The aim of this work is to design fully working measuring system for the reactive ion etching system (RIE). The Michelson interfometer, previously developed in Ústav přístrojové techniky, v.v.i., is used in this work. The theoretical part is aimed at description of interferometric methods for precise measuring of length. In next part the etching proces with RIE is described. In practical part the testing system was constructed from the parts of Thorlabs company . The functionality was controlled with this system and the results of measuring were compared with the profilometer. In next step technical drawings were created and the whole system was made.

This diploma thesis describes the function of commonly used elements among optical network, with an emphasis on fiber optic sensors. The basics of optical transmission and types of fibers are described, in addition to active and passive optical components, optical splitters and couplers. Optical fiber sensors are divided in two groups: intrinsic and extrinsic. Interferometric types of sensors are described in detail. The thesis compares theoretical assumptions and practical measurements of two serially-connected couplers. A~new module fulfilling real optical coupler function was made using Matlab. This module can be implemented into the VPIphotonics library. Finally, interferometric function of two serially-connected couplers was tested.

The interferometric cantilever displacement detection in non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) is in fundamental aspects explored and optimized. Furthermore, the opto-mechanical interaction of the light field with the cantilever is investigated in detail. Cantilevers are harmonic oscillators that are designed to have a high sensitivity for the detection of minute external forces typically originating from tip-sample interaction. In this work, however, the high sensitivity is used for detailed studies of opto-mechanical forces due to the radiation pressure of the light interacting with the cantilever. The interferometer in the NC-AFM setup consists of an optical cavity working similar to a Fabry-Pérot interferometer in combination with a reference interference arm working similar to a Michelson interferometer combining multi-beam interference with a reference beam resulting in a complex superposition of beams forming the interferometric intensity modulation signal. The character of the interferometer can be adjusted from predominant Michelson to predominant Fabry-Pérot characteristics by the optical loss inside the cavity. A systematic approach for accurate alignment, by using 3D intensity maps and intensity-over-distance curves, as well as the implications of deficient fiber-cantilever configurations are explored and the impact of the interferometer configuration on the detection system noise floor is investigated. A new physical property, namely, the Fabry-Perot enhancement factor is introduced that is a direct measure for the light intensity interacting with the cantilever compared to the reference beam intensity reflected back inside the fiber. The quantification of the optical loss yields an exact knowledge of the amount of light interacting with the cantilever that is crucial to understand opto-mechanical effects. The resulting opto-mechanical force varies sinusoidally during the course of one oscillation cycle. It is a key result of this work that the sinusoidal modification of the cantilever restoring force can be described analogue to the restoring force of a pendulum. This results in an observable amplitude dependent frequency shift of the cantilever oscillation, allowing a calculation of the ratio of the opto-mechanical force relative to the cantilever restoring force and thus allows an in-situ measurement of the cantilever stiffness with remarkable precision. Further investigation of the cantilever oscillation yields that other characteristic properties of the oscillation are significantly modified by the opto-mechanical interaction. The observed effective fundamental mode Q-factor drops significantly while the cantilever amplitude response to a certain excitation voltage increases. A discrete numerical model describing the cantilever as a 1D linear chain of mass points is implemented, yielding that the additional opto-mechanical force results in a partial pinning of the cantilever at the edges of the interferometric fringes. Pinning efficiently shifts energy from the fundamental mode to higher modes and modes of a pinned cantilever, resulting in a complex modal structure.

This doctoral thesis deals with design of a new generation of coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM). The microscope is based on off-axis holographic configuration using diffraction grating and allows the use of temporally and spatially incoherent illumination. In the theoretical section a new optical configuration of the microscope is proposed and conditions for different parameters of the microscope and its optical components are derived. The influence of different sources of noise on phase detection sensitivity is studied. In the next section design of experimental setup is described and automatable adjustment procedure is proposed. Last section describes experimental verification of the most important optical parameters of the experimental setup. When compared to previous generation of CCHM, the newly proposed configuration uses infinity-corrected objectives and common microscope condensers, allows more space for the specimens, eliminates the limitation of spectral transmittance and significantly simplifies the adjustment procedure so that automation of this procedure is possible.

Direction Finding (DF) algorithms are used by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) in the context of electronic warfare against radio. Parallelizing these algorithms using a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) might improve performance, and thereby increase military support capabilities. This thesis selects the DF algorithms Correlative Interferometer (CORR), Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) and Weighted Subspace Fitting (WSF), and examines to what extent GPU implementation of these algorithms is suitable, by analysing, implementing and evaluating. Firstly, six general criteria for GPU suitability are formulated. Then the three algorithms are analyzed with regard to these criteria, giving that MUSIC and WSF are both 58% suitable, closely followed by CORR on 50% suitability. MUSIC is selected for implementation, and an open source implementation is extended to three versions: a multicore CPU version, a GPU version (with Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD) and pseudo spectrum calculation performed on the GPU), and a MIXED version (with only pseudo spectrum calculation on the GPU). These versions are then evaluated for angle resolutions between 1° and 0.025°, and CUDA block sizes between 8 and 1024. It is found that the GPU version is faster than the CPU version for angle resolutions above 0.1°, and the largest measured speedup is 1.4 times. The block size has no large impact on the total runtime. In conclusion, the overall results indicate that it is not entirely suitable, yet somewhat beneficial for large angle resolutions, to implement MUSIC using GPU computing.

No description available.

No description available.

This master’s thesis deals with the impact of atmospheric turbulence on phase changes of a free space optical signal. This problematic is investigated by the interferometric method. A part of the thesis is focused on the phenomenon of atmospheric turbulence. Then the physical effect of interference is discussed and optical interferometers are described. The experimental part of the thesis is focused on measurement of phase shift of optical signal by interferometric method. The result of the thesis is to determine how phase shift of an optical beam depends on the strength of turbulence.

This master’s thesis explores a space-division-multiplexing (SDM) platform fora delayed-choice experiment. SDM is a multiplexing technique for optical datatransmission that employs spatial modes in a multi- or few-mode fiber to increasethe transmission capacity. The spatial modes can thus be used as separate channels. SDM have shown great potential for quantum information systems, making it intriguing to investigate its broad applications by examining its use in adelayed-choice experiment. The delayed-choice experiment was proposed by J.A.Wheeler in 1978 explored the particle- and wave-like behavior of quantum particles and observe if the particle knows in advance if it should propagate as a waveor a particle through the experimental platform. Hence, it was suggested thatthe experiment should be changed after the particle entered the experimentalplatform. The experiment has afterward been realized in many different constellations but previous wave-particle delayed-choice experiments have not beendemonstrated with SDM nor with an all in fiber platform. The research involved modeling and constructing a SDM fiber-optic platform,only utilizing commercially available fiber optical telecommunication components. The platform was constructed with photonic lanterns, used as spatial division multiplexer and demultiplexer, and a two-input fiber Sagnac Interferometer,as a removable beam splitter. The system was tested with classical light but without difficulties, the platform could move to the quantum domain for performingthe delayed-choice experiment with single photons on the platform. The thesis resulted in a SDM platform with good performance for future measurement of bothparticle- and wave-like behavior of photons in a delayed-choice experiment.

: cette thèse porte sur l’étude d’un accéléromètre à ondes de matière fonctionnant à bord d’un avion effectuant des vols paraboliques et permettant des expériences en micro-gravité (0-g). Un interféromètre à atomes de 87Rb refroidis par laser, et dont les états quantiques sont manipulés à l’aide de transitions Raman stimulées, constitue l’élément physique du capteur. Lors de la conception du dispositif expérimental, un effort particulier a été apporté au choix d’une source laser transportable, stable, et robuste. Nous démontrons pour la première fois le fonctionnement aéroporté d’un senseur inertiel à ondes de matière, à la fois en 0-g et durant les phases de gravité des vols (1-g). Nous proposons une technique combinant le signal de l’interféromètre à celui d’accéléromètres mécaniques auxiliaires pour effectuer des mesures au dela de la dynamique intrinsèque du capteur atomique. Nous expliquons comment bénéficier du haut niveau de sensibilité de l’interféromètre dans l’avion, et indiquons des voies d’améliorations significatives de notre dispositif pour le futur. En 0-g, nous montrons une amélioration de la sensibilité de l’accéléromètre jusque 2 x 10-4 m.s-2 à une seconde, et étudions une réjection des vibrations de l’avion à l’aide d’un interféromètre à quatre impulsions Raman. L’objectif de notre projet consiste en un test du principe d’universalité de la chute libre avec un double accéléromètre à atomes de 87Rb et de 39K. Notre système laser double-espèce emploie des composants optiques fibrés aux longueurs d’onde de 1.56 et 1.54 μm, ainsi qu’un doublage de fréquence pour obtenir la lumière utile à 780 et 767 nm pour le refroidissement et la manipulation des deux atomes. Nous étudions théoriquement la sensibilité d’une mesure de leur différence d’accélération en tenant compte des vibrations de l’avion, et précisons comment une résolution de l’ordre de 10-10 m.s-2 pourra être atteinte dans le futur avec notre expérience aéroportée. / This thesis reports the study of a matter-wave accelerometer operated aboard a 0-g plane in ballistic flights. The acceleration measurements are performed with a cold 87Rb atom interferometer using stimulated Raman transitions to manipulate the quantum states of the atoms. When designing the instrument, we took special care to make the laser source transportable, robust, and stable. With our setup, we demonstrate the first operation of a matter-wave inertial sensor aboard a plane, both in 0-g and during the gravity phases of the flights (1-g). Thanks to additional mechanical accelerometers probing the coarse inertial effects, we are able to detect acceleration fluctuations much greater than the intrinsic measurement range of the interferometer. We explain our method to benefit from the full sensitivity of the matter-wave sensor in the plane, and suggest significant improvements of our system for the future. In 0-g, we show the enhancement of the accelerometer sensitivity up to 2 x 10-4 m.s-2 in one second, and investigate a rejection of the vibrations of the plane with a four Raman pulses interferometer. The goal of our project is to perform a test of the universality of free fall with two atom accelerometers using 87Rb and 39K. The laser system for the two-species interferometer is based on fiber optical components at wavelengths of 1.56 and 1.54 μm, and optical frequency doubling to generate the useful light at 780 and 767 nm to cool and manipulate the atoms. We study theoretically the sensitivity of the differential acceleration measurement by taking into account the vibrations of the plane, and discuss how a resolution of the order of 10-10 m.s-2 could be achieved in the future with our airborne experiment.