The experience gained when participating in the projects of “OpenOffice.org”, “Mozilla”, “AbiWord” and other software localization has revealed that even the software developed for international markets is often insufficiently internationalized. Because of that its localization is more difficult and followed by various problems. By investigating the origin of a low software internationalization level and looking for the solution of this problem, some hypotheses have been made and tested. Tasks of the work: 1. To analyse scientific and methodical literature, related with software internationalization and discuss the theoretical aspects. 2. To analyse and compare the most frequently used compilers in terms of internationalization. 3. Experimentally internationalize the chosen compiler. After corroboration of the hypotheses, additional objectives have been made: 4. To analyze aspects of internationalization of compilers and systemize them. 5. To prepare the method of internationalization of compilers. / PĮ internacionalizavimas yra gamintojo prerogatyva ir tai yra PĮ gamybos proceso dalis. Todėl didelę įtaką jam turi gamybai naudojamų priemonių internacionalizacijos lygis. Jei priemonės nėra pakankamai internacionalizuotos, tuomet šis procesas yra neįmanomas arba reikalauja didesnių papildomų investicijų. Pavyzdžiui, akivaizdu, kad programuotojas susidurs su sunkumais kurdamas internacionalizuotą PĮ, jei programavimo priemonės neleidžia pirminiame tekste naudoti daugiakalbio teksto. Ankstesni PĮ lokalizavimo darbai [DL03] [La03] [DL04] ir Free Pascal kompiliatoriaus pritaikymo Lietuvos mokykloms [DL01] [La01] srityse atskleidė, kad lokalizuojant PĮ vis dar išskyla daugybė problemų, kurių priežastimi yra nepakankamas jos internacionalizacijos lygis. Daugelis autorių linkę šių priežasčių ieškoti PĮ gamybos (internacionalizavimo) procese [Yo01] [Ye03] [Su01]. Tačiau pagrindinės priežastys kyla iš giliau t. y. iš nepakankamo PĮ gamybos priemonių internacionalizacijos lygio. Darbe pateiktas kompiliatorių internacionalizuotumo lygio įvertinimo metodas leis įvertinti kompiliatorių internacionalizuotumo lygį. Tai leis įvertinti kompiliatorių galimybes kurti internacionalizuotą PĮ, juos palyginti internacionalizuotumo aspektu.

Programinės įrangos (PĮ) internacionalizavimas yra gamintojo prerogatyva ir tai yra PĮ gamybos proceso dalis. Todėl didelę įtaką jam turi gamybai naudojamų priemonių internacionalizacijos lygis. Jei priemonės nėra pakankamai internacionalizuotos, tuomet šis procesas yra neįmanomas arba reikalauja didesnių papildomų investicijų. Pavyzdžiui, akivaizdu, kad programuotojas susidurs su sunkumais kurdamas internacionalizuotą PĮ, jei programavimo priemonės neleidžia pirminiame tekste naudoti daugiakalbio teksto. Ankstesni PĮ lokalizavimo darbai [DL03] [La03] [DL04] ir Free Pascal kompiliatoriaus pritaikymo Lietuvos mokykloms [DL01] [La01] srityse atskleidė, kad lokalizuojant PĮ vis dar išskyla daugybė problemų, kurių priežastimi yra nepakankamas jos internacionalizacijos lygis. Daugelis autorių linkę šių priežasčių ieškoti PĮ gamybos (internacionalizavimo) procese [Yo01] [Ye03] [Su01]. Tačiau pagrindinės priežastys kyla iš giliau t. y. iš nepakankamo PĮ gamybos priemonių internacionalizacijos lygio. Darbe pateiktas kompiliatorių internacionalizuotumo lygio įvertinimo metodas leis įvertinti kompiliatorių internacionalizuotumo lygį. Tai leis įvertinti kompiliatorių galimybes kurti internacionalizuotą PĮ, juos palyginti internacionalizuotumo aspektu. / The experience gained when participating in the projects of “OpenOffice.org”, “Mozilla”, “AbiWord” and other software localization has revealed that even the software developed for international markets is often insufficiently internationalized. Because of that its localization is more difficult and followed by various problems. By investigating the origin of a low software internationalization level and looking for the solution of this problem, some hypotheses have been made and tested. Tasks of the work 1. To analyse scientific and methodical literature, related with software internationalization and discuss the theoretical aspects. 2. To analyse and compare the most frequently used compilers in terms of internationalization. 3. Experimentally internationalize the chosen compiler. After corroboration of the hypotheses, additional objectives have been made: 4. To analyze aspects of internationalization of compilers and systemize them. 5. To prepare the method of internationalization of compilers.

This study aims to investigate how Brexit induces changes in commitment, uncertainty and risk for Swedish firms in affiliation with the UK market. This study further attempts to elucidate different strategical actions when operating under politically turbulent market conditions. A qualitative research method involving in-depth, semi-structured interviews with four different firms was conducted to collect the data. A multiple case approach was considered a necessity to answer the research question. One of the criteria for investigating the firms was to have established operations on the UK market. A theoretical framework depicting commitment, uncertainty and risk in international operations was developed in order to carry out the subsequent analysis. The finding suggests that, despite negative and dramatic projections surrounding Brexit, firms are not seen to divest their operations. On an interesting note, hedging risks and increasing commitments is instead evident within each of the investigated firms. This contributes to a rather unique finding within international business. When uncertainty increase on a given market, firms may instead increase commitment to another more stable market without reducing commitment on the more uncertain one. This challenges previous theory where commitment has reduced due to higher uncertainty to mitigate risk.

A evolução tecnológica e do comércio mundial tornaram o tema internacionalização de empresas um desafio para pesquisas da administração. A internacionalização pode ser entendida como uma alternativa de crescimento da firma. Dentre as questões relacionadas ao tema, podem ser verificadas as seguintes questões: quando as empresas optam por esta alternativa, os motivos que levam as empresas a buscarem mercados fora de sua base de origem, como as mesmas iniciam e desenvolvem seus processos de internacionalização, quais obstáculos que as empresas enfrentam quando participam do mercado internacional. As teorias existentes sobre o tema procuram explicar a internacionalização através de enfoques racionais e comportamentais. Se por um lado as tomadas de decisão das empresas em relação ao mercado externo têm como finalidade a minimização de custos para a obtenção de lucro, o que explica o percurso da empresa neste mercado é o aprendizado e conhecimento adquirido na realização do mesmo. Assim, o presente trabalho, através do método de estudo de caso, buscou verificar a internacionalização de empresas inseridas no setor de etanol brasileiro. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um esquema analítico que fosse capaz de descrever a internacionalização das empresas pesquisadas nos âmbitos individual da firma e da cadeia mundial na qual estão inseridas. Ademais, foram coletados dados secundários relativos ao setor e realizadas entrevistas com especialistas com conhecimento e trabalhos acumulados em torno do objeto de pesquisa. As empresas escolhidas apresentam comportamentos diferentes em relação ao processo de internacionalização. De um lado, uma empresa pertencente a um grupo internacionalizado na década de 1970, fundada em 2007 e com atuação em outros setores que não a agroindústria (construção civil, engenharia e petroquímica); de outro, uma Joint Venture formada por empresas familiares do setor no estado de São Paulo e fundada em 1997, com atuação no mercado internacional de etanol desde 2002. A primeira entende a internacionalização como sendo um processo natural onde desde sua concepção soube que participaria do mercado internacional e parece atuar neste com maior envolvimento que a segunda devido à busca por parcerias com agentes que controlam a cadeia mundial. A segunda entende que a internacionalização é uma oportunidade de mercado e que seu envolvimento com o mercado externo se dá até a comercialização do etanol para uma trading, desconhecendo as etapas após esta fase. Assim, o trabalho verificou e analisou o comportamento destas empresas e pode observar que parece ser diferente a postura das empresas pesquisadas em relação ao mercado internacional de etanol, tanto no que leva as mesmas a participarem deste mercado como aos obstáculos percebidos em relação ao mesmo. A atuação das empresas parece então se dar de acordo como cada uma das empresas pretende se envolver com este mercado. / Technological evolution and world trade have turned company internationalization into a challenge for business administration studies. Internationalization can be understood as an alternative for the company’s growth. The following questions concerning the subject can be pointed out: when do companies choose this alternative, the reasons that lead them to search for markets outside their original basis, how do they start and develop their internationalization processes, as well as what obstacles they face when participating in an international market. Current theories on the subject attempt to explain internationalization through rational and behavioral approaches. If, on one hand, companies’ decision-making towards the foreign market aim at minimizing costs in order to obtain profit, what explains the course of the company in this market is the learning and knowledge acquired in following that. Therefore, this research, through the case-study method, attempted to examine the internationalization of companies in the Brazilian ethanol sector. In order to do that, there was an analytical scheme able to describe the internationalization of the studied companies individually as well as the world chain in which they are inserted. Furthermore, secondary data concerning the sector were collected as well as interviews carried out with experts who have thoroughly studied the object of this research. The companies chosen show different behavior towards the internationalization process. On one hand, a company member of a group which was internationalized in the 70’s, founded in 2007 and working in sectors other than agribusiness (construction, engineering and petrochemical industry); on the other hand, a joint venture formed by companies which are familiar to the sector in São Paulo state and was founded in 1997, working in the ethanol market since 2002. The former understands internationalization as a natural process where, since its conception, would participate in the international market and seems to work in it with more involvement than the latter due to the search for partnerships with agents that control the world chain. The latter understands internationalization as a market opportunity and its involvement with the foreign market takes place up to ethanol trading, ignoring the steps after this phase. Therefore, the study examined and analyzed the actions of these companies and could observe that the attitude of the studied companies towards the ethanol international market seems to be different, not only in terms of the reasons that lead them to participate in this market, as well as the obstacles perceived towards it. The operation of the companies seems to take place according to how each one of them intends to get involved with this market.

A evolução tecnológica e do comércio mundial tornaram o tema internacionalização de empresas um desafio para pesquisas da administração. A internacionalização pode ser entendida como uma alternativa de crescimento da firma. Dentre as questões relacionadas ao tema, podem ser verificadas as seguintes questões: quando as empresas optam por esta alternativa, os motivos que levam as empresas a buscarem mercados fora de sua base de origem, como as mesmas iniciam e desenvolvem seus processos de internacionalização, quais obstáculos que as empresas enfrentam quando participam do mercado internacional. As teorias existentes sobre o tema procuram explicar a internacionalização através de enfoques racionais e comportamentais. Se por um lado as tomadas de decisão das empresas em relação ao mercado externo têm como finalidade a minimização de custos para a obtenção de lucro, o que explica o percurso da empresa neste mercado é o aprendizado e conhecimento adquirido na realização do mesmo. Assim, o presente trabalho, através do método de estudo de caso, buscou verificar a internacionalização de empresas inseridas no setor de etanol brasileiro. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um esquema analítico que fosse capaz de descrever a internacionalização das empresas pesquisadas nos âmbitos individual da firma e da cadeia mundial na qual estão inseridas. Ademais, foram coletados dados secundários relativos ao setor e realizadas entrevistas com especialistas com conhecimento e trabalhos acumulados em torno do objeto de pesquisa. As empresas escolhidas apresentam comportamentos diferentes em relação ao processo de internacionalização. De um lado, uma empresa pertencente a um grupo internacionalizado na década de 1970, fundada em 2007 e com atuação em outros setores que não a agroindústria (construção civil, engenharia e petroquímica); de outro, uma Joint Venture formada por empresas familiares do setor no estado de São Paulo e fundada em 1997, com atuação no mercado internacional de etanol desde 2002. A primeira entende a internacionalização como sendo um processo natural onde desde sua concepção soube que participaria do mercado internacional e parece atuar neste com maior envolvimento que a segunda devido à busca por parcerias com agentes que controlam a cadeia mundial. A segunda entende que a internacionalização é uma oportunidade de mercado e que seu envolvimento com o mercado externo se dá até a comercialização do etanol para uma trading, desconhecendo as etapas após esta fase. Assim, o trabalho verificou e analisou o comportamento destas empresas e pode observar que parece ser diferente a postura das empresas pesquisadas em relação ao mercado internacional de etanol, tanto no que leva as mesmas a participarem deste mercado como aos obstáculos percebidos em relação ao mesmo. A atuação das empresas parece então se dar de acordo como cada uma das empresas pretende se envolver com este mercado. / Technological evolution and world trade have turned company internationalization into a challenge for business administration studies. Internationalization can be understood as an alternative for the company’s growth. The following questions concerning the subject can be pointed out: when do companies choose this alternative, the reasons that lead them to search for markets outside their original basis, how do they start and develop their internationalization processes, as well as what obstacles they face when participating in an international market. Current theories on the subject attempt to explain internationalization through rational and behavioral approaches. If, on one hand, companies’ decision-making towards the foreign market aim at minimizing costs in order to obtain profit, what explains the course of the company in this market is the learning and knowledge acquired in following that. Therefore, this research, through the case-study method, attempted to examine the internationalization of companies in the Brazilian ethanol sector. In order to do that, there was an analytical scheme able to describe the internationalization of the studied companies individually as well as the world chain in which they are inserted. Furthermore, secondary data concerning the sector were collected as well as interviews carried out with experts who have thoroughly studied the object of this research. The companies chosen show different behavior towards the internationalization process. On one hand, a company member of a group which was internationalized in the 70’s, founded in 2007 and working in sectors other than agribusiness (construction, engineering and petrochemical industry); on the other hand, a joint venture formed by companies which are familiar to the sector in São Paulo state and was founded in 1997, working in the ethanol market since 2002. The former understands internationalization as a natural process where, since its conception, would participate in the international market and seems to work in it with more involvement than the latter due to the search for partnerships with agents that control the world chain. The latter understands internationalization as a market opportunity and its involvement with the foreign market takes place up to ethanol trading, ignoring the steps after this phase. Therefore, the study examined and analyzed the actions of these companies and could observe that the attitude of the studied companies towards the ethanol international market seems to be different, not only in terms of the reasons that lead them to participate in this market, as well as the obstacles perceived towards it. The operation of the companies seems to take place according to how each one of them intends to get involved with this market.

A evolução tecnológica e do comércio mundial tornaram o tema internacionalização de empresas um desafio para pesquisas da administração. A internacionalização pode ser entendida como uma alternativa de crescimento da firma. Dentre as questões relacionadas ao tema, podem ser verificadas as seguintes questões: quando as empresas optam por esta alternativa, os motivos que levam as empresas a buscarem mercados fora de sua base de origem, como as mesmas iniciam e desenvolvem seus processos de internacionalização, quais obstáculos que as empresas enfrentam quando participam do mercado internacional. As teorias existentes sobre o tema procuram explicar a internacionalização através de enfoques racionais e comportamentais. Se por um lado as tomadas de decisão das empresas em relação ao mercado externo têm como finalidade a minimização de custos para a obtenção de lucro, o que explica o percurso da empresa neste mercado é o aprendizado e conhecimento adquirido na realização do mesmo. Assim, o presente trabalho, através do método de estudo de caso, buscou verificar a internacionalização de empresas inseridas no setor de etanol brasileiro. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um esquema analítico que fosse capaz de descrever a internacionalização das empresas pesquisadas nos âmbitos individual da firma e da cadeia mundial na qual estão inseridas. Ademais, foram coletados dados secundários relativos ao setor e realizadas entrevistas com especialistas com conhecimento e trabalhos acumulados em torno do objeto de pesquisa. As empresas escolhidas apresentam comportamentos diferentes em relação ao processo de internacionalização. De um lado, uma empresa pertencente a um grupo internacionalizado na década de 1970, fundada em 2007 e com atuação em outros setores que não a agroindústria (construção civil, engenharia e petroquímica); de outro, uma Joint Venture formada por empresas familiares do setor no estado de São Paulo e fundada em 1997, com atuação no mercado internacional de etanol desde 2002. A primeira entende a internacionalização como sendo um processo natural onde desde sua concepção soube que participaria do mercado internacional e parece atuar neste com maior envolvimento que a segunda devido à busca por parcerias com agentes que controlam a cadeia mundial. A segunda entende que a internacionalização é uma oportunidade de mercado e que seu envolvimento com o mercado externo se dá até a comercialização do etanol para uma trading, desconhecendo as etapas após esta fase. Assim, o trabalho verificou e analisou o comportamento destas empresas e pode observar que parece ser diferente a postura das empresas pesquisadas em relação ao mercado internacional de etanol, tanto no que leva as mesmas a participarem deste mercado como aos obstáculos percebidos em relação ao mesmo. A atuação das empresas parece então se dar de acordo como cada uma das empresas pretende se envolver com este mercado. / Technological evolution and world trade have turned company internationalization into a challenge for business administration studies. Internationalization can be understood as an alternative for the company’s growth. The following questions concerning the subject can be pointed out: when do companies choose this alternative, the reasons that lead them to search for markets outside their original basis, how do they start and develop their internationalization processes, as well as what obstacles they face when participating in an international market. Current theories on the subject attempt to explain internationalization through rational and behavioral approaches. If, on one hand, companies’ decision-making towards the foreign market aim at minimizing costs in order to obtain profit, what explains the course of the company in this market is the learning and knowledge acquired in following that. Therefore, this research, through the case-study method, attempted to examine the internationalization of companies in the Brazilian ethanol sector. In order to do that, there was an analytical scheme able to describe the internationalization of the studied companies individually as well as the world chain in which they are inserted. Furthermore, secondary data concerning the sector were collected as well as interviews carried out with experts who have thoroughly studied the object of this research. The companies chosen show different behavior towards the internationalization process. On one hand, a company member of a group which was internationalized in the 70’s, founded in 2007 and working in sectors other than agribusiness (construction, engineering and petrochemical industry); on the other hand, a joint venture formed by companies which are familiar to the sector in São Paulo state and was founded in 1997, working in the ethanol market since 2002. The former understands internationalization as a natural process where, since its conception, would participate in the international market and seems to work in it with more involvement than the latter due to the search for partnerships with agents that control the world chain. The latter understands internationalization as a market opportunity and its involvement with the foreign market takes place up to ethanol trading, ignoring the steps after this phase. Therefore, the study examined and analyzed the actions of these companies and could observe that the attitude of the studied companies towards the ethanol international market seems to be different, not only in terms of the reasons that lead them to participate in this market, as well as the obstacles perceived towards it. The operation of the companies seems to take place according to how each one of them intends to get involved with this market.

Background: Globalization is well known in the business world and more and more firms, especially larger ones, are expanding into other countries. Though SMEs represent the largest share with about 99% of firms contributing to the wealth of import or export reliant countries, the majority is not taking the chance to grow by going international. It seems that the internationalization barriers play a crucial role in hindering this process wherefore this thesis aims at collecting possible support providers and activities which are aiding SMEs to overcome these barriers. More specifically is this thesis mainly offering an in-depth summary on major support organizations, firms and networks in Germany and Sweden including their specific activities of assistance. Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to describe and compare the internationalization support providers in Germany and Sweden including their respective offered activities. Method: A qualitative and inductive research approach was used in this study, following a practice-oriented, descriptive case study. Data was collected through secondary data collection and the analysis was based on content analysis including coding. Results: In Germany the main services offered are networking, market research and financing assistance, while mobility aid and training is rather rare. In Sweden in comparison training is highly provided as well as market research and networking assistance, whereas marketing and strategy enhancement plus mobility and implementation assistance are uncommon. Conclusion: Since each firm has individual needs, it was refrained from a standardized valuation. Therefore, each firm is advised to use the information provided in the appendices to quickly find service providers suitable to their requirements.

AbstractThe purpose of this essay is to extend our knowledge about Educational Science and internationalization in higher education. At the beginning of our studies we were informed that the International Student Council offered the possibility to write an essay about Internationalization on home ground at Malmö University. We found the subject very interesting and started to discuss how we could plan the essay. The point with our work was to investigate and clarify how Internationalization at Home (IaH) is implemented at some of the programmes at Malmö University. We have collected information about how selected groups of students at Malmö University understand internationalization in their education. We have selected student groups from professional programmes primarily aiming for the Swedish job market. We have made the following conclusions from our survey:Most of the students:- are informed about internationalization at Malmö University- think international competence is important for the career-don’t choose to study abroad even if they take it into consideration- don’t know the concept of IaH- wish the information about internationalization should be easier to obtainWe looked after and selected literature about IaH and some theoretical literature about social processes. We wanted to provide a better knowledge for the work of the International Office at Malmö University. Finally, we presented the results in an international conference. The results of the essay were that most of students at Malmö University agreed that internationalization of higher education is very important and wanted by students. The students understand that IaH is a great concept in the reforming process of education.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to advance the understanding of internationalization among born global companies. In order to fulfil the purpose, three foreign market entries were investigated at a Swedish born global that offers digital streaming services for audiobooks. Method – We conducted a qualitative single case study with a grounded theory approach. The main data was collected through 22 interviews and 13 documents. The data analysis was two-folded; 1) content analysis for charting the market entries, and 2) thematic analysis for identifying challenges and how to address these. Findings – Our findings is divided into three parts. First, we present five challenges that born global companies might experience when they enter new foreign markets. These five challenges are sorted as primary; 1) lack of networks, 2) new-to-the-world, and 3) lack of partnerships, and secondary; 4) lack of market-specific knowledge, and 5) lack of support. Second, we provide eight actions that can be addressed to either one or more of the five challenges. The two actions that are most significant, i.e. can address the most challenges are; 1) utilize established investor, and 2) hire local and experienced employee on-site. Finally, the two research questions are compiled into a roadmap that provides a start-to-end guide for how conquer challenges for internationalization. Theoretical and practical implications – This study contributes to current internationalization literature by extending the view of born globals’ internationalization process. More specifically, it provides knowledge about possible challenges and how to address them, which previous literature has not explored. We believe that born globals can use the developed roadmap to increase their success rate. We also believe that the newly identified challenges can be used as a complement to the already explored success factors, in order to provide managers at born globals with a more holistic view of how to succeed with their internationalization journey.

Globalization affects many sectors of society. Higher education is no exception. Universities worldwide respond to challenges presented by globalization in various ways. One response is the internationalization of the university campus. This paper argues that many US higher education research institutions engage in processes of internationalization. This study examines the geography of international education programs associated with US research institutions and shows that world cities emerge as popular places for US institutions to interact with other universities. The paper contributes to both educational and globalization literature by examining on a macro-scale the internationalization programs associated with US research institutions. This research shows that Paris, Tokyo, Seoul, London, and Melbourne emerge as the top five locations for US abroad activities among the universities studied. While in many instances US abroad programs displayed characteristics that allowed students and researchers the opportunity to gain exposure to another language and culture, some abroad programs expanded the opportunities for participants by including the opportunity to work and interact with international firms and pursue degrees (international business, masters of economics, and international law) that make individuals competitive in the global employment market. Finally, this research shows that many US universities locate abroad programs in world cities. Although no clear reason or relationship for this phenomenon emerged during the course of this research, it illustrates and area for potential further study in a variety of fields. / Master of Public and International Affairs