetic coherence length, that is orders in magnitude larger than the ferromagnetic singlet coherence length. Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) was used to directly study the magnetic structure of the discs. To detect the proximity effect in the vortices, Andreev interferometers were used with normal parts replaced with mesoscopic ferromagnetic discs in the magnetic vortex state. The samples were fabricated using electron-beam lithography and a modified shadow evaporation technique developed within this project, allowing the whole structure to be made with highly precise alignment, without breaking vacuum and avoiding redundant ferromagnetic elements disturbing the magnetic vortices. Observations were made of superconducting phase periodic oscillations in the conductance of the Andreev interferometers. Such oscillations provide unambiguous evidence of phase coherent electron transport through the ferromagnetic vortex. Finally, further experiments are discussed that would provide a more detailed understanding of the long range proximity effect in SFS junctions.

Un nouvel essai mécanique a été développé pour répondre à la demande d'analyse des propriétés mécaniques des revêtements et films d'épaisseur nanométrique par essai de gonflement. La méthode utilisée est l'application d'une différence de pression sur une membrane non supportée, usinée en utilisant les techniques standards de gravure microélectronique. Le banc d'essai permettra d'effectuer des essais à haute température (au dessus de 900°C). La principale difficulté rencontrée a été la mise au point d'une méthode de mesure de la déflection de la membrane qui perturbe celle ci aussi peu que possible. Deux techniques ont été utilisées : capteur ponctuel et capteur interférométrique 2D avec référence sphérique. La première technique, plus simple, s'est révélée difficilement praticable, en particulier dans le cas de flambage de la membrane. La mise en place de la deuxième a nécessité une description fine du comportement du système optique (distorsion des images, calcul des interférogrammes) aboutissant à une méthode de mesure simple, susceptible d'être intégrée en ligne au système de contrôle de l'interféromètre, et complétée par un traitement complet des données après essai.Afin de valider l'essai, deux types de revêtements ont été caractérisés. Tout d'abord des films fragiles de nitrure de silicium et de silicium pour mettre en évidence la fiabilité et la reproductibilité des essais. Puis des films minces d'or pour observer l'influence de la microstructure sur le début de la déformation plastique / A new mechanical testing device of free standing membranes by Bulge Test has been built at Institute Jean Lamour in order to investigate the mechanical properties of thin films of nanometric thickness. The Bulge Test measures the deflection of a free standing membrane to which a differential atmospheric pressure has been applied. (The specimens are prepared from film on substrate deposits by cutting a window within the substrate by standard microelectronic techniques.) We aim of achieve tests from room temperature to ~ 900°C. The main technical difficulty met during this work was to develop a non perturbating method of measurement of the film bulge. Two different techniques were tested: point measurement and 2D interferometry using a spherical reference. The first technique, however simple, was difficult to practice, especially in the case of buckling membranes. The second method required a detailed analysis of the whole optical system (image distorsion, calculation of interferograms) leading to a simple measurement method, suitable for integration in the acquisition and command chain of the device, followed by an off line full treatment.The operating method was used on two different sets of specimens: fragile silicon nitride and silicon membranes in order to test the reproducibility of the device. Polycrystalline gold thin films were then used to study the early stage of plastic strain

Ce travail de recherche a été mené afin d'introduire une nouvelle classe de résonateurs Fabry-Pérot (FP) : les cavités FP incurvées basées sur des miroirs de Bragg sans revêtement, de forme cylindrique sont obtenues par micro-usinage du silicium. Une autre spécificité est la longueur de la cavité relativement grande (L> 200 µm) combinée à un haut facteur de qualité Q (jusqu'à 10^4 ), pour répondre aux applications de type spectroscopie d'absorption améliorée par résonance optique, dans lesquelles le produit Q.L est une figure de mérite. Dans ce contexte, l'architecture de base a été modélisée analytiquement pour déterminer les modes transverses d'ordre élevé supportés par de telles cavités. Par conséquent, les conditions expérimentales qui conduisent à une excitation préférentielle (ou rejet) de ces modes ont été testées menant à la validation de notre modèle théorique et à une meilleure compréhension du comportement de la cavité. Une seconde architecture,basée sur la cavité FP incurvée avec une lentille cylindrique a été développée dans le but de fournir une architecture plus stable. Cette dernière a été également modélisée, fabriquée et caractérisée, menant à l'amélioration attendue en termes de performances. D'un autre côté, un point surlignant l'une des applications potentielles que nous avons identifiées pour les cavités incurvées est présentée en insérant la cavité dans un système électromécanique. Ceci consiste à exciter et mesurer les vibrations d'amplitude nanométrique par couplage opto-mécanique dans un résonateur mécanique MEMS intégrant une cavité optique FP. Enfin, comme complément à notre étude sur les résonateurs, nous avons commencé à explorer les applications des interféromètres optiques à base de miroirs de Bragg en silicium. À cette fin, un microsystème de mesure optique a été conçu, fabriqué et caractérisé, il consiste en une sonde optique pour la profilométrie de surface dans des milieux confinés, basé sur un interféromètre de Michelson monolithique en silicium / This research work has been conducted to introduce a novel class of Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators : curved FP cavity based on coating-free Bragg mirrors of cylindrical shape, obtained by silicon micromachining. Another specificity is the rather large cavity lengths (L>200 µm) combined with high quality factor Q (up to 104), for the purpose of applications requiring cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, in which the product Q.L is a figure of merit. In this contest, the basic architecture has been modeled analytically to know the high order transverse modes supported by such cavities. Hence, the experimental conditions which lead to preferential excitation (or rejection) of these modes have been tested experimentally leading to the validation of our theoretical model and to a better understanding of the cavity behaviour. A second architecture, based on the curved FP together with a fiber rod lens has been developed for the purpose of providing stable designs. It was also modeled, fabricated and characterized leading to the expected performance improvements. On another side, a highlight on one of the potential applications that we identified for the curved cavities is presented by inserting the cavity into an electro-mechanical system. It consists of exciting and measuring tiny vibration through opto-mechanical coupling in a MEMS mechanical resonator embedding an FP cavity.Finally, as a complement to our study on resonators, we started exploring applications of optical interferometers based on similar micromachined silicon Bragg mirrors. For this purpose, an optical measurement microsystem was designed, fabricated and characterized ; it consists of an optical probe for surface profilometry in confined environments, based on an all-silicon Michelson interferometer