Este estudo visa analisar a implementação, no Brasil, das Linhas Diretrizes da OCDE para as Empresas Multinacionais, documento que integra a Declaração sobre o Investimento Internacional e as Empresas Multinacionais. De acordo com os termos estabelecidos nessa Declaração, os Estados devem promover essas Linhas Diretrizes, bem como instalar um Ponto de Contato Nacional (PCN) mecanismo criado para consolidar os padrões de conduta e para receber reclamações atinentes à violação de seus termos por empresas multinacionais. A observância aos termos da Declaração é obrigatória para os Estadosmembros da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômicos (OCDE) e condição para não membros participarem das atividades do Comitê de Investimentos situação na qual o Brasil se inclui. O ato internacional brasileiro de adesão à Declaração não se submeteu ao crivo parlamentar a que alude o artigo 49, inciso I, da Constituição Federal (CF) e, além disso, as medidas adotadas internamente para implementar as Diretrizes incluindo a instalação de PCN foram ordenadas por uma Portaria , que constitui ato do Ministério da Fazenda. Essas circunstâncias evidenciam como a cooperação e legitimidade fundada no consenso são base importante para que se promovam os direitos através das fronteiras sem desrespeitar a legislação brasileira, consoante este trabalho se propõe demonstrar. / This study analyses the implementation in Brazil of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which constitute an integral part of the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. In accordance with the terms of the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, the states are to promote the Guidelines and install a National Point of Contact (NCP), the mechanism created to consolidate the Guidelines and receive complaints against the violation of their terms by multinational companies. Compliance with the terms of the Declaration is mandatory for the OECD member countries and the condition for non-members to participate in the activities of the Investment Committee like in the case of Brazil. The Brazilian international subscription act to the Declaration was not submitted to the approval of the parliament as per article 49, I of the Federal Constitution; in addition, the measures adopted internally to implement the Guidelines and install the NCP were ordered by Decreean act within the competence of the Ministry. These circumstances show how cooperation and legitimacy founded on consensus are an important basis for the promotion of rights across borders without infringing Brazilian Law. This is what the present study proposes to discuss.

L’internationalisation de l’action publique sanitaire est aujourd’hui incontestable, et cette thèse représente une contribution intellectuelle à l’analyse de ce phénomène reconnu mais encore à explorer dans les détails. Partant d’un point très précis voire étroit, la substitution progressive dans le vocabulaire et les pratiques de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) de l’éducation sanitaire par la promotion de la santé, on retrace un parcours autrement considérable qui n’engage rien moins que les représentations historiques et politiques qui ont conduit à la mise en place de politiques publiques dans le domaine sanitaire, et ce à l’international. A la croisée de l’histoire des idées et de l’analyse des politiques publiques internationales, c’est une méthodologie innovante – articulant démarche intellectuelle et recherche empirique, notamment par l’observation participante et la conduite d’entretiens – que nous mobilisons pour retracer l’histoire et le fonctionnement réel de l’OMS.Notre travail se présente comme une histoire d’enchevêtrements de savoir(s), de jeux de pouvoir et de processus d’institutionnalisation dans des contextes changeants. Partant de l’émergence, dès le XVIIIe siècle, de l’éducation sanitaire comme stratégie visant la modification des comportements individuels puis de son inscription au sein de l’OMS, on en arrive à la question du changement de l’action publique (internationale). L’affirmation progressive de la promotion de la santé à partir des années 1980 traduit le travail de sens opéré par des acteurs (de l’OMS) qui, confrontés à des tensions liées à des modifications dans les équilibres jusqu’alors établis, modifient leurs discours et leurs pratiques afin de conserver, ou d’acquérir, une capacité à orienter l’action publique. Surtout, notre recherche montre que l’action publique sanitaire (internationale) se caractérise aujourd’hui par l’effort pour concilier – dans un contexte de complexification des enjeux, d’hétérogénéité croissante des savoirs et de multiplication des acteurs susceptibles d’intervenir au nom de la santé publique – des registres de légitimation (la défense de la liberté individuelle et la nécessité d’une action collective au nom de ce « bien commun » qu’est la santé) et des stratégies d’action (individuelles et collectives) non seulement différentes mais qui souvent même s’opposent. / This doctoral thesis is an intellectual contribution to the analysis of the unquestionable, process of internationalization of public health policies. Starting from a precise and even narrow point—the transition from “health education” to “health promotion” in the discourses and practices put forward by the World Health Organization (WHO)—we retrace the historical and political representations that shape public health-related policies at the international level. This interdisciplinary work, at the crossroad of the history of ideas and the international public policies analysis, is based on an innovating methodology which articulates an intellectual and empirical research to the analysis of the history and the functions of the WHO.This history is one of knowledge intertwining with games of power and institutional processes in shifting contexts. Starting with the emergence as early as the XVIIIth century of health education as a strategy for changing personal behaviors and its inclusion far later in the WHO structure, we move to the question of (international) public (health) policies transformations. The progressive affirmation of health promotion in the 1980’s reflects how WHO instances reframed the meaning of their work, when confronted to the tensions provoked by the shifting balance of well-established conceptions, and how they modified their discourse and their practice in order to keep or acquire a capacity to influence public action.. Above all, our research shows that (international) public health policies are today characterized by a attempt to combine—in a context of complexified issues and increased heterogeneity in knowledge as well as of a greater number of stakeholders in public health (action)—an array of legitimizing discourses ranging from the defense of individual freedom and the need for collective action on behalf of health as a “common good” to (individual and collective) strategies of action that are not only different but often conflicting.

The purpose of this study is three-fold. The first is to provide the reader with a review of the literature concerning the topic of regional political integration. The second purpose is to provide an operational definition of regional political integration which can be useful in the testing of hypotheses. Regional political integration is defined in terms of the regional decision-making process. Various levels of regional political integration are defined, operationalized, and identified. The levels from lowest to highest are as follows: regional promotion, regional information exchange, regional policy coordination, regional monitor, and regional authoritative decision-making. The third purpose of the study is to analyze the factors which are hypothesized to be correlated with and responsible for the changing levels of regional political integration.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies Department of Political Science Abstract 2020 Kateřina Krestová Abstract A decade ago, the WHO decided to make a commitment of reforming itself. Above all, the funding situation was unsustainable. The main source of WHO's funding is voluntary contributions. Anyhow promising the term voluntary might seem, the reality is more complicated since the majority of these contributions is tightly earmarked towards specific programmes. Implying the WHO is not allowed to use the money where it is needed but it must be spent according to donor's wishes. This makes budgeting highly inflexible, the financing is imbalanced between categories and efficiency of fulfilling WHO's mandate declines. The reform launched in 2010 ought to fix these issues. This thesis evaluates the efficiency of the reform; firstly, total budget patterns are compared. Followingly, the attention is given to a specific category of Noncommunicable diseases due to its most severe underfunding. The analysis was conducted based on extensive datasets never gathered before comparing all types of contributions for every category from 1999 to 2019. Findings indicate unsatisfactory results of the reform; flexible sources have not increased, contrarily earmarked donations have...

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This study assessed the role of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in HIV-prevention among mobile and vulnerable populations (MVPs) and potential emigrants in Beitbridge. A mixed-method approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, was used in this action research. A total of 20 in-depth face-toface interviews were conducted with key informants and 56 self-administered questionnaires were completed by MVPs and potential emigrants in Beitbridge. The study found that a number of effective strategies are currently being implemented as a preventative measure by the IOM within MVPs and potential emigrants’ communities in Beitbridge. At the same time, however, in order to ensure sustainability of these HIVprevention initiatives, the IOM must promote long-term synergies with other strategic partners throughout the project cycle. It is recommended that, the IOM strategically position itself by moving a step further from being the sole provider of emergency humanitarian support towards devising sustainable and durable solutions among MVPs and potential emigrants. / Sociology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV-AIDS)

La notion de domaine de compétence nationale de l'État ou domaine réservé est envisagée par la majorité de la doctrine internationaliste comme renvoyant à une sphère de matières dans lesquelles l'État, parce que non tenu par des obligations juridiques internationales, jouit d'une liberté totale de décision et d'action. Or, les transformations de la société internationale depuis 1945 ont engendré une extension matérielle du droit international de telle sorte qu'il est aujourd'hui difficile de déterminer une matière où l'État n'est pas soumis à des règles internationales et où il jouit d'une liberté absolue. À ce titre, le domaine de compétence nationale doit être appréhendé non dans sa dimension matérielle, mais de manière fonctionnelle qui permet d'expliquer la persistance de cette notion dans droit international, mais aussi de mettre en exergue la singularité du phénomène étatique par rapport aux autres phénomènes de pouvoir tant à l'échelle nationale qu'internationale. Cette singularité de l'institution étatique fait que certaines fonctions comme celle de gouvernement à travers ses manifestations et implications, lui sont intrinsèquement rattachées de telle manière que, s'il se les prive ou s'il en est privé, il perd sa qualité d'État. Dans cette mesure, le domaine de compétence nationale apparaît comme un critère incompressible de sauvegarde de la souveraineté en tant qu'indépendance de l'État dans l'ordre international. / The notion of domestic jurisdiction of the State is considered by the majority of the internationalist doctrine as referring to a sphere of material in which the State, because not bound by international legal obligations, has a complete freedom of decision and action. However, changes in international society since 1945 have resulted in a material extension of international law so that it is now difficult to determine a matter in which the State is not subject to international rules and where it has absolute freedom. As such, the domestic jurisdiction must be understood not in its material dimension, but functional way that helps explain the persistence of this notion in international law, but also to highlight the uniqueness of the phenomenon of State in relation to the other phenomena of power both nationally and internationally. This peculiarity of the state institution is such that certain functions such as government through its manifestations and implications are intrinsically linked him so that if he does without them or if it is deprived of them, it loses its statehood. To this extent, the domestic jurisdiction appears as an incompressible criterion safeguarding sovereignty as that independence of the State in the international order.

Title: Eurasian Economic Union: Development, Problems and Perspectives. The topic of the thesis is the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) - a regional international law organization, established in 2015, which was granted with an international legal identity. The organization aim is not only to re-establish closer relations between the former Soviet Union states but also potentially to create a unified transnational cooperation in the Eurasian dimension. The EEU is very young organization, and still far from being a perfect one, that however deserves significant attention of the legal research. The aim of this research is to analyze the EEU system from the public international law perspective. Given the age of the EEU, the thesis is among the first in the Czech language environment dedicated to this organization. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first deals with the historical background that preceded the establishment of the EEU. The second part deals with the architecture of the EEU system, and is further divided into two subjects: the first deals with the analysis of the legal system of the EEU; the second focuses on the analysis of the functioning of the EEU bodies. The third part analyzes the current state of progress of the EEU in selected areas. Each chapter examines the various aspects...

Trafficking in persons is a phenomenon that threatens not only basic human rights but also source, passage and destination countries / therefore, it rightfully draws international attention. Being a global threat, it necessitates cooperation and intervention. The aim of the thesis is to analyze anti-trafficking efforts in Turkey by focusing on a particular international initiative. To this end, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is selected as a case and its activities in Turkey are mentioned with the ultimate goal of questioning its effectiveness in the process of fighting against trafficking in persons. The thesis examines the phenomenon of trafficking in persons with a conceptual analysis by dwelling upon the objectives, function and perspective of the IOM. It concentrates on the IOM, which actively assists the Turkish government in every aspect of migration and in combating human trafficking with a particular focus on trafficking in women through the counter-trafficking program implemented in 2004. The thesis also aims at evaluating whether international and local actors take effective actions that cover both the prevention and punishment of trafficking in women, and the protection of victims&rsquo / rights. The binding international legal instrument on the subject matter, the UN Trafficking Protocol of 2000, will be referred to and different approaches to the evaluation of the problem will be mentioned so as to present the focal points of the varying goals.

With continuous development, businesses cannot restrict to only one country or area. Establishing operation or production centers across the sea is the most important factor for businesses to live permanently. Thus, many large-scale companies become multinational corporations to integrate global resources and create the most powerful synergy. With this change, those corporations also strengthen their competitiveness in the market. It is the most obvious phenomenon after the 20th century that multinational or multi-national corporations rapidly expand by the work of value chain of their oversea subsidiary companies. Many researches show that enterprises benefited a lot from successfully practice Knowledge Management (KM). KM does not success in the enterprise just only spending a fortune, purchasing and using KM software; it also depends on coordinating enterprise¡¦s culture and resources, carrying out the KM plan systematically and progressively to establish a climate of KM among all employers. Many companies practice ISO quality management system (the ISO) before KM. The ISO makes all explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge into formal papers and documents and easy to arrange. Thus, the ISO lays a conceptual and systematic foundation KM and makes the enterprise practice KM more easily. This research to discuss the relation between KM activities and global disposition strategies of MNCs. It contents analysis of KM topics by the view of technology mature degree, the relation between the ISO and KM, the relation between roles of Human Resources Management and the activities of value chain of its oversea subsidiary companies under different Knowledge Innovation strategies, and the relation between KM and strategies of global resources disposition under different technology mature degree. Following are the conclusions of this research: 1. Companies belong to low degree of technology maturity should use dispersal strategies of global resources disposition). 2. All companies should emphasize ¡¨sharing¡¨ no matter they belong to which degree of technology maturity. 3. Knowledge processing should match the company¡¦s KM system. 4. High response knowledge innovation strategy benefits the activities of value chain of oversea subsidiary companies. 5. Coordinate and control roles of Human Resource Management is more and more important when the company uses local for local innovation strategy of knowledge innovation. 6. Companies practice the ISO benefit to knowledge transfer. According to the conclusions above, there are some suggestions to businesses: 1. To build up the Software System of KM that meets the company¡¦s needs. 2. To develop professional KM manager. 3. To set up the concept of ¡¨employees¡¦ knowledge is a big fortune¡¨. 4. To establish the culture of ¡§sharing¡¨. 5. To make good use of the ISO. 6. To integrate strategies of global resources disposition and KM. 7. To play different roles of Human Resource Management when come across different KM activities.