O aumento da demanda mundial por fontes alternativas de energia tem evidenciado o Brasil como ator relevante no mercado internacional, em função de seu histórico e capacidade produtiva de etanol. Porém, apesar de ser um mercado promissor e de alto interesse, também é um mercado bastante exigente em relação às questões ambientais que englobam seu sistema produtivo. O marketing ambiental se apresenta como uma ferramenta importante para garantir ao mercado consumidor de que essas questões ambientais estão sendo bem geridas. Entretanto, muitos são os questionamentos quanto ao que está sendo comunicado. Entre as principais formas de se aumentar credibilidade do processo de marketing ambiental, apresenta-se a utilização de certificações socioambientais. Assim, esta pesquisa se propôs a analisar as principais iniciativas de certificações socioambientais para o etanol brasileiro à luz do marketing ambiental. Por meio de entrevistas com 14 especialistas envolvidos com a questão do mercado internacional de biocombustíveis, produção de etanol e sustentabilidade, foi possível formar um padrão de análise das certificações, composto pelos: princípios de boas práticas para certificações socioambientais, demandas ambientais do mercado consumidor e critérios ambientais intrínsecos do sistema produtivo de etanol. A partir desse padrão, foram analisadas as principais iniciativas de certificação, que apontaram um melhor desempenho das iniciativas Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels e Better Sugarcane Initiative para dar credibilidade para o processo de marketing ambiental do etanol brasileiro. / The increase of global demand for alternative energy sources has made Brazil an important player in the international market, due to its history and ethanol´s production capacity. However, despite being a promising and highly interesting market, it is also a very demanding market in consideration to the environmental issues that include their production system. The environmental marketing presents itself as an important tool to ensure the consumer market that these environmental issues are being well managed. Meanwhile, there are many questions about what is being communicated. Among the main ways for increasing environmental marketing´s process credibility, there is a social environmental certification. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the main social environmental certification initiatives for the Brazilian ethanol through the eyes of environmental marketing. Through interviews with 14 experts involved with the international market for biofuels, ethanol production and sustainability, it was possible to form an analysis\' standard of certifications, formed by: principles of good practices for social environmental certification, environmental demands of the consumer market and environmental criteria intrinsic ethanol production system. According to this standard, we analyzed the main certification initiatives that pointed to a better performance of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels initiatives and Better Sugarcane Initiative to provide credibility to the process of environmental marketing of Brazilian ethanol.

This thesis identifies realistic export opportunities for South African products in the rest of the world and specifically in the rest of the African continent. The method chosen to achieve this goal is the Decision Support Model (DSM) developed by Cuyvers et al (1995) and Cuyvers (1997) that was specifically designed to assist export promotion institutions in planning and assessing their export promotion activities. This model is positioned into the international market selection literature and four main refinements to the DSM methodology are introduced to address the limitations of the model and to make it more applicable for the South African international trade conditions. The refined model is then applied to identify product–country combinations with the largest export potential for South Africa in the rest of the world and in the rest of the African continent specifically. The refinements to the DSM filtering process introduced in this study contribute to the effective use and application of the DSM results by South African exporters and more focused export promotion activities by South African export promotion organisations. The four refinements include (i) running the DSM on a HS 6–digit level, (ii) introducing a method to calculate the potential export value of each identified export opportunity in order to prioritise between the product–country combinations identified as realistic export opportunities, (iii) taking the production capacity of South Africa into consideration in order to identify export opportunities that can be pursued immediately due to the country's existing revealed comparative advantage in the production and exportation of these products and (iv) developing a market accessibility index per product–country combination from a South African point of view on a HS 6–digit level in order to make filter 3.2 (barriers to trade) of the DSM applicable for South African conditions. The results of the application of the refined DSM to identify export opportunities for South Africa in the rest of the world include the top 50 worldwide export opportunities. There are 17 countries in which the top 50 worldwide product–country combinations identified as export opportunities for South Africa are located. These include the United States, Japan, India, the United Kingdom, Canada, China, Germany, Israel, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Singapore, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Italy and Brazil. Mineral products (coal, copper and aviation spirit); transportation products (1500 - 3000 cc automobile engines and diesel powered trucks); stone/glass (diamonds, platinum and rhodium) and metals (aluminium, iron/steel structures, nickel) are the product classifications within the top 50 worldwide product–country combinations that hold the largest worldwide export potential for South Africa. In terms of the product–country combinations with the highest export potential for South Africa in the rest of the African continent, there are 18 countries in which the top 50 product–country combinations for South Africa in the rest of the African continent are located. These include Nigeria, Namibia, Ghana, Morocco, Egypt, Zambia, Tunisia, Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mauritius, Tanzania, Senegal, Mozambique, Algeria, Malawi and Cote d'Ivoire. The products with the highest potential export values in the top 50 product–country combinations for South Africa in Africa include mineral products (aviation spirit, iron ore, sulphur and coal) and transportation products (1500 - 3000 cc automobile engines and diesel powered trucks weighing less than 5 tons). / Thesis (Ph.D. (International Trade))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This thesis identifies realistic export opportunities for South African products in the rest of the world and specifically in the rest of the African continent. The method chosen to achieve this goal is the Decision Support Model (DSM) developed by Cuyvers et al (1995) and Cuyvers (1997) that was specifically designed to assist export promotion institutions in planning and assessing their export promotion activities. This model is positioned into the international market selection literature and four main refinements to the DSM methodology are introduced to address the limitations of the model and to make it more applicable for the South African international trade conditions. The refined model is then applied to identify product–country combinations with the largest export potential for South Africa in the rest of the world and in the rest of the African continent specifically. The refinements to the DSM filtering process introduced in this study contribute to the effective use and application of the DSM results by South African exporters and more focused export promotion activities by South African export promotion organisations. The four refinements include (i) running the DSM on a HS 6–digit level, (ii) introducing a method to calculate the potential export value of each identified export opportunity in order to prioritise between the product–country combinations identified as realistic export opportunities, (iii) taking the production capacity of South Africa into consideration in order to identify export opportunities that can be pursued immediately due to the country's existing revealed comparative advantage in the production and exportation of these products and (iv) developing a market accessibility index per product–country combination from a South African point of view on a HS 6–digit level in order to make filter 3.2 (barriers to trade) of the DSM applicable for South African conditions. The results of the application of the refined DSM to identify export opportunities for South Africa in the rest of the world include the top 50 worldwide export opportunities. There are 17 countries in which the top 50 worldwide product–country combinations identified as export opportunities for South Africa are located. These include the United States, Japan, India, the United Kingdom, Canada, China, Germany, Israel, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Singapore, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Italy and Brazil. Mineral products (coal, copper and aviation spirit); transportation products (1500 - 3000 cc automobile engines and diesel powered trucks); stone/glass (diamonds, platinum and rhodium) and metals (aluminium, iron/steel structures, nickel) are the product classifications within the top 50 worldwide product–country combinations that hold the largest worldwide export potential for South Africa. In terms of the product–country combinations with the highest export potential for South Africa in the rest of the African continent, there are 18 countries in which the top 50 product–country combinations for South Africa in the rest of the African continent are located. These include Nigeria, Namibia, Ghana, Morocco, Egypt, Zambia, Tunisia, Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mauritius, Tanzania, Senegal, Mozambique, Algeria, Malawi and Cote d'Ivoire. The products with the highest potential export values in the top 50 product–country combinations for South Africa in Africa include mineral products (aviation spirit, iron ore, sulphur and coal) and transportation products (1500 - 3000 cc automobile engines and diesel powered trucks weighing less than 5 tons). / Thesis (Ph.D. (International Trade))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

ABSTRACT A POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY: THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE-FINANCIAL SECTORS ON THE FORMATION OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET Soltanov, Elnur MS, Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatih Tayfur January 2004, 114 pages This research aims to analyze Russian natural resource-finance sectors&rsquo / effects on Russian foreign policy from the collapse of the Soviet Union on. The main question it tries to answer is why they are successful to determine the main contours of a relatively peaceful foreign policy in a crises-laden Russia which have had so many reasons to switch to an aggressive behavior. In this regard, the military-industrial complex is the other crucial economic sector to be referred to frequently. Given the overwhelming nature of the international structure that Russia finds itself in, and given the general change in the worldview of the Russians, it becomes clear that the resource-finance sector on the one hand and the military-industrial complex on the other are much more than mere economic sectors, being organic material cores of alternative national and international identities. Such a holistic approach in turn makes it possible to draw on the explanatory power of the legitimacy factor and to go beyond different group preferences in accounting for Russian foreign policy. Analyzing different sectors&rsquo / and their commodities&rsquo / structural characteristics in the context of the international market helps to discard the &ldquo / politics of international trade&rdquo / as a too narrow conceptual framework to study Russian foreign policy and to understand different economic sectors&rsquo / true explanatory utility.

El crecimiento económico agroexportador en el valle de Ica se ha llevado a cabo concentrando la tierra y las fuentes de agua subterránea. Este proceso ha dado mayor poder a las empresas agroexportadoras, las cuales responden individualmente a la demanda del mercado internacional. El incremento en la demanda externa de los productos del valle genera importantes beneficios privados, pero inhibe la acción colectiva para la conservación del acuífero. Cada empresa decide la cantidad de pozos a perforar y el volumen de agua subterránea que debe extraer, dados los requerimientos técnicos de los cultivos; y ante una débil regulación pública. La mayor extracción con respecto a la reserva y disponibilidad de agua lleva a un descenso del volumen del acuífero y a un deterioro del recurso común y consecuente escasez. / The economic growth experienced in the agricultural export sector in the Ica Valley has gone along with the concentration of land and groundwater sources. This process has given more power to the exporting companies, which respond individually to demand from international markets. The external demand increase of Ica valley’s products generates significant private gains, but inhibitscollective action towards the conservation of the aquifer. Each company decides the number of wells to be drilled and the volume of groundwater to be drawn, given the technical requirements of the crops and the weak government regulation. The increased extraction compared to the reserve and availability of water, leads to a decrease in the volume of water in the aquifer and to the degradation of the common and consequent scarcity.The research has followed the institutional economy approach to analyze the inter-relations between the social, the technological and the public policies in Ica’s Valley looking for an interdisciplinary perspective.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-19T19:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 707777 bytes, checksum: 440e94fc072905974958e730a2dc0ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995-12-11 / In this work, it is sought to explain the behavior of the agriculture products in Colima during the period of 1980-1992 and, to analyze the possible effects of the NAFTA in the agriculture in the state Colima. In the first part of the analysis our period is divided in two stages: the first stage that corresponds to the period of economy crisis and its consequence in the agriculture of Mexico, as well as various policy and controls which the politicians were adopted by the State to adjust the economy. The impact due to this and their effects on the agriculture that allows us to identify the cultivations that are affected. This first stage (1982-85) it is characterized by the recession, inflation, drop in the exports and political macroeconomic of adjustment, among them the commercial opening. In the second stage (1985-88) it allows to identify the strong commercial opening of Mexico and their effects in the economy and particularly in the agriculture of the country and in Colima explaining how the behavior of the agricultural, in the given characteristics and structure of agricultural sector. This would allow to explain what happened with the agriculture during the period of commercial liberalization. In second part leaves it seeks to analyze what will happen in the agriculture with the NAFTA in place. For this, our first step will be to identify in that agricultural products Colima presents comparative advantages and the capacity to compete in the international market. It is starting from that knowledge that will be tried to analyze the possible effects of the liberalization structuring theoretical scenario of effects in agricultural structure. This way the objective is to respond to the two questions; what happened in the agriculture in the first liberalization stage? and is it expected that it will happen in front of the NAFTA in the second liberalization stage? The retrospective analysis will allow to understand the tendencies and to explain the present, as well as its transformations in the structure of the agricultural product in Colima during the considered period. To reach this objectives, the importance and the behavior of the indicators of the supply will be analyzed in the period from 1980 to 1992, as well as seasonal, productivity of each cultivation in the State of Colima: like Corn, Fríjol, Rice, Sorghum, Sugar Cane and Coffee, Lemon, Mango, Banana, Melon. On the demand side, they will be analyzed with respect to the demand in the market and the domestic prices, as well as the external market, their specific characteristic for the products and behavior of the international prices. With relationship to the theoretical mark, they will be used to conceptualize the theoretical concept. The theory of the international trade the neoclassical focus of the comparative advantages, using like model to measure the cost of the domestic resources and the Matrix of Analysis of Politics, this last one instrumental theoretical it was developed recently to analyze the micro effects and macroeconomic of political commercial. / Neste trabalho, pretende-se explicar o comportamento da agricultura em Colima, no período de 1980-1992 e analisar os possíveis efeitos do Nafta na agricultura do Estado. Na primeira parte da análise, divide-se o período em duas etapas. A primeira corresponde à fase de crise da economia mexicana e, em conseqüência, da agricultura mexicana, e investiga-se quais foram as políticas adotadas pelo Estado para ajustar a economia e quais os seus efeitos sobre a agricultura, além de identificar as culturas mais afetadas. Essa etapa (1982-1985) caracteriza-se pela recessão, inflação, queda das exportações e políticas macroeconômicas de ajuste, entre elas a abertura comercial. Na segunda etapa (1985-1988), evidenciam-se a forte abertura comercial do México e seus efeitos na economia e, particularmente, na agricultura do país e de Colima, ou seja, qual foi o comportamento da oferta agrícola, dadas as suas características de sua estrutura agrícola. Isso permitirá explicar o que aconteceu com a agricultura durante esse período. Na segunda parte do trabalho, pretende-se analisar o que acontece na agricultura com a implantação do Nafta. Para isso, é necessário identificar os produtos agrícolas de Colima que apresentam vantagens comparativas e quais poderão competir no mercado internacional. É a partir dessas informações que se analisam os possíveis efeitos da liberalização em Colima, estruturando cenários teóricos de efeitos na sua estrutura agrícola. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é responder a duas perguntas: o que aconteceu na agricultura de Colima na primeira etapa da liberalização comercial? O que acontece quando o Nafta começa a influenciar a liberalização? A análise retrospectiva permitirá compreender as tendências e explicar o presente, assim como as mudanças na estrutura do produto agrícola em Colima durante o período considerado. Para atingir este objetivo, serão analisados a importância e o comportamento dos indicadores da oferta no período de 1980 a 1992, assim como a sazonalidade e a produtividade de cada cultura no Estado de Colima: milho, feijão, arroz, sorgo, cana- de-açúcar e café, limão, manga, banana, melão. Serão analisados a demanda no mercado e os preços domésticos, assim como o mercado exterior, suas principais características por produto e comportamento dos preços internacionais. Em relação ao marco teórico, será utilizada a teoria do comércio internacional sob o enfoque neoclássico das vantagens comparativas, utilizando como modelo de mensuração os custos dos recursos domésticos e a Matriz de Análise de Política, desenvolvida recentemente para analisar os efeitos micro e macroeconômicos de políticas comerciais.

Syfte – Att skapa förståelse för hur internationell marknad framgångsrikt kan väljas för internetföretag genom att beskriva och identifiera tillvägagångssätt för val av internationell marknad. Metod – Kvalitativ fallstudie där elva semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på olika internetföretag som valt internationell marknad. Resultat - Två olika strategier för att välja internationell marknad identifierades. 1) hagelböss-strategi som innebär mindre analys men att fler länder testas än i 2) prickskytt-strategi. De tre parametrarna 1) befolkningsmängd, 2) betalsystem och 3) psykologiskt avstånd är dominerande i en hagelböss-strategi.  I en prickskytt-strategi dominerar elva olika parametrar utöver de tre som kan studeras vid en hagelböss-strategi. Tre kostnadsdrivare identifierades som kan förklara när företag kan använda de olika strategierna, där hagelböss-strategin kan användas vid lägre internationaliseringskostnader och prickskytt-strategin när internationaliseringskostnaderna är högre. Teoretiska implikationer – Studien bidrar till att öka förståelsen kring hur internetföretag kan välja internationell marknad där mycket av tidigare forskning vidareutvecklats och andra delar bekräftats. Ett avgörande och viktigt tillägg till tidigare forskning är de i resultatet genererade strategierna som kan bidra till att internetföretag mer framgångsrikt välja kan internationell marknad. Dessutom utvecklas kunskap om vilka parametrar som kan vara centrala för hur internetföretag kan välja internationell marknad och hur dessa kan tillämpas. Praktiska implikationer - För internetföretag ökar studien förståelse för när de olika strategierna kan användas där kostnaderna för internationalisering kan avgöra vilken strategi som är fördelaktig att använda för att välja internationell marknad. Dessutom presenteras parametrar som kan studeras vid val av internationell marknad för de båda strategierna där varje företag kan basera dessa parametrar på sina egna egenskaper. / Purpose - To create an understanding of how international markets can be successfully selected for internet companies by describing and identifying approaches for selecting international markets. Method - Qualitative case study where eleven semi structured interviews were conducted on various internet companies that have previously selected international market. Results - Two different strategies for selecting international markets were identified. 1) shotgun strategy that involves less analysis but testing of more countries than 2) sniper strategy. The three parameters 1) population, 2) payment systems and 3) psychological distance are dominant in a shotgun strategy. In a sniper strategy, eleven different parameters dominate in addition to the three that can be studied when using a shotgun strategy. Three cost drivers were identified that can explain when companies can use the different strategies, where the shotgun strategy can be used when having lower internationalization costs and the sniper strategy when internationalization costs are higher. Theoretical implications - The study helps to increase the understanding of how internet companies can select an international market where much of previous research has been further developed and other parts confirmed. A crucial and important addition to previous research are the result-generated strategies that can help internet companies more successfully select international market. In addition, knowledge is extended regarding which parameters can be central to how internet companies can select international market and how these parameters can be applied. Practical implications - For internet companies, the study increases the understanding of when the different strategies can be used, where costs for internationalization can determine which strategy is beneficial to use in selecting international market. In addition, parameters that can be studied in selecting the international market for the two strategies are presented, where each company can choose among these parameters based on their own characteristics.

O aumento da demanda mundial por fontes alternativas de energia tem evidenciado o Brasil como ator relevante no mercado internacional, em função de seu histórico e capacidade produtiva de etanol. Porém, apesar de ser um mercado promissor e de alto interesse, também é um mercado bastante exigente em relação às questões ambientais que englobam seu sistema produtivo. O marketing ambiental se apresenta como uma ferramenta importante para garantir ao mercado consumidor de que essas questões ambientais estão sendo bem geridas. Entretanto, muitos são os questionamentos quanto ao que está sendo comunicado. Entre as principais formas de se aumentar credibilidade do processo de marketing ambiental, apresenta-se a utilização de certificações socioambientais. Assim, esta pesquisa se propôs a analisar as principais iniciativas de certificações socioambientais para o etanol brasileiro à luz do marketing ambiental. Por meio de entrevistas com 14 especialistas envolvidos com a questão do mercado internacional de biocombustíveis, produção de etanol e sustentabilidade, foi possível formar um padrão de análise das certificações, composto pelos: princípios de boas práticas para certificações socioambientais, demandas ambientais do mercado consumidor e critérios ambientais intrínsecos do sistema produtivo de etanol. A partir desse padrão, foram analisadas as principais iniciativas de certificação, que apontaram um melhor desempenho das iniciativas Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels e Better Sugarcane Initiative para dar credibilidade para o processo de marketing ambiental do etanol brasileiro. / The increase of global demand for alternative energy sources has made Brazil an important player in the international market, due to its history and ethanol´s production capacity. However, despite being a promising and highly interesting market, it is also a very demanding market in consideration to the environmental issues that include their production system. The environmental marketing presents itself as an important tool to ensure the consumer market that these environmental issues are being well managed. Meanwhile, there are many questions about what is being communicated. Among the main ways for increasing environmental marketing´s process credibility, there is a social environmental certification. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the main social environmental certification initiatives for the Brazilian ethanol through the eyes of environmental marketing. Through interviews with 14 experts involved with the international market for biofuels, ethanol production and sustainability, it was possible to form an analysis\' standard of certifications, formed by: principles of good practices for social environmental certification, environmental demands of the consumer market and environmental criteria intrinsic ethanol production system. According to this standard, we analyzed the main certification initiatives that pointed to a better performance of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels initiatives and Better Sugarcane Initiative to provide credibility to the process of environmental marketing of Brazilian ethanol.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá kritickou analýzou možnosti importu a následné marketingové strategie importu Bulharského produktu Kiselo Mlyako danou společností na trh České Republiky. Cílem práce je zjistit, jestli je tento produkt vhodný pro daný trh a jestli je tento strategický tah úspěšný. V práci jsou popsány informace důležité k provedení praktické části práce, která obsahuje analýzu trhu i společnosti, která by daný strategický návrh provedla. Práce dále obsahuje souhrn informací, které byly z jednotlivých analýz zjištěny a doporučení, které by společnost měla podstoupit. V poslední řadě je vytvořený stručný finanční plán.

This master’s thesis focuses on evaluation of the financial situation of the internationally operating company Kiwi s.r.o. and suggestions for its improvement. After the introduction into this thesis, I will determine the main goal together with the sub-goals to which I will aim. In the next part, I will focus on the theoretical basis from which all of the chosen methods of financial analysis are based on. Subsequently, using these methods, I can evaluate in the analytical part, what is the financial position of Kiwi s.r.o. And after that in the last part, based on my data, I will present proposals to improve the financial situation.