This thesis focuses on political persecution as a reason for which international protection is granted. Firstly, it discusses what role persecution on political grounds has played in the past, and how the entitled person is provided with protection as a result. The following chapter assesses the way political persecution is included in the relevant international law norms, as well as European law norms, which are an important source of the legal regulation of granting international protection in the European Union. As an example of how Member States respect both international and European commitments in their national legislation, the thesis reveals the laws and regulations made applicable in the Czech Republic. The crux of this thesis centres around the interpretation of different terms which are crucial for granting international protection on political grounds. This is the imperative, determining factor of the decision-making process in individual cases. Chapter 4 compares the legal regulation of political persecution in two regional legal subsystems, European and Inter-American, and incorporating international and regional commitments in the national legislation on the American continent is demonstrated on the relevant US laws. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the question of whether...

Comparison of the Control Mechanisms of the International Protection of Human Rights This Diploma Thesis deals with the Control Mechanisms in the field of International Protection of Human Rights. In this Diploma Thesis are introduced universal and regional control mechanisms and they are analysed with respect to their functioning. The aim of this Thesis is the comparison of the control mechanisms in the several aspects, especially in the terms of their efficiency, and their evaluation based on the undertaken comparison. Another purpose is to answer the question whether or not we have in the contemporary International Law functional control mechanisms of the protection of human rights and which of them can be seen as the most effective. The comparison in this Thesis emphasis on the possibility of the individual complaints. The comparison includes the formal aspects of monitoring bodies, their regulation in the relevant treaties and analysis of their functions and their efficiency. In Thesis are included and evaluated also available statistical data concerning e.g. the number of ratifications or the number of individual complaints which were lodged before the monitoring body. With respect to the topic, the Thesis is divided into the three chapters. The first chapter deals with the brief introduction...

International Protection of Industrial Rights Abstract The aim of thesis is to analyse international protection of industrial rights. Emphasis is placed on theoretical aspects of international law, specifics of functioning of international system, reasons explaining why the protection of industrial rights is included into international law and consequences of that. On the contrary thesis avoids detailed analysis of relevant international treaties which does not apply to TRIPS Agreement for its underlying significance of current system of international protection of industrial rights. Thesis is composed of nine chapters, including introduction and conclusion. Just after introduction the chapter dedicated to a brief introduction to basic terms of industrial rights is included. The introduction to the international level is represented in chapter three, this chapter tries to map the evolution and reasons of creation the protection of industrial rights on the international level from the half of 19th century to the present. Some current issues are also discussed here. Chapter four consists of two parts. First part focuses on international treaties, the crucial source of law on protection of industrial rights. Not only multilateral agreements but also bilateral agreements are discussed here. Second part deals...

S'il ne fallait retenir qu'une chose de notre thèse, c'est la suivante : la responsabilité onusienne en matière des Droits de l'Homme nait sans fait attribuable, c'est une responsabilité indirecte : voici la ligne directrice de cette thèse.Tout au long des développements qui précèdent, nous nous sommes efforcés de faire le point sur la responsabilité onusienne en matière de la protection internationale des Droits de l'Homme. Après une analyse dont le but était à la fois de définir le contenu du concept de la responsabilité onusienne, le fondement juridique éventuel et sa mise en œuvre. / If you could take one thing from our thesis is the following: the responsibility of the UN in the protection of Human Rights was born without actually due, it is an indirect responsibility: Here are the director of this thesis online .Throughout the foregoing, we have tried to take on the UN responsibility for the international protection of human rights.The purpose of the analysis was both to define the content of the concept of UN responsibility, any legal basis and its implementation.

La logique du nouveau système économique international s'appuie sur l'idée que le brevet est un mécanisme juridique d'incitation à la recherche et au développement. L'objet de notre étude est de savoir si les écarts de niveau de développement entre les pays pouvaient avoir des effets sur la fonction du brevet dans les pays en voie de développement. Dans cette perspective, nous avons consacré la première partie de notre recherche à l'étude du droit des brevets sur le plan international. Cette analyse est indispensable pour une meilleure compréhension des choix opérés par un pays en développement comme l'Algérie dans l'évolution de son propre système de protection des inventions. Ensuite, nous avons analysé le régime algérien des brevets et les changements qu'il a subi en vue de s'adapter au haut niveau de protection exigé par le système international, afin d'examiner les effets de telles exigences sur le développement. Il ressort de nos analyses, que pour remplir sa fonction universelle comme instrument d'incitation à l'innovation technologique et au développement, le système de brevet algérien doit connaitre plusieurs modifications sur le plan juridique, économique et institutionnel. / The logic of the new international economic system is based on the idea that the patent is a legal mechanism to incentive research and development. The subject of our study is to know if the variations of the levels of development among between different countries could affect the function of the patent in the third world. In this perspective, we have to analyze the Algerian patent law and the changes they have undergone in order to adapt to the high level of protection required by the international system in order to examine the effects of the requirement of these conditions on reveal developments. Then we analyzed the Algerian regime of patents and the changes it has undergone in order to adapt to the level of protection required by the international system, to examine the effects of these requirements on you development. That the patent system in Algeria fulfills its universal function as an instrument for incentive technological innovation and development, several changes in the legal, institutional and economic should be performed.

O patrimônio biocultural imaterial (PBI) é composto por três grandes grupos de recursos bioculturais imateriais (RBIs), a saber, recursos da diversidade biológica (biodiversidade), conhecimentos tradicionais (CTs) e expressões culturais tradicionais (ECTs). Há muito, o PBI dos países em desenvolvimento e de suas comunidades tradicionais vem sendo apropriado sistematicamente pelas instituições dos países industrializados, por meio da reivindicação de direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre produções intelectuais deles derivadas. Desde a década de 60, sem sucesso, os países em desenvolvimento vêm se empenhando em alcançar a adoção de regimes internacionais, apropriados à proteção dos RBIs. Com a entrada em vigor do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual relacionados ao Comércio da Organização Mundial do Comércio (Acordo TRIPS), em 1995, os países em desenvolvimento se viram na situação de terem de conceder proteção legal a produções intelectuais derivadas de RBIs, ainda que estes tenham sido obtidos ilicitamente. Em contra-resposta, tais países se articulam em negociar regimes internacionais de proteção das diversas categorias de RBIs, no âmbito da Conferência das Partes da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CCDB), da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI). As propostas negociadas nesses foros se assentam sobre o obsoleto regime de propriedade intelectual e são julgadas adequadas a proteger os RBIs, porquanto se mostram hábeis a reprimir sua apropriação indébita por terceiros não-autorizados. Contudo, os negociadores dos países em desenvolvimento ainda não atentaram que os RBIs não se confundem com as produções intelectuais geradas no seio da sociedade ocidental, pois contam com três dimensões peculiares, a saber, as dimensões humana, ambiental e cultural, além da dimensão imaterial. Partindo do imperativo de salvaguardar, simultaneamente, as múltiplas dimensões do PBI, o presente trabalho propõe um quadro conceitual de desenvolvimento sustentável, competente a desempenhar o papel de um tipo ideal, composto pelos elementos fundamentais que qualquer regime de proteção dos RBIs deve encerrar. A aplicação do quadro conceitual viabiliza a identificação das fraquezas e fortalezas das principais propostas de regimes internacionais em negociação/construção; permitiu ainda identificar as virtudes e fraquezas de mecanismos de proteção calcados em direitos de propriedade, direitos de quase-propriedade, regimes de responsabilidade e regras de pliability. Por fim, a aplicação do quadro conceitual de desenvolvimento sustentável ensejou a identificação de um arranjo legal e institucional apto a tutelar o PBI, de modo a promover, simultaneamente, a repressão de sua apropriação indébita (i), o uso amplo e facilitado de grande parte dos RBIs para fins produtivos (ii); a geração de recursos materiais em favor da conservação/restauração da biodiversidade e da melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades tradicionais (iii), e a proteção de alguns valores culturais centrais, conservados pelas comunidades tradicionais (iv). / Intangible biocultural heritage (IBH) is made up of three groups of intangible biocultural resources (IBRs), namely, biological resources (BR), traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs). Historically, institutions based in industrialized countries have systematically misappropriated the IBH belonging to communities in developing countries by means of claiming Intellectual Property Rights over products derived. Since the 1960s, developing countries have unsuccessfully endeavored to reach international agreements suitable for protecting IBRs. After the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) came into effect in 1995, those countries have been obliged to grant legal protection to intellectual products derived from IBRs, even if those products resulted from acts of misappropriation. In response to this challenge, developing countries came together to negotiate international regimes to protect the different categories of IBRs at the Conference to the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP-CBD), before the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as well as at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Their proposals, however, are rooted in the anachronistic intellectual property paradigm, ill-suited with respect to providing adequate tools to protect those resources. The negotiators representing the interests of developing countries have not realized yet that they should not treat IBRs in the same fashion as typical intellectual products originating from Western countries, provided IBRs are categorically distinct, featuring three particular dimensionshuman, environmental and culturalnot present in intellectual property as traditionally understood, in addition to the traditional intangible intellectual element. With the end of safeguarding the multiple dimension of IBH, the present work proposes na ideal sustainable development framework based upon the essential elements that any international regime devoted to protect IBH should embrace. The application of the sustainable development framework reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the most relevant proposals of international regimes currently under construction on the international level. Furthermore, it identifies the advantages and disadvantages of legal mechanisms based on property rights, quasi property rights, liability rules, and pliability rules. Finally, the application of this sustainable development framework outlines a concrete legal and institutional arrangement, capable of simultaneously (i) protecting IBRs against acts of misappropriation, (ii) fostering the wider and facilitated use of IBRs for productive purposes, (iii) generating economic resources in favor of the conservation/restoration of natural ecosystems and the improvement of the quality of life of local communities, (iv) as well as safeguarding certain core cultural values of traditional communities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Vidal e Silva.pdf: 630878 bytes, checksum: c043e739fe8956e6008655985a5f42e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The importance of the research on the subject The international protection of democracy lies on placing the democratic ideal into the center of international discussions, making possible its demand as an inherent right of human being. It is intended with this work, in a broad sense, to demonstrate the characteristics that approximate human rights and democracy in order to insert this latter into the protection system of human being. And, in a strict sense, it is intended to: decompose the conception of democracy nowadays; define human rights and approach his internationalization; deal about the international protection system of democracy; and debate about the difficulties that the subject brings, such as sovereignty and not having a unanimous concept of democracy / A importância da pesquisa sobre o tema A proteção internacional da democracia está em alocar o ideal democrático no centro das discussões internacionais, tornando possível a sua exigência como direito inerente à pessoa humana. Pretende-se com este trabalho, em sentido amplo, demonstrar as características que aproximam os direitos humanos à democracia, de modo a inserir esta última no sistema de proteção da pessoa humana. E, em sentido estrito, pretende-se: decompor a concepção da democracia nos tempos atuais; definir os direitos humanos e abordar a sua internacionalização; tratar do sistema de proteção internacional à democracia; e, debater acerca dos impasses que o assunto traz, tais quais, a soberania e a não unanimidade no conceito democrático

Aux XXe et XXIe siècles, l'idée de protection du patrimoine culturel (matériel et immatériel) et des biens culturels s’est accrue tant au niveau national qu’international. Elle se manifeste notamment par la définition des biens à protéger, l’élaboration de normes et la mise en place d’institutions. Cette étude s’attache à la formation du droit du patrimoine culturel en Irak dans une perspective historique en retraçant la genèse des notions relatives au patrimoine culturel, l’évolution et la portée de la législation mais également en analysant les institutions et les règles juridiques contemporaines élaborées pour en assurer la protection. Dans le cadre de l’Irak, en lien avec les conflits récents, les années d'embargo et les atteintes portées au patrimoine culturel, la question de l’efficacité des dispositions nationales et internationales se pose. A partir d’une analyse des violations commises malgré les conventions internationales, la détermination d’une mise en jeu de la responsabilité pour atteinte au patrimoine culturel peut être envisagée. Depuis 2003, une politique est menée pour renforcer la protection, la conservation et la valorisation du patrimoine culturel avec l’appui d’une coopération internationale. A la lumière de ces différents éléments, cette thèse formule des préconisations pour contribuer à une réflexion sur de possibles évolutions. / In the twentieth and twenty-First centuries, the idea of protection of tangible and intangible heritage and cultural properties developed tremendously at both national and international levels. This idea is specially coming out by defining the properties to protect, developing the standards necessary and establishing the institutions mandatory for this purpose.This study focuses on the formation of cultural heritage law in Iraq in a historical perspective by tracing the genesis of concepts related to cultural heritage, evolution of the legislation but also by analyzing the institutions and legal Contemporary rules developed to ensure the protection. In case of Iraq, especially with the recent conflicts, the embargo years and the damage caused to the cultural heritage, the effectiveness of national and international provisions remains questionable.From an analysis of committed violations despite international conventions, determination an implementation of the responsibility for the cultural heritage may be considered. Since 2003, a strategy is established to strengthen the protection, to conserve and valuate this precious heritage with the support of international cooperation. Using all these elements, this thesis suggests recommendations to contribute to further possible developments.

This thesis deals with the refugees in detention centres in the Czech Republic. Its aim is to describe and suggest educational and training aims for them. Theoretical part outlines the situation of migration in the Czech Republic, detention centres for refugees and their typical psychological problems. It accounts the educational aims from the point of view of common theory of education and leisure time education. The practical part describes the life of refugees in the detention centre in Kostelec nad Orlicí, their activities in leisure time and relations between the employees and clients of the centre. The refugees are seen as social workers´ and educators´ clients. The interviews with the employees of the detention centre are qualitatively analysed, attention is paid both to their activities and to their private aims at work and so the educational aims for the pedagogical workers dealing with refugees are formulated.

The thesis has been divided into two parts. In the theoretical part, I use literature to describe the social situation of disabled applicants for international protection in the residential center Refugee Facilities Administration and social situation of disabled applicants for international protection of residents' private addresses. In the practical part, I examined health and social status of applicants for international protection of living in residential centers and those living in private. This objective has been met. I mapped and compared the health and social status of applicants for international protection of living in residential centers and those living in private. I managed to map out what the needs are undermined international protection seekers living in the residential center Refugee Facilities Administration Kostelec nad Orlici and what the needs are undermined international protection seekers living at a private address in Brno. The research showed that they have undermined all the needs. Applicants for international protection, living in residential centers Kostelec nad Orlici have disrupted all needs, including spiritual needs. Applicants for international protection of privacy living in Brno are also disturbed by all the needs, but in addition to spiritual needs.