Les conventions internationales sont adoptées par des organisations internationales dans le but d’imposer des règles uniformes dans un domaine spécifique. L’intégration du droit international dans l’ordre juridique de chacun des États parties dépend de la méthode choisie par leur propre droit national. En France, les conventions internationales de droit maritime occupent une place particulière qui leur permet d’avoir leurs dispositions directement invocables par les particuliers. Elles jouissent également d’une grande autorité lorsqu’elles sont reprises par les normes de l’Union européenne produisant des effets contraignants à l’égard des États membres. Le statut de la convention internationale au sein de l’ordre juridique français garantit la pleine effectivité des mesures qu’elle contient, sous réserve que leurs dispositions soient pleinement mises en œuvre par les tribunaux. Le juge aura alors un rôle fondamental dans l’application des conventions internationales puisqu’il pourra influencer sur les effets de ces normes internationales et choisir de participer à l’unification du droit. Mais il sera également tributaire de certaines contraintes inhérentes à l’adoption d’un acte de droit international, ce qui limitera les espoirs d’unification des règles de droit applicables en matière maritime. / The main purpose of the international organization when adopting an international convention is to provide uniform rules for specific fields. The incorporation of international regulation into the legal system of States parties depends on the national laws. In France, the monism system leads to the possibility for every claimant to invoke the provisions of the treaties to support their claim. The authority of international maritime convention has increased when the EU regulation implemented them in EU system which implies that States members are obliged to comply with them. The legal status of international convention in the national French legal system guarantees the enforcement of their own provisions, provided that they are duly applied by the national Courts. The judge will have a significant impact in the enforcement of a treaty. His ruling can improve the unification of international law. However, the judge will be subject to some constraints that may threaten the aim of unification of applicable rules in the shipping law.

In this thesis the attention is given to selected aspects of employee development in the international organization operating in the steel industry, which has a branch in Slovakia. The theoretical part explains the various theoretical concepts that bind to this topic (for example. Human resources, human resources management, competencies), as well as individual learning concepts which are creating a platform for employee development and also the different phases development and training in organization. This topic is very up-to-date in the light of increasing demand for staff across the whole spectrum of professions. The empirical part is directed to clarify the course of development in international organizations, where great importance emphasis is placed on language learning (especially English) and training in the field of management training, particularly to develop the presentation skills. In this part of the research results indicate that individual groups of employees are after completing the course improving the level of English language at the required level, as well as valuation of the self level of presentation skills. Keywords: Employee development, learning, foreign language skills, presentation skills

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Dissertation Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.) at the University of Witwatersrand – School of Governance September 2015 / This research is demarcated according to two modes, one conceptual – state sovereignty - and two - distant proximity – the ideal of regional integration. When these are juxtaposed in the state sovereignty-regional integration complex, they resemble a complex picture of what is under construction. The nation state currently exists, so it is an important variable. The research examines what happens to the nation state variable, in respect to its policy preferences, interests and ideational content as the process of regional integration evolves. Put differently, does the nation state remain indivisible or is it evolving as the process of regional integration deepens? The research has found that the policy preferences and interests of states in Southern Africa converge and/or diverge not so much based on the SADC objectives and norms. The convergence and/or divergence of policy preferences among states in SADC is informed by the constant negotiation and engagement among states - yielding not so much a zero-sum regional integration arrangement nor is it leading to the demise of the nation state – but around a range of factors including: perceived economic gains and losses; persuasion and influence among state and non-state actors; political solidarity among state actors; external and internal political and economic pressures. The notion of state sovereignty is invoked by many states when all the factors above have yielded inadequate results for the particular state. The research has found that a constructivist process of co-determination and co-constitution and solidarity, albeit very loose and not legaly binding, is taking place in Southern Africa. This process, the research has found, is pointing to an intergovernmental regional integration arrangement wherein certain policy areas or competencies reside at the regional level and some at the nation state level. The process of inter-state action and behaviour, the dissertation has found, is underpinned by the interests, preferences and choices of states in their discursive relationship to one another in the process of regional integration. / MT2016

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A major aim of many international organizations is to support development in member countries but despite the importance of this objective in international relations and international cooperation, there are surprisingly few evaluations regarding the effectiveness of development assistance as perceived by recipients. This study, which was conducted using qualitative research methods, addresses the issue as it applies to Seychelles and the Commonwealth. The focus of the Modern Commonwealth, an association of 54 countries, is to fulfil the agenda of member countries as stated in periodic declarations of heads of states. The association has been particularly active, and vocal, in supporting small, least developed, and vulnerable states, including small island developing states. The Republic of Seychelles, a member of the Commonwealth since 1976, is a microstate with limited resources to support national development. Relying heavily on overseas development aid, then on commercial loans, the country attained remarkable levels of socio-economic development despite reaching the verge of bankruptcy in 2008 – when help was sought from the IMF. The continued existence of deep political dissensions has also earned it the label of „unquiet islands‟. Despite considerable support received from the Commonwealth, few individuals in positions of responsibility in Seychelles think that this assistance has had an impact on the country‟s development. Commonwealth support in areas which could potentially change the future of the islands, such as maritime boundaries and petroleum prospecting, are generally invisible to most. It is clear that some Commonwealth assistance is visionary and sustained but according to recipients in Seychelles, the bulk of it falls short of expectations. This perception is due mostly to the inability of people in-country to connect with the Commonwealth or to understand how the Commonwealth functions. Commonwealth officials also seem unaware of the effects of their assistance programmes on intended recipients in Seychelles. The study reveals that communication systems that are inclusive rather than exclusive, approaches that show sensitivity to national context, and a focus on relationship-building, could improve both the content and relevance of the assistance provided by an international organization as well as recipients‟ perception of the value of this assistance. / Development Studies / D. Litt et Phil. (Development Studies)

In this work, I present a conceptual framework for understanding how international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) become powerful international organizations (IOs), and how their pursuit of legitimacy leads to the formation of specific kinds of organizational cultural proclivities and dysfunctional tendencies that shape how these groups behave as international actors. Despite their increasing prominence in international affairs, INGOs remain largely understudied by International Relations (IR) scholars; my work provides a theoretically driven and empirically supported analysis of the power and performance of these actors, thus filling the existing gap in the IR literature. Relying on the basic tenets of sociological institutionalism, I argue that there is an indissoluble relationship between the ways in which an INGO becomes powerful and its ultimate performance outcomes.

Este estudo visa analisar a implementação, no Brasil, das Linhas Diretrizes da OCDE para as Empresas Multinacionais, documento que integra a Declaração sobre o Investimento Internacional e as Empresas Multinacionais. De acordo com os termos estabelecidos nessa Declaração, os Estados devem promover essas Linhas Diretrizes, bem como instalar um Ponto de Contato Nacional (PCN) mecanismo criado para consolidar os padrões de conduta e para receber reclamações atinentes à violação de seus termos por empresas multinacionais. A observância aos termos da Declaração é obrigatória para os Estadosmembros da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômicos (OCDE) e condição para não membros participarem das atividades do Comitê de Investimentos situação na qual o Brasil se inclui. O ato internacional brasileiro de adesão à Declaração não se submeteu ao crivo parlamentar a que alude o artigo 49, inciso I, da Constituição Federal (CF) e, além disso, as medidas adotadas internamente para implementar as Diretrizes incluindo a instalação de PCN foram ordenadas por uma Portaria , que constitui ato do Ministério da Fazenda. Essas circunstâncias evidenciam como a cooperação e legitimidade fundada no consenso são base importante para que se promovam os direitos através das fronteiras sem desrespeitar a legislação brasileira, consoante este trabalho se propõe demonstrar. / This study analyses the implementation in Brazil of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which constitute an integral part of the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. In accordance with the terms of the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, the states are to promote the Guidelines and install a National Point of Contact (NCP), the mechanism created to consolidate the Guidelines and receive complaints against the violation of their terms by multinational companies. Compliance with the terms of the Declaration is mandatory for the OECD member countries and the condition for non-members to participate in the activities of the Investment Committee like in the case of Brazil. The Brazilian international subscription act to the Declaration was not submitted to the approval of the parliament as per article 49, I of the Federal Constitution; in addition, the measures adopted internally to implement the Guidelines and install the NCP were ordered by Decreean act within the competence of the Ministry. These circumstances show how cooperation and legitimacy founded on consensus are an important basis for the promotion of rights across borders without infringing Brazilian Law. This is what the present study proposes to discuss.

隨著資訊科技的發達，加速了各國間的往來機會，除了基於比較利益的觀點促進合作之外，自由貿易的推行往往又因各國或基於國家安全、或保護其國內幼稚產業、或平衡國際收支、或是維護其國家主權，而受到阻礙，因此各種基於政治或經濟目的的合作組織應運而生。而「關稅暨貿易總協定」(GATT)，則以確保關稅談判之成果，並以跨國間合作機構的形象，扮演著衝突的協調角色。 　　由於近年來，中共在國際上刻意孤立台灣，使得台灣和各大工業國幾無任何正式邦交，諮商多靠片面允諾，並造成我國常被要求須遵守GATT的各項規範及協議，但是對於我國業者在國際市場所受到的不公平，或是歧視對待，皆申訴無門。同時，國內許多產業，由於受到政策的保護，一旦面對貿易障礙解除，勢必將面臨進口產品激增及低價傾銷之威脅。此外長期受到政府嚴格管制的金融服務業，更面臨了一場空前的挑戰。因此，如何適時修正不符合GATT的國內法規、如何調整金融服務業發展策略、以及如何運用承諾表的功能以利於我國加入GATT，皆為本研究的研究動機。 　　基於上節研究動機，本論文研究的主要目的如下： 　　1. 探討目前關貿總協（世界貿易組織）及其他相關國際組織對金融服務業有哪些規範。 　　2. 國內現存相關法規對金融服務業之規範以及應如何調整現存政策以符合入關之要求。 　　3. 瞭解目前國內金融服務業的現況以及在調整的過程中，會對國內金融服務業產生何種代價及帶來哪些效益。 　　4. 針對國內金融服務業，詢問對國內修改的法規有何看法、要如何去調整現存的政策，及因應這股巨大的國際化、自由化的趨勢。 　　本研究方法採文獻探討、問卷調查及實地訪談三部分，研究對象為金融服務業，包括了銀行、證券及保險三個次業別。使用統計檢定方法，檢定金融服務業對各開放措施的態度，在不同公司特性上、次業別上是否有無顯著差異；金融服務業對各因應措施的平均重視程度，在不同公司特性上、次業別上是否有無顯著差異；以及國外、國內業者對各開放措施的態度和因應措施的平均重視程度上、是否有無顯著差異。 　　經由本研究結果分析，獲得以下主要八點結論： 　　1. 銀行、證券及保險業對共同五項的開放措施都有相近的看法。 　　2. 三業別平均而言，給予重要性在4.5以上的因應措施有：加強人員專業訓練、服務品質及加強資產負債管理。 　　3. 認為比較不重要的因應措施為：利用增資、購併，朝向多功能企業發展、增設海外據點，以及參照他國先例，加強與主管機關聯繫。 　　4. 三業別中，具統計顯著差異的為建立企業新形象：保險業對於建立新形象，普遍遠高於銀行及證券業。 　　5. 就國內及國外業者統計分析中，有顯著差異的為國外業者較重視「加強資產負債管理」之因應措施。 　　6. 在銀行業的開放措施申，對開放OBU吸收境內外匯存款，贊成比率佔七成以上；對開放基層機構強制性轉存款等措施，有九成贊成比率；開放銀行國外負債餘額及外匯買賣超部位限制，約有六成多贊成；而開放非銀行之金融服務公司之設立：有六成以上是持反對意見；開放OBU之設立及業務限制：有85%以上的贊成比率。 　　7. 證券業中，對開放證券商參與期貨業務：贊成者有77%以上；約有六成的比率贊成今年年初外資開放的措施及開放投信基金的投資範圍；對提高國外對國內證券商持股比率；約有九成贊成；引進國外優良企業來台發行有價證券，並上市上櫃：約有85%以上的贊成；開放國外個人及法人直接投資國內證券市場，則約有九成贊成。 　　8. 保險業中，對開放美國以外之保險公司來台設立：約有八成的業者贊成；對開放保險資金運用範圍之限制，則回答者亦有一致贊成的答案；開放其他組織型態之保險公司，約有八成五回答者贊成此措施；降低國外保險業設立標準；約只有23%的業者贊成；設立專屬保險公司並有較低之限制：亦只有過半數的業者贊成，國外業者有較高的贊成比率。統計上有顯著差異者為：成立年數愈少的業者，愈重視其形象。