Audit is an interdisciplinary activity which requires, nowadays more than ever in the past, knowledge and skills in the field of accounting and related financial knowledge, as well as from other non-financial sectors (such as the statistics or the information technology). The use of statistics in the audit may not be entirely obvious at first sight and thus the main aim of this thesis is to point out possible ways to apply statistical tools in substantive testing (which represents an important stage of the audit work). The most important use of statistics in the audit can be found in sampling methods. The range of a tested population may be too wide for testing the whole population that leads to the fact that it is necessary to select an audit sample appropriately. The thesis outlines what kind of method and technique of selection to choose and how to generalize the results obtained during the sample testing to the entire population. Besides the main aim in the form of the application of statistical tools in the audit, the thesis also focuses on a brief description of the audit history, polemic of current understanding of the term audit, professional organizations and regulations of the audit in the Czech Republic and description of individual stages of audit work (especially on a detailed analysis of a substantive testing).

Economic crime is always actual theme, even more when economy finds itself in crisis. It is a well-known fact, that in such times fraud risk increases even inside organizations. This thesis is dealing with economic crime from the perspective of auditor and fraud examiner and likewise in the terms of Czech criminal law. Fraud, as both professions call economic criminality, implies higher costs for organizations, that's why both private and government sector organizations strives to fight it. Statutory audit is being perceived as one of the means to detect fraud. But statutory audit often fails to satisfy these expectations, for it's objective is only in auditor's opinion to express, that financial statement doesn't contain material misstatement. Detecting fraud is a responsibility of the entity. As a result of discrepancies in concept of this responsibility between public and auditors arises expectation gap, which is one of the problems distinctly revealed in the beginning of the financial crisis, when big companies, whose financial statements were verified by auditor's unqualified opinion, found themselves in trouble. In this context the thesis specifies auditor's responsibility in the wording of International Standards on Auditing and Czech law. As more efficient anti-fraud means the forensic audit is being used, the thesis compares it with statutory audit especially in terms of detecting fraud.

The diploma thesis focuses on comparison of demands for making financial statements complying with Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards. Furthermore you will also find definitions for types of business performance indicators and how the values for financial statement transformation change.

The apparel industry is one of the first industries being criticized and publicly shamed for not taking enough social responsibility for the workers in their supply chain. Today, most of the apparel production takes place in developing countries such as Bangladesh, China, Cambodia and Vietnam. Social issues in the apparel supply chain are often related to health and safety, minimum wages, overtime, child labor and the lack of freedom of association. Controlling these social issues is difficult since the apparel companies and their suppliers are geographically and culturally separated. Furthermore, the production of apparel takes place in countries with weaker legal frameworks not being strict enough to protect the workers' rights. Hence, the apparel companies face major challenges in controlling the fulfillment of international standards from the International Labor Organization and United Nations. There is a lack of research on the topic related to social sustainability practices in the supply chain and researchers state that it requires more attention, by focusing on how companies' code of conducts (CoC) and international standards can be used more effectively in the context of sourcing and social responsibility. To address the research gap, the purpose of the study is to understand how brand-owning apparel companies in Scandinavia control social sustainability in their supplier networks. Based on those findings, we will compare the relation between the empirical data and what theories and international standards illustrate as critical aspects for controlling social sustainability. In the study, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with seven Scandinavian apparel companies. Since social sustainability can be a sensitive topic for companies to share information on, we have also conducted an interview with Nina Wertholz, working at the non-profit organization Fair Action, providing a different perspective. By using a thematic analysis, two main themes have been identified that together answer the research question, namely control measures and factors affecting control. Firstly, control measures relate to what the companies' control consists of and our findings demonstrate risk assessments, code of conduct, audits, and measurement as the main tools. Still, we conclude that these control measures are not sufficient to control social sustainability in the supplier network. Secondly, factors affecting control can explain the outcome of controlling social sustainability. Findings advocate that a good collaboration, providing support and a shared interest can facilitate a higher degree of control. Additionally, our findings shows that companies with smaller order quantities have less influence and control over their supplier's social sustainability practices. We also infer that the number of suppliers and which countries the companies choose to source from will affect the obtained level of control. Furthermore, decisions regarding the supplier base and the sourcing country are active choices made by the companies. Lastly, we conclude that the companies' purchasing behavior can affect the level of control related to wages, incomes, and overtime for the workers in the apparel supply chain.

Humanitarian accountability has been a topic of discussion since the 1990s, in response to a number of high-level scandals. Dozens of initiatives highlighting the importance of accountability to affected populations have been established. However, humanitarian organisations still receive criticisms for lacking accountability. This thesis examines the research question: How does the World Food Programme use international standards to guide accountability in its humanitarian interventions in Iraq, and how these standards fulfil its commitments to the affected populations? This is done through an in-depth case study of the WFP, in the context of Iraq. The academic literature highlights the concept of humanitarian accountability as both a practical concern as well as a moral one. This is emphasised within the literature of humanitarian organisations together with how accountability, as a concept, have been poorly defined, and research as to its practice is continuously lacking. This research found that the accountability provided was mainly technical and accountability to affected populations in Iraq remain low. Accountability practices that are currently in place does not live up to the commitment made by the WFP to affected populations in Iraq. Further, the research pinpoints how accountability within the WFP has become more of a technical standard in practice, which has resulted in limited scope of accountability to affected populations in Iraq. This results in phantom accountability, characterised by meaningless mechanisms and indicators that instead portray an image of accountability while not translating into actual practical actions towards affected populations.

Для успешного существования отношений на рынке одним из требований является наличие у организаций собственного имущества, то есть основных средств. Основные средства действительно очень необходимы для налаживания производственной деятельности и оказания любых услуг. Эти активы обычно самые дорогие и с долгим сроком полезного использования на предприятии. Также важнейшую роль основные средства играют в трудовом процессе посредством образования технической и производственной базы предприятия и тем самым позволяя определить производственный потенциал организации. Любому производственному предприятию необходимы основные средства, так как они много раз участвуют в процессе производства, перенося свою стоимость частично на создаваемый товар, но при этом, не меняя своей формы. В течение всего времени основные средства подвергаются различным действиям: приходуются, вводятся в эксплуатацию, происходит начисление амортизации, износ, ремонт, модернизация, выбытие в связи с износом, продажей, а также перемещение. Рациональное управление и использование основных средств также влияет на результаты деятельности организации. Для того чтобы принять решение в части основных средств нужно провести экономический анализ. Рациональность управления и использования основных средств прямо влияет на результат деятельности предприятия в целом. / For the successful existence of relations in the market, one of the requirements is that organizations have their own property, that is, fixed assets. Fixed assets are really very necessary to establish production activities and provide any services. These assets are usually the most expensive and longest-lived assets in an enterprise. Also, fixed assets play an important role in the labor process through the formation of the technical and production base of the enterprise and thereby allowing to determine the production potential of the organization. Any manufacturing enterprise needs fixed assets, since they participate many times in the production process, transferring their value partially to the product being created, but at the same time, without changing their form. Throughout the entire time, fixed assets are subjected to various actions: they are received, put into operation, depreciation is charged, depreciation, repairs, modernization, disposal due to wear and tear, sale, as well as movement. The rational management and use of fixed assets also affects the results of the organization. In order to make a decision about fixed assets, you need to conduct an economic analysis. Rationality of management and use of fixed assets directly affects the result of the enterprise as a whole.

The International Standards on Auditing are created and published by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. These standards are high quality, modern and approved by regulators throughout the world. Most of the developed countries addopted the ISAs in some way. The International Standards on Auditing have been effective for all audits in the Czech Republic since 2005. Their implementation in the European Union is expected shortly. Standards contribute to better international comparability and enhance the credibility and quality of the audit, including auditor's report. The Clarity project was in progress between 2003 and 2009. It was aimed at clearing standards, increasing clarity and facilitating their interpretation.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rinaldo_Nery_dos_Santos.pdf: 1231300 bytes, checksum: 7357fd00be049ec703fb538640fe33c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-09 / In Brazil, the financial statements had been influenced by standards published by various government agencies (Central Bank, IBRACON, CFC, CVM, IRS, SUSEP among others) and from the publication of Law 11,638 of 2007, milestone for the process of convergence into the international financial reporting standards, that starts a homogeneous system of data presentation. This convergence process has contributed and has been improving the quality of financial statements, establishing a secure reading for investors, government, corporations and several users of accounting information, which is a major factor in the global business environment in the world nowadays. Given this context, the subject of this is to evaluate the financial statements of public companies that have as part of their strategies, tax management and operational-oriented investment in research and development (R&D) in Technological Innovation, therefore these companies could use the benefit of tax incentives for technological innovation. The study was based on a descriptive exploratory qualitative methodology by analyzing documents. For this, a documentary research was undertook in footnotes to financial statements published by Public Companies, listed on the CVM's website, as well as applying content analysis of tax rules and accounting practices. As a result, it was found the existence or adequacy to the requirements of accounting standards versus tax rules that match the tax incentives as a government grant. Therefore, is expected to contribute with input on the need for accounting standards and models of tax incentives, and create a basis for future studies / No Brasil, as demonstra????es cont??beis vinham sendo influenciadas por normas divulgadas por diversos ??rg??os governamentais (BACEN, IBRACON, CFC, CVM, Receita Federal, SUSEP entre outros) e, a partir da publica????o da Lei n?? 11.638 de 2007, marco hist??rico para o processo de converg??ncia dos padr??es cont??beis para as normas internacionais de contabilidade, iniciou-se um sistema homog??neo de apresenta????o de dados. Esse processo de converg??ncia tem contribu??do para a melhoria da qualidade das demonstra????es cont??beis, estabelecendo uma leitura segura para investidores, governo, corpora????es e diversos usu??rios das informa????es cont??beis, que ?? fator preponderante em um ambiente de neg??cios globalizado no mundo atual. Diante deste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as demonstra????es cont??beis das companhias abertas que t??m como parte de suas estrat??gias a gest??o tribut??ria e operacional voltada para o investimento em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) em Inova????o Tecnol??gica e que por este motivo, puderam utilizar o beneficio dos Incentivos Fiscais de Inova????o Tecnol??gica. O estudo pautou-se na metodologia qualitativa explorat??ria descritiva por meio da an??lise documental. Para isto, foi empreendida uma pesquisa documental nas notas explicativas das demonstra????es cont??beis publicadas por companhias abertas, listadas no site da CVM, bem como an??lise de conte??do das normas tribut??rias e cont??beis vigentes. Como resultado, apurou-se a exist??ncia ou adequa????o aos requerimentos das normas cont??beis versus as normas tribut??rias que equiparam os Incentivos fiscais como uma subven????o Governamental. Assim, espera-se contribuir com subs??dios sobre a necessidade de normas e modelos de contabiliza????o dos incentivos fiscais, bem como criar uma base para estudos futuros

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leo Watanabe.pdf: 2803397 bytes, checksum: 029847eb3c4e7e94de0959d4c91b9be1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-17 / The recent changes in accounting in Brazil as result of the strong global effort toward universal accounting language, fact that has lead many nations to participate in accounting standardization processes pursuant to the publications of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), have forced the Brazilian capital market to mandate the adoption of international accounting standards by companies listed in the BOVESPA stock exchange as of the beginning of 2008. In this scenario of change there are many questions arising from the new accounting practices. Accounting, as the major instrument of keeping record of equity changes, is tasked with efficiently providing users the outcome of its analysis, i.e. equity information. The focus of this paper is therefore the question that is raised: Do the international accounting standards affect the reporting of this equity through the financial indexes of companies? Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate if in the civil construction industry, with the First Time Adoption (IFRS 1), showed relevant difference in said financial indicators. To this end, 25 civil construction companies listed in the BOVESPA stock exchange underwent analysis. The tests used were the t-student, for parametric matched samples, and the Wilcoxon, for non-parametric matched samples. The results reveal the existence of significant difference in the financial indexes presented below: General Liquidity Index, General Solvency Index, Current Liquidity Index, Dry Liquidity Index, Indebtedness Ratio, Gross Margin and Global Mark-up. Only one financial index did not allow for statistical verification of significant changes in the Net Margin. As secondary purpose, it is verified if the average of the differences in the proportions of each equity group in order to show the major causes of this change. It revealed that companies suffer impacts of different magnitude, with high discrepancies of values both positively and negatively / As recentes mudanças na contabilidade no Brasil, causadas por uma forte corrente mundial em pró de uma linguagem universal contábil, fato que tem levado muitos países a entrarem em um processo de convergência das normas de contabilidade seguindo os pronunciamentos editados pelo International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), fizeram com que o mercado de capitais brasileiro obrigasse as principais companhias listadas na BOVESPA, a partir do ano calendário de 2008, a adotar as Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade. Neste cenário de mudanças surgem dúvidas relacionadas às novas práticas contábeis. A contabilidade, como principal instrumento de verificação das mutações patrimoniais, tem a responsabilidade de melhor informar aos usuários o objeto de seu estudo, o patrimônio. Deste modo, surge em forma de problema o principal foco deste trabalho: se as Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade afetam a evidenciação deste patrimônio através dos índices financeiros das companhias. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é verificar se no ramo da construção civil, com a primeira adoção das normas internacionais IFRS 1 First Time Adoption , houve diferença relevante nos citados indicadores financeiros. Para tanto, analisaram-se as 25 companhias listadas na BOVESPA do segmento da construção civil. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos t-student para amostras emparelhadas paramétricas e Wilcoxon para as amostras emparelhadas não-paramétricas. Os resultados demonstraram que existe diferença significativa nos seguintes índices financeiros: Índice de Liquidez Geral, Índice de Solvência Geral, Índice de Liquidez Corrente, Índice de Liquidez Seca, Grau de Endividamento, Margem Bruta e Mark-up Global. Apenas em um índice financeiro não foi possível constatar estatisticamente uma mudança significante, na Margem Líquida. Como objetivo secundário, verificou-se a média das diferenças das proporções de cada grupo patrimonial, a fim de evidenciar as principais causas desta mudança. Isso demonstrou que dentre as companhias há impactos de magnitude diferente, com altas discrepâncias de valores, tanto positivos como negativos