Magister Legum - LLM / This paper argues that there is a need for an improved cross-border insolvency regime as the common law principles applied in Namibia are outdated and thus ill-equipped to deal with present-day complex issues of cross-border insolvency. The lack of literature on issues of crossborder insolvency belies the importance of cross-border insolvency in African developing countries like Namibia who seek to encourage trade and investment in the hope of achieving economic development. In the final section of chapter one, the paper will consider the Model Law as the basis needed to develop clear, fair and predictable rules to effectively deal with the various aspects of cross-border insolvencies in Namibia.

La Commission des Nations Unies pour le droit commercial international (CNUDCI), organe juridique principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à vocation universelle, a reçu de l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU pour mandat d’harmoniser, d’uniformiser et de coordonner le droit commercial international. Plus de quarante-cinq années après sa création, la CNUDCI poursuit son œuvre dans les domaines les plus importants du droit commercial international tels que l’arbitrage commercial international, la vente internationale de marchandises, le droit des sûretés, l’insolvabilité, les paiements internationaux, le transport international de marchandises, le commerce électronique, la passation de marchés et le développement des infrastructures. En adoptant divers instruments juridiques par le biais d’un processus de négociation intégrant les Etats ainsi que certaines organisations intergouvernementales et non gouvernementales, la CNUDCI met à la disposition de la communauté internationale des marchands les outils juridiques nécessaires permettant de faciliter et de sécuriser les opérations du commerce mondial. La présente thèse analyse la manière dont la CNUDCI contribue au renforcement du droit commercial international en adoptant un ensemble de règles juridiques sur les opérations commerciales internationales. / The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is recognized as the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law, and has a mandate from the UN General Assembly to harmonize, modernize and coordinate rules on international business. Since its inception over forty-five years ago, UNCITRAL has continued to pursue these aims in the key areas of international trade law such as international commercial arbitration and conciliation, international sales of goods and related transactions, security interests, international payments, international transport of goods, electronic commerce, procurement and infrastructure development. By adopting various legal instruments through a negotiation process involving relevant States and some intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, UNCITRAL provides legal tools to the international merchant community to facilitate and secure transactions in global trade. This thesis analyzes how UNCITRAL contributes to strengthening international trade law by formulating rules on international commercial transactions.

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This Master's Thesis deals with the application of the concept of lex mercatoria in process of contracting process and in the dispute resolution, particularly in international commercial arbitration. The first chapter briefly describes the historical development of lex mercatoria and examines in detail the circumstances of the establishment of modern lex mercatoria . Further, the Thesis describes the general methods of regulation of the private relations with an international element. In connection with the use of lex mercatoria in the process of contracting the specific attention is given to the choice of applicable law by reference to certain rules of lex mercatoria. The criticism of such choice-of-law method is analysed, as well as its justification and also the requirements for the validity of such choice-of-law method. The second half of the Thesis is dedicated to a particular formalized rules of lex mercatoria, as well as to their legal grounds in Czech law, and also to some legislative changes in the Czech Republic after January 1, 2014, relevant to the lex mercatoria. The final chapter addresses the practical application of lex mercatoria in the international commercial arbitration. The chapter begins with a brief and general introduction to the international commercial arbitration....

Nas últimas décadas, a importância da normalização técnica para comércio internacional aumentou consideravelmente. Segundo dados da OCDE, estima-se que um total de 80% do comércio global na atualidade seja afetado por normas e regulamentos técnicos. Esse cenário justifica a preocupação dos Membros da OMC em incentivar o estabelecimento de padrões tecnológicos comuns nos diversos países, como um instrumento para evitar o incremento das barreiras técnicas e promover a facilitação do fluxo internacional de bens, serviços, investimentos e tecnologias. Contudo, o crescente envolvimento de direitos de propriedade intelectual nas normas técnicas internacionais tem preocupado algumas nações, principalmente em decorrência dos elevados custos, tensões e conflitos que resultam dessa situação, impactando de forma negativa o comércio. Sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, o conflito revela-se no conjunto de obrigações que os Membros assumem no âmbito da OMC. Se os países devem obrigatoriamente utilizar como base as normas técnicas internacionais para estabelecer suas normas e regulamentos domésticos, e aquelas se encontram revestidas de direitos exclusivos privados, sua efetiva aplicação no plano doméstico depende da licença dos titulares desses direitos, nos termos e condições por eles impostos. No entanto, uma vez que eles não estejam dispostos a conceder licenças em termos razoáveis e não discriminatórios, ou se recusem a conferir a autorização, os países encontram dificuldades ou, ainda, ficam impossibilitados de implementar de forma plena as obrigações assumidas na OMC. A partir dessa hipótese, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar como se encontra regulada a relação entre a normalização técnica e a propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional. Esta tese confirma que as tensões inerentes à relação entre propriedade intelectual e normalização técnica alimentam um conflito sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, que não possui regras específicas para regular a questão. Este conflito se traduz na dificuldade que os países têm na implementação plena das obrigações assumidas na OMC. Para a mitigação dos problemas que emergem desse conflito, observa-se que se destacam duas tendências seguidas pelos Membros da Organização. Uma delas consiste em incrementar as flexibilidades do Acordo TRIPS, como se verifica nos Estados Unidos, União Europeia e Índia. Outra opção observada é o afastamento das normas técnicas internacionais em prol da adoção de normas e regulamentos técnicos domésticos baseados em tecnologias nacionais ou não proprietárias com fundamento nas flexibilidades dos acordos TBT, SPS e GATS. Casos nesse sentido são identificados em países como China. Em certas circunstâncias, a preferência pelo estabelecimento de normas e regulamentos técnicos baseados essencialmente em tecnologias nacionais protegidas por direitos de propriedade intelectual pode robustecer as barreiras técnicas ao comércio. Diante disso, com o propósito de assegurar a efetividade dos acordos multilaterais de comércio e garantir segurança jurídica, entende-se necessário a adoção de medidas claras e adequadas, que busquem eliminar ou reduzir as tensões e conflito, e garantir a previsibilidade do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio. Importa, ainda, que tais medidas sejam estabelecidas de forma a facilitar o comércio internacional e promover a concorrência leal, a inovação, a transferência da tecnologia e o desenvolvimento das nações. / In recents decades, the importance of technical standards for international trade has increased substantially. According to OECD data, it is estimated that around 80% of global trade is affected by standards and technical regulations. This scenario justifies the concerns of WTO Members to encourage the settlement of common technological standards in different countries, as a tool to prevent the rise of technical barriers and promote the facilitation of the international flow of goods, services, investment and technology. However, the increasing involvement of intellectual property rights in international standards has concerned some nations, mainly due to high costs, tensions and conflicts that result from this situation, adversely impacting trade. From the perspective of international trade law, the conflict is revealed in the set of obligations that States assumed in the WTO. If countries must use international standards as a basis to establish technical regulations and norms, and those are covered by private exclusive rights, its effective implementation at the domestic level depends on the approval of rights holders, according the terms and conditions imposed by them. However, since the rights holders are not willing to grant licenses on reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions, or refuse to grant the licenses, countries may find difficult or even remain unable to fully implement their obligations in the WTO. From this hypothesis, this study aims to analyze as it is regulated the relationship between technical standards and intellectual property in international trade law. This thesis confirms that the tensions inherent in the relationship between intellectual property and technical standardization feed a conflict from the perspective of international trade law, which has no specific rules to regulate this question. This conflict is reflected in the difficulty countries have in the full implementation of the obligations assumed in WTO. In order to mitigate the problems that emerge from this conflict, it is observed that there are two trends followed by the Members of the Organization. One is to enhance the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement, as is the case in the United States, European Union and India. Another option is the deviation of international standards in favor of domestic standards and technical regulations based on national or non proprietary technologies founded on the flexibilities of TBT, SPS and GATS. Such cases are identified in countries like China. In some circumstances, the preference for the creation of standards and technical regulations based mainly on national technologies protected by intellectual property rights can strengthen the technical barriers to trade. Therefore, in order to ensure the effectiveness of multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to establish clear and appropriate measures, which seek to eliminate or reduce tensions and conflict, and ensure the predictability of the multilateral trading system. It is also important that such measures are established to facilitate international trade and promote fair competition, innovation, technology transfer and development of nations.

Submitted by Jean Michel Pimentel Rocha null (jeanpimentel_sp@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-13T00:13:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Jean Michel Pimentel Rocha.pdf: 7641896 bytes, checksum: 2633c2aa0b97f8ba1b6073618c876b12 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-17T15:07:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_jmp_me_sjrp.pdf: 7641896 bytes, checksum: 2633c2aa0b97f8ba1b6073618c876b12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T15:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_jmp_me_sjrp.pdf: 7641896 bytes, checksum: 2633c2aa0b97f8ba1b6073618c876b12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa, ancorada no aporte teórico da Linguística de Corpus e da Fraseologia, áreas cujo diálogo tem possibilitado a descrição e análise de padrões linguísticos, em especial os lexicais, a partir de corpora, teve por objetivo desenvolver um estudo teórico-metodológico acerca dos procedimentos necessários ao levantamento e à análise sintático-morfológica, léxico-semântica e tradutológica das colocações especializadas extraídas do corpus paralelo, em inglês e em espanhol, constituído pelos anuários (1968-2010) da UNCITRAL (Comissão das Nações Unidas para o Direito do Comércio Internacional); e de dois corpora comparáveis em português: um compilado pela ferramenta BootCat Front End (ZANCHETTA; BARONI; BERNARDINI, 2011) e, outro, pela coleta de textos online da área do Direito Comercial Internacional. Com base neste estudo, determinamos as colocações funcionalmente equivalentes (TOGNINI-BONELLI; MANCA, 2004) em português e elaboramos uma proposta de glossário trilíngue nas direções tradutórias inglês>espanhol>português, na área supracitada. Extraímos cerca de 200 bases candidatas a integrar o glossário, orientando-nos pelo método N-gram/cluster analysis e cooccurrence analysis (GRANGER, PAQUOT, 2008), mais especificamente, pela utilização das ferramentas Concord, Keywords e Wordlist do programa WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 2012). Dessas, elegemos a base contract como modelo de análise a ser aplicada às demais. As colocações que dela se desdobram, estruturam-se, do ponto de vista sintático-morfológico, em colocações nominais, adjetivais e verbais. Quanto aos aspectos léxico-semânticos e tradutológicos, observamos muitos casos de variação colocacional, principalmente, nos níveis lexical e morfossintático, ora estruturando-se em um sintagma preposicionado ora em um sintagma nominal. Notamos, ainda, colocações, nas línguas portuguesa e espanhola, que apresentaram empréstimos em pelo menos um de seus constituintes. Além disso, há um grande número de colocações com similaridade ortográfica entre as línguas. Em nossas análises, defendemos que as colocações especializadas e suas variantes lexicais não podem ser perfeitamente sinônimas, já que não podemos afirmar categoricamente que uma substitui a outra em qualquer contexto. Conforme os dados analisados, as colocações especializadas podem estabelecer entre si uma relação parassinonímica, isto é, compartilham semas em comum. Argumentamos, também, que há uma relação de equivalência funcional entre as colocações descritas nos idiomas investigados, considerando que elas permeiam o léxico jurídico-comercial de línguas distintas, fruto de distintas tradições linguístico-culturais, o que pode acarretar mudanças de significado, por vezes sutis, que não permitem entendê-las como totalmente equivalentes. A pesquisa que se apresenta é de relevância para a fraseologia jurídico-comercial, pois a descrição dos padrões sintagmáticos, léxico-semânticos e tradutológicos das colocações pode auxiliar no reconhecimento das características linguísticas da área, visto que poucos são os trabalhos desenvolvidos, especialmente em relação às colocações especializadas e colocações especializadas estendidas. Ademais, o resultado prático, isto é, a proposta de glossário de colocações, poderá trazer contribuições aos tradutores, aprendizes e demais interessados na tradução e redação de documentos nas línguas estudadas. / This research, anchored in the theoretical background of Corpus Linguistics and Phraseology, areas whose dialogue has enabled descriptions and analysis of linguistic patterns, especially the corpus-based lexical ones, aimed at the development of a theoretical and methodological study on the necessary procedures for the extraction, syntactic-morphological, lexical-semantic and translational analysis of specialized collocations from a parallel corpus in English and Spanish, consisting of the UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) yearbooks (1968 – 2010); and from two comparable corpora in Portuguese: one of them compiled using the BootCat Front End tools (ZANCHETTA; BARONI; BERNARDINI, 2011) and the other one by collecting online texts from the field of International Trade Law. On the basis of that, we determined the functionally equivalents collocations (TOGNINI-BONELLI; MANCA, 2004) in Portuguese and elaborated a proposal for a trilingual glossary in the translation directions English>Spanish>Portuguese in the above area. We extracted about 200 bases candidates to be included in the glossary entries, guided by the N-gram/cluster and cooccurrence analysis methods (GRANGER, PAQUOT, 2008), more specifically, by the use of the tools Concord, Keywords and Wordlist of the software WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 2012). Among the 200 extracted candidates, we chose the base contract as an analytical model to be applied to the others. The collocations of this base are structured, from a syntactic-morphological point of view, in nominal, adjectival and verbal collocations. Regarding the lexical-semantic and translational aspects, there are several cases of collocational variation. They vary mainly in the lexical and morphosyntactic levels and are structured in prepositional and noun phrases. We also observed collocations, in Portuguese and Spanish, which have words borrowed from English in at least one of its constituents. In addition, there are a large number of collocations which have orthographic similarities among the languages. In our analysis, we defend that specialized collocations and its lexical variants cannot be seen as perfect synonyms, since we cannot state categorically that one can replace the other in any context. According to the data, specialized collocations may establish among themselves a parasynonymic relationship, that is, they share semes in common. We also argue that there may be a functionally equivalence among the collocations described, considering the fact that they involve the legal and commercial lexicon of distinct languages, resulted from distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, which can entail changes, even though subtle, in their meanings that cannot allow us to understand them as fully equivalents. The research presented is relevant to the legal and commercial phraseology, as the description of syntagmatic and lexical-semantic patterns as well as translational aspects of collocations can aid in the recognition of linguistic features of the area, since there are few works developed, especially regarding specialized and extended collocations. Moreover, its practical outcome, that is, the glossary proposal can also bring contributions to translators, learners and other interested parties in the translation and editing of documents in the languages studied.

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Export is a top priority for Sweden's economy but for Swedish companies it may involve uncomfortable risks of exporting without sincere consideration. When the United Nations Security Council puts an embargo against a country, this often mean an import and export restriction. The thought is to push undemocratic regimes into respecting human rights. When the embargo is in force, however, the parties are not able to fulfill their contractual obligations, which practically means that the agreement will be suspended. The problem is what happens when an embargo is in force for a longer period of time. After the embargo is withdrawn, the price on the market may have changed significantly, which indicates a financial sacrifice for a seller if he has to provide specific performance to the buyer. The question thus is whether the seller, after a prolonged economic sanctions is withdrawn, still is obliged to provide specific performance? The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is applicable where both parties are signatories to CISG or by rules of international private law. To require performance as a buyer is a general right in Article 46 CISG, but there are exceptions to this rule in Article 28 CISG. Article 28 CISG states that if one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgment for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention. Since CISG advocates a harmonized application of international trade, the right to specific performance cannot be waived just on the basis of Article 28 CISG alone. With regard to good faith in international trade in Article 7 (1) CISG, the principle of reasonableness, which is a general principle that the CISG is based upon in accordance with Article 7 (2) CISG and 7.2.2 (b) UPICC, and with the support of international usage regularity observed in the trade concerned in Article 9 CISG, the right to specific performance does not exist anymore after a prolonged embargo has been withdrawn. / Export är högprioriterat för Sveriges ekonomi men för svenska företag kan det inne-bära obekväma risker med att exportera utan eftertanke. När Förenta Nationernas säkerhetsråd går in och lägger ett embargo mot en stat innebär detta ofta en import- och export restriktion. Tanken är att pressa odemokratiska regimer att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. När embargot är i kraft kan dock parterna inte uppfylla sina avtalsförpliktelser vilket innebär att avtalet blir suspenderat. Det problematiska är vad som händer då ett embargo är i kraft under en längre tid. Efter det att ett embargo lyfts kan priset på marknaden ändrats avsevärt vilket innebär en ekonomisk uppoffring för en säljare att tvingas fullgöra i natura. Frågan blir då om säljare efter det att en långvarig ekonomisk sanktion lyfts, fortfarande är tvingen att fullgöra i natura? Lag (1987:822) om internationella köp(CISG) blir tillämplig i det fall då båda parters stater är signatärer eller genom privaträttsliga regler. Att kräva fullgörelse som köpare är en generell rätt i artikel 46 CISG men det finns ett explicit undantag till denna regel i artikel 28 CISG. Artikel 28 CISG stadgar att domstol som ska lösa tvisten, inte är skyldig att meddela dom på fullgörelse om domstol enligt egen forumlandets egen lagstiftning inte skulle ha gjort detta. Skulle tvisten lösas i Svensk domstol blir 23 § köplag (1990:931) tillämplig. Eftersom CISG förespråkar en harmoniserad tillämpning inom internationell handel är det inte tillförlitligt att mena på att rätten till fullgörelse bortfaller med stöd av endast artikel 28 CISG. Med beaktande av god sed i internationell handel i artikel 7(1) CISG, principen om rimlighet/förnuftig person som är en generell princip som CISG är baserat på i enlighet med artikel 7(2) CISG och 7.2.2 (b) UPICC, samt med stöd av handelsbruk i artikel 9 CISG, bortfaller rätten till fullgörelse i natura efter det att ett långvarigt embargo har lyfts.

This thesis explores problems regarding the reception the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (ML) in Canada, Hong Kong and Russia. Focusing on the relationship between national courts and arbitrators, it argues that the ML fosters gradual harmonization of law on international arbitration, while accommodating the particular needs of the legal cultures and traditions of Canada, Hong Kong and Russia. The importance of this study derives from the fact that the experience of these three countries has been, and it still is, a guide for a number of other countries considering the adoption of the ML and modification of their arbitration laws. First, the thesis explores the implementation of the ML at the national level, in each of the countries of adoption in order determine, the legal changes, if any, brought about by the adoption. The hypothesis is that legal borrowing can lead to different results in countries with different legal traditions, different levels of economic development and different political structures. At this level the analysis focuses on statutory frameworks and judicial practice in these countries. Second, the thesis compares the results from the study at the national level in order to explore the ways in which the same pattern (that is, the ML) has been modified to reflect the socio-economic environment and principles of old systems, and to determine changes to the original model. The hypothesis is that arbitral tribunals are promoters of a new "internationalized" legal culture and that national judges and courts, in comparison, are more likely to reflect local or national legal cultures. The thesis concludes that variations in the application and interpretation of the M L in the three countries does not mean that the ML cannot bring about the harmonization of laws. However, the ML is not a transplantation or duplication of foreign law, but a project of reception. In that way, the ML serves as a basis for creativity, rather than representing the imposition of a new, and perhaps, inappropriate; legal culture.